JP2013158270A - Method of cultivating olive - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method of remarkably increasing yields harvested from one individual olive tree per year by optimally controlling the cultivation environment of olive trees for fruit production, and thereby shortening one life cycle period.SOLUTION: An olive tree in a natural environment normally has a one-year life cycle functioning for fruit harvesting. The olive tree is installed in a facility whose environment can be controlled, and temperature, light, wind, sprinkling, fertilization, and tree arrangement are optimized to shorten the time required for one life cycle and individuals in various life stages can be cultivated in the same facility. Further, because of optimum environmental conditions for olive fruit production, high-quality fruits can be stably harvested.

Description

The present invention relates to a method for cultivating olive trees. By controlling the cultivation environment, it aims to harvest several times a year and increase the yield per year significantly.

The consumption of olive oil is increasing year by year worldwide. In the future, if consumption increases in regions such as China and India where olive oil has not been popular, explosive demand is expected.

In recent years, therefore, a method of ultra dense planting of olives has been developed, and large-scale and efficient cultivation is being carried out on the land of Mediterranean climates around the world. In the super dense planting method, even under extremely dense planting conditions, olive varieties with high production are used for large-scale production outdoors, and most of the olives produced in this way introduce machines from harvesting to oil extraction. Are processed efficiently.

On the other hand, most olives in Japan are grown on Shodoshima in Kagawa Prefecture. Domestic olive oil is very popular because it needs to be processed immediately after harvesting, and the quality of oil tends to deteriorate during the oil transportation process. Therefore, there is a need for an olive cultivation system that can be efficiently and stably produced in Japan.

However, Shodoshima's olive production is not stable enough to meet domestic demand. This is due to damage to trees by typhoons, inefficiency of pollination by rain, pests and diseases. Also, since it usually takes several years for olive trees to produce many fruits, it is difficult to replace the existing system with a new system, and the yield per area is still not high.

Worldwide, olive production is not stable due to frost damage and drought. In addition, olive oil extraction usually does not undergo heat treatment, so deterioration tends to proceed, and the highest quality olive oil is not always available.

In order to solve the above problems, a method for adjusting the speed of the life cycle by setting a special olive cultivation environment was invented.

The present invention sets conditions for temperature, light, wind, irrigation, fertilization, and tree arrangement in olive tree cultivation. If this condition setting is used, one life cycle can be 175 to 250 days.

The olive life stage is divided into the following four stages. That is, (I) dormancy period, (II) breakage of flower bud dormancy to flowering period, (III) fruit ripening to harvest period, and (IV) tree recovery period.

The temperature settings for each stage are as follows.
(I) Set to 7.2 ° C. However, it is set to 26 ° C only from 12:00 to 16:00.
(II) Always set to 13.8 ° C.
(III) Always set to 26 ° C.
(IV) Always set to 26 ° C.

 In stage (I), the olive tree is dormant. It is well known that olive bud formation hardly occurs unless exposed to low temperatures during dormancy. In addition, it is known that in the case of outdoor-grown olives, when exposed to relatively warm day and cold night during the winter period, many olive buds of that year are formed. According to Non-Patent Document 1, if a time of treatment at 21 to 26 ° C. for 4 hours is provided under a low temperature treatment of 7.0 to 12.5 ° C., activation of metabolic function / energy production / cell division is caused. Suggests. Therefore, in the present invention, the tree is induced to a dormant state by setting the environment at 7.2 ° C., and by setting a time zone of 26 ° C. from 12:00 to 16:00, it is possible to flower at a high rate.

Stage (I) requires a period of 55 to 70 days. Non-Patent Document 2 discloses that inflorescence formation hardly occurs even when the dormancy state is 7.2 ° C. for 1240 hours, and that high efficiency inflorescence formation occurs when the dormancy state is 7.22 ° C. for 1852 hours. doing. In the present invention, environmental conditions other than temperature are controlled, and a dormant period can be shortened without lowering the flowering rate by providing a time zone of 26 ° C. in the stage (I).

In stage (II), the olive tree is in the dormant to flowering period. Non-Patent Document 3 discloses data that the year when the average temperature in April is around 13.0 ° C is early in flowering. Non-Patent Document 4 discloses that 13.8 ° C. is optimal for overcoming flower bud dormancy. Furthermore, Non-Patent Document 5 discloses that 10 to 13 ° C. is the optimum temperature for flowering. Therefore, in the present invention, the dormant olive tree was exposed to 13.8 ° C., thereby breaking the flower bud dormancy and maintaining the temperature at 13.8 ° C. as it was, thereby enabling rapid flowering.

