JP2009518507A - エチレンエラストマー組成物 - Google Patents
エチレンエラストマー組成物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2009518507A JP2009518507A JP2008544348A JP2008544348A JP2009518507A JP 2009518507 A JP2009518507 A JP 2009518507A JP 2008544348 A JP2008544348 A JP 2008544348A JP 2008544348 A JP2008544348 A JP 2008544348A JP 2009518507 A JP2009518507 A JP 2009518507A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- diene
- polymer
- ethylene
- group
- transition metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 12
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 title description 4
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 title description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- INYHZQLKOKTDAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-ethenylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene Chemical compound C1C2C(C=C)CC1C=C2 INYHZQLKOKTDAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- -1 ethylene propylene diene Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000012968 metallocene catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- OJOWICOBYCXEKR-KRXBUXKQSA-N (5e)-5-ethylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene Chemical compound C1C2C(=C/C)/CC1C=C2 OJOWICOBYCXEKR-KRXBUXKQSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000000058 cyclopentadienyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC1)* 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- HECLRDQVFMWTQS-RGOKHQFPSA-N 1755-01-7 Chemical compound C1[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC=C[C@@H]3[C@@H]1C=C2 HECLRDQVFMWTQS-RGOKHQFPSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- FUDNBFMOXDUIIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-diene Chemical compound C=CC(C)CCC=C(C)C FUDNBFMOXDUIIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- NMLGKEDSNASIHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptafluoronaphthalen-1-yl)oxyboronic acid Chemical compound FC1=C(F)C(F)=C2C(OB(O)O)=C(F)C(F)=C(F)C2=C1F NMLGKEDSNASIHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium;triphenylphosphane Chemical compound [Pd].C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- PRBHEGAFLDMLAL-GQCTYLIASA-N (4e)-hexa-1,4-diene Chemical group C\C=C\CC=C PRBHEGAFLDMLAL-GQCTYLIASA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RJUCIROUEDJQIB-GQCTYLIASA-N (6e)-octa-1,6-diene Chemical compound C\C=C\CCCC=C RJUCIROUEDJQIB-GQCTYLIASA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-indene Natural products C1=CC=C2CC=CC2=C1 YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VSQLAQKFRFTMNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-methylhexa-1,4-diene Chemical compound CC(C)=CCC=C VSQLAQKFRFTMNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JLTDJTHDQAWBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-dimethylaniline Chemical group CN(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 JLTDJTHDQAWBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001502 aryl halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- SJYNFBVQFBRSIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N norbornadiene Chemical compound C1=CC2C=CC1C2 SJYNFBVQFBRSIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001350 alkyl halides Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- JFNLZVQOOSMTJK-KNVOCYPGSA-N norbornene Chemical group C1[C@@H]2CC[C@H]1C=C2 JFNLZVQOOSMTJK-KNVOCYPGSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 abstract description 14
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 6
- NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N decalin Chemical compound C1CCCC2CCCCC21 NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000001374 small-angle light scattering Methods 0.000 description 5
- ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N endo-cyclopentadiene Natural products C1C=CC=C1 ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 description 4
- PBKONEOXTCPAFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1 PBKONEOXTCPAFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000001641 gel filtration chromatography Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 3
- PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N vertaline Natural products C1C2C=3C=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=3OC(C=C3)=CC=C3CCC(=O)OC1CC1N2CCCC1 PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002523 gelfiltration Methods 0.000 description 2
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- LFXVBWRMVZPLFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioctylalumane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC[Al](CCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCC LFXVBWRMVZPLFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RELMFMZEBKVZJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1Cl RELMFMZEBKVZJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VCHQGHCBFOFZJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-ylcyclopenta-1,3-diene Chemical group C1C=CC=C1C1=CC=CC1 VCHQGHCBFOFZJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NWNPESVXYXCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene Chemical compound C1CC2C=CC1(C=C)C2 NWNPESVXYXCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ROIFAGUVJHMTFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N C=C.C1=CC2=CC=CC=C2C1[Zr](C)(C)C1C2=CC=CC=C2C=C1 Chemical compound C=C.C1=CC2=CC=CC=C2C1[Zr](C)(C)C1C2=CC=CC=C2C=C1 ROIFAGUVJHMTFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000181 Ethylene propylene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002879 Lewis base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006057 Non-nutritive feed additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005662 Paraffin oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910018540 Si C Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DLQZGRLCYQJIDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Cl-].[Cl-].C=C.C12=CC=CCC2CCC1[Zr+2]C1C2=CC=CCC2CC1 Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].C=C.C12=CC=CCC2CCC1[Zr+2]C1C2=CC=CCC2CC1 DLQZGRLCYQJIDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QSZGOMRHQRFORD-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Cl-].[Cl-].C=C.C1=CC2=CC=CC=C2C1[Zr+2]C1C2=CC=CC=C2C=C1 Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].C=C.C1=CC2=CC=CC=C2C1[Zr+2]C1C2=CC=CC=C2C=C1 QSZGOMRHQRFORD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N butene Natural products CC=CC IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052570 clay Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013256 coordination polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000000118 dimethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000816 ethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007527 lewis bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004811 liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010077 mastication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018984 mastication Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001195 polyisoprene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002959 polymer blend Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002516 radical scavenger Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002397 thermoplastic olefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F210/16—Copolymers of ethene with alpha-alkenes, e.g. EP rubbers
- C08F210/18—Copolymers of ethene with alpha-alkenes, e.g. EP rubbers with non-conjugated dienes, e.g. EPT rubbers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
- C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
- C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
- C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
- C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
- C08F4/65908—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond in combination with an ionising compound other than alumoxane, e.g. (C6F5)4B-X+
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
- C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
- C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
- C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
- C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
- C08F4/65912—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond in combination with an organoaluminium compound
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
Abstract
【選択図】なし
Description
本開示の一つの態様は、架橋されたビスインデニル遷移金属メタロセン触媒化合物と非配位アニオン(NCA)をアルファオレフィン、エチレン、及び少なくとも1つのジエンと接触させる工程を含む方法であって、