In addition to temperature, day length is also important as an environmental condition that encourages flowering. Olives are long-day plants that have a long photopic period for flowering, which is a condition for inducing flowering. The recognition of day length is a phenomenon closely related to clock genes. In general, since plant clock genes are highly conserved, their basic system is considered to be common in plants, and flowering induction associated with day length recognition is also common. Non-Patent Document 6 discloses that a flowering promoting action of CO protein is necessary for inducing flowering of Arabidopsis thaliana, which is a long-day plant. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the amount of CO gene transcription increases from 11 hours after dawn due to the control of clock genes, and a high transcription level is maintained until dawn the next day. Since CO protein is unstable in the dark, CO protein does not accumulate under dark conditions during periods of high CO gene transcription. In addition, since CO protein is a transcription factor for inducing flowering, if it reaches a certain amount or more, the flowering signal is transmitted to the next step. In Arabidopsis thaliana, flowering induction occurs after 3 days of long-day treatment, and flowering is induced by short-day treatment of 1 day after reaching short-day plant morning glory. Therefore, after breaking the flower bud dormancy of olives, it was possible to accumulate CO protein and induce early flowering by making the light conditions continuous for 120 hours.

Stage (II) requires a period of 30-40 days. After 13.8 ° C. treatment, flower bud dormancy is broken in 5 days. Thereafter, transmission of a flowering signal occurs under light conditions of 120 hours, and high-efficiency flowering occurs early at 13.8 ° C.

In the stage of (III), the olive tree is in the stage of fruit formation / shoot growth and fruit maturity. This stage requires a period of 60-105 days. Non-Patent Document 7 discloses that in normal cultivation olives, oil begins to be produced in the fruit 45 days after the flower is in full bloom, and the oil is significantly accumulated 60 to 120 days after the full bloom time. . In the present invention, early pollination is enabled by controlling the wind speed at the time of flowering and the effect of dense planting. In addition, by irrigating and fertilizing the trees optimally during the fruit ripening period, it was possible to accumulate oil early.

In stage (IV), the tree is restored. This stage requires a period of 30-35 days. By irrigating and fertilizing optimally for the trees, we recover the weakness in fruit production.

As for the light of each stage, sunlight is used. However, when the sunshine time per week is less than 31.5 hours in the stage of (III), it is desirable to supplement the light using an artificial light source. However, the supplementary time zone is daytime. In addition, 5 days after the start of stage (II), 120 hours of continuous light exposure is provided for flowering induction. At that time, an artificial light source is used in a time zone when there is no sunlight. Artificial light having a photosynthetic photon flux density of 100 μmol · m−2 · s−1 to 900 μmol · m−2 · s−1 is used. According to Non-Patent Document 8, for olives, under the light of 100 μmol · m−2 · s−1, the carbon dioxide consumption due to respiration and the carbon dioxide fixation amount due to the amount of photosynthesis coincide to reach a compensation point. Furthermore, when the light reaches 900 μmol · m−2 · s−1, the amount of carbon dioxide fixation does not increase even if the amount of photons is increased. Therefore, the light between the compensation point and the light saturation point is given as described above.

With regard to the wind, the airflow at a wind speed of 0.5 to 1.0 ms-1 is always maintained under light conditions. This is to create an efficient photosynthetic environment. However, at the time of flowering, pollination is promoted by creating an air current with a wind speed of 2.0 to 3.0 ms-1.

For irrigation, give 0.5-1.0 liters of water per 37 liters of soil per day.

As a fertilizer, a commercially available liquid fertilizer for hydroponics is used, and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer per tree is set to 260 to 320 g per year. The stage (I) is 10 to 20 g nitrogen, the stage (II) is 130 to 160 g nitrogen, the stage (III) is 60 to 70 g nitrogen, and the stage (IV) is 60 to 70 g nitrogen. By distributing it, it is possible to supply nutrients efficiently.

About tree arrangement, we increase pollination efficiency by making exclusive area per one 1m2, and raise production efficiency per area.