前記架橋されたインデニル遷移金属メタロセン触媒化合物が、配位子に対して2つの環系を有するシクロペンタジエニル(Cp)複合体を含み、
前記Cp複合体が一般式:
(Cp1R1m)R3(Cp2R2p)MXq
で表され、
式中、配位子(Cp1R1m)のCp1及び配位子(Cp2R2p)のCp2は同じであり、R1及びR2はそれぞれ独立して、20までの炭素原子を含むハロゲン基、又はヒドロカルビル基、ハロカルビル基、ヒドロカルビル置換有機メタロイド基、又はハロカルビル置換有機メタロイド基であり、mは1乃至5であり、pは1乃至5であり、シクロペンタジエニル環の隣接する炭素原子上の置換基の2つのR1及び/又はR2は、お互いに結合して4乃至20炭素原子を含む環を形成することができ、R3は2つの配位子の間のダイレクトチェーン(direct chain)の炭素原子の数が1乃至8となる条件を満たす架橋基であり、Mは3乃至6の価数を有し、周期表の4、5、又は6族から選択される遷移金属であり、最も高い酸化状態において、各Xは非Cp配位子であり、独立して、20までの炭素原子を含む、ヒドロカルビル基、オキシヒドロカルビル基、ハロカルビル基、ヒドロカルビル置換有機メタロイド基、オキシヒドロカルビル置換有機メタロイド基、又はハロカルビル置換有機メタロイド基であり、qはM−2の価数に等しいことを特徴とする、方法である。
メタロセン
非配位アニオン
プロセス
実施例1及び2
実施例3及び4
Claims (18)
- 架橋されたビスインデニル遷移金属メタロセン触媒化合物と非配位アニオン(NCA)をアルファオレフィン、エチレン、及び少なくとも1つのジエンと接触させる工程を含む方法であって、
前記架橋されたインデニル遷移金属メタロセン触媒化合物が、配位子に対して2つの環系を有するビスシクロペンタジエニル(Cp)複合体を含み、
前記Cp複合体が一般式:
(Cp1R1m)R3(Cp2R2p)MXq
で表され、
式中、配位子(Cp1R1m)のCp1及び配位子(Cp2R2p)のCp2は同じであり、R1及びR2はそれぞれ独立して、20までの炭素原子を含むハロゲン基、又はヒドロカルビル基、ハロカルビル基、ヒドロカルビル置換有機メタロイド基、又はハロカルビル置換有機メタロイド基であり、mは1乃至5であり、pは1乃至5であり、シクロペンタジエニル環の隣接する炭素原子上の置換基の2つのR1及び/又はR2は、お互いに結合して4乃至20炭素原子を含む環を形成することができ、R3は2つの配位子の間のダイレクトチェーン(direct chain)の炭素原子の数が1乃至8である条件を満たす架橋基であり、Mは3乃至6の価数を有し、周期表の4、5、又は6族から選択される遷移金属であり、最も高い酸化状態であり、各Xは非Cp配位子であり、独立して、20までの炭素原子を含む、ヒドロカルビル基、オキシヒドロカルビル基、ハロカルビル基、ヒドロカルビル置換有機メタロイド基、オキシヒドロカルビル置換有機メタロイド基、又はハロカルビル置換有機メタロイド基であり、qはM−2の価数に等しいことを特徴とする、方法。 - 2つの配位子の間のダイレクトチェーン(direct chain)の炭素原子の数が1乃至8である条件を満たす架橋基であるR3架橋基の原子数が2に等しいことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記架橋されたビスインデニル遷移金属メタロセン触媒化合物における、R3が−CR’2−CR’2−であり、式中、R’が独立して、水素、アルキル、アリール、ハロゲン化アルキル、ハロゲン化アリール、及びこれらの混合物から選択されることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記アルファオレフィンがプロピレンであることを特徴とする、請求項1乃至3に記載の方法。
- 前記架橋されたビスインデニル遷移金属メタロセン触媒化合物がエチレンビスジルコニウムハフニウムジメチルであることを特徴とする、請求項1乃至4のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記架橋されたビスインデニル遷移金属メタロセン触媒化合物がエチレンビスインデニルハフニウムジメチルであることを特徴とする、請求項1乃至4のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記NCA活性剤がジメチルアニリニウムテトラキス(ヘプタフルオロナフチル)ボレートであることを特徴とする請求項1乃至6のいずれかに記載の方法。
- アルファオレフィン、エチレン、及びジエンからの誘導単位を含むポリマーを回収する工程を更に含む、請求項1乃至7のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記ポリマーが約2乃至約20のMWDを有することを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリマーがゲルを含まないことを特徴とする、請求項8又は9に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリマーが約0.1乃至約1.0の分岐指数を有することを特徴とする請求項8乃至10のいずれかに記載の方法。
- ペレット化されたポリマーを更に含むことを特徴とする請求項8乃至11のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記アルファオレフィン、エチレン、及び少なくとも1つのジエンが約5乃至15分の滞留時間で重合されることを特徴とする請求項1乃至12のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記アルファオレフィン、エチレン、及び少なくとも1つのジエンが約20乃至200℃の温度で重合されることを特徴とする請求項1乃至14のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記アルファオレフィン、エチレン、及び少なくとも1つのジエンが約50乃至2000psi(約350乃至14000kPa)の圧力で重合されることを特徴とする請求項1乃至14のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記ジエンが1,4−ヘキサジエン、1,6−オクタジエン、5−メチル−1,4−ヘキサジエン、3,7−ジメチル−1,6−オクタジエン、ジシクロペンタジエン(DCPD)、ノルボルナジエン、5−ビニル−2−ノルボルネン(VNB)、エチリデンノルボルネン(ENB)、及びこれらの組合せから選択されることを特徴とする、請求項1乃至15のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記ジエンがエチリデンノルボルネン(ENB)であることを特徴とする請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記ジエンがビニルノルボルネン(VNB)であることを特徴とする請求項16に記載の方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US74279405P | 2005-12-06 | 2005-12-06 | |
US60/742,794 | 2005-12-06 | ||
PCT/US2006/044052 WO2007067307A1 (en) | 2005-12-06 | 2006-11-14 | Ethylene elastomer compositions |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2009518507A true JP2009518507A (ja) | 2009-05-07 |
JP5552232B2 JP5552232B2 (ja) | 2014-07-16 |
Family
ID=36177627
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2008544348A Active JP5552232B2 (ja) | 2005-12-06 | 2006-11-14 | エチレンエラストマー組成物 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7511106B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1957548B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5552232B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101326204B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2007067307A1 (ja) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2010527398A (ja) * | 2007-05-14 | 2010-08-12 | エクソンモービル・ケミカル・パテンツ・インク | エチレンエラストマー組成物 |
JP2014512421A (ja) * | 2011-03-11 | 2014-05-22 | エクソンモービル ケミカル パテンツ インコーポレイテッド | 動的に加硫された熱可塑性エラストマーフィルム |
JP2019500461A (ja) * | 2015-12-16 | 2019-01-10 | エクソンモービル・ケミカル・パテンツ・インク | 