[Non-Patent Document 1] SAYED A. BADR, HUDSON T. HARTMANN (1971) Effect of Diurnally Fluctuating vs. Constant Temperatures on Flower Induction and Sex Expression in the Olive (Olea europaea). Physiolovia Plantarum 24, 40-45
[Non-Patent Document 2] WESLEY P. HACKETT, HT HARTMANN (1963) Morphological Development of Buds of Olive as Related to Low-Temperature Requirement for Inflorescence Formation. Botanical Gazette 124, 383-387
[Non-Patent Document 3] CP OSBORNE, I. CHUINE, D. VINER, FI WOODWARD (2000) Olive phenology as a sensitive indicator of future climatic warming in the Mediterranean.Plant, Cell and Environment 23, 701-710
[Non-Patent Document 4] L. RALLO, P. TORREO, A. VARGAS, J. ALVARADO (1994) DORMANCY AND ALTERNATE BEARING IN OLIVE. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 356, II International Symposium on Olive Growing
[Non-Patent Document 5] WESLEY P. HACKETT, HUDSON T. HARTMANN (1967) The Influence of Temperature on Floral Initiation in the Olive.Physiologia Plantarum 20, 430-436
[Non-Patent Document 6] TSUYOSHI MIZOGUCHI, LOUISA WRIGHT, SUMIRE FUJIWARA, FRDRIC CREMER, KAREN LEE, HITOSHI ONOUCHI, AIDYN MOURADOV, SARAH FOWLER, HIROSHI KAMADA, JOANNA PUTTERILL, GEORGE COANTLAND in 2005 Circadian Rhythms in Arabidopsis.The Plant Cell 17, 2255-2270
[Non-Patent Document 7] A. TOMBESI (1994) OLIVE FRUIT GROWTH AND METABOLISM. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 356, II International Symposium on Olive Growing
[Non-Patent Document 8] A. SOFO, B. DICHIO, G. MONTANARO, C. XILOYANNIS (2009) Photosynthetic performance and light response of two olive cultivars under different water and light regimes. PHOTOSYNTHETICA 47, 602-608

Claims (5)

In olive plant cultivation in plant factories, shortening (I) dormancy, (II) breaking bud dormancy to flowering, and (III) fruit ripening to harvesting while maintaining high fruit productivity In this method, the length of one life cycle is shortened from 175 days to 250 days. A plant factory refers to a facility for systematically growing plants in a closed or semi-closed space. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the method of shortening the dormancy period while maintaining fruit productivity at a high level is achieved by temperature control and a temperature treatment period. Temperature control and temperature treatment period consist of the following elements.
(1) The temperature is set to 7.2 ° C. in order to promptly guide the olive tree to the dormant period.
(2) In order to maintain the fruit productivity of the olive tree and shorten the dormancy period, it is exposed to 7.2 ° C. for 55 to 70 days.
(3) In order to maintain the fruit productivity of the olive tree, it is exposed to 26.0 ° C. during the dormancy period from 12:00 to 16:00.
(4) Set the temperature to 13.8 ° C. in order to wake up the dormant olive buds quickly. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method of shortening (II) flower bud dormancy breaking to flowering period while maintaining fruit productivity at a high level is achieved by temperature control, light control and wind control. In the temperature control, the temperature is set to 13.8 ° C. in order to promptly flower the awakened olive buds while maintaining high fruit productivity. Light regulation provides 120 hours of continuous light exposure so that awakened olive flower buds can be quickly flowered while maintaining high fruit productivity. Wind regulation creates an air current of 2 to 3 ms-1 in order to pollinate promptly after flowering. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method (III) of shortening the fruit ripening to harvesting period while maintaining high fruit productivity is achieved by temperature control. The temperature control is set to 26.0 ° C. where the olive tree efficiently photosynthesizes in order to shorten the growth and ripening period while maintaining high fruit productivity. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method of maintaining fruit productivity at a high level is achieved by fertilization management. For fertilization, commercially available liquid fertilizer for hydroponics is used, and the following amount of nitrogen is given as a guide.
(I) 10-20 g of nitrogen in the dormant period.
(II) In the flower bud dormancy breaking to flowering period, nitrogen is 130 to 160 g.
(III) Nitrogen 60-70 g in fruit ripening-harvest period.
(IV) Nitrogen 60-70 g in tree recovery period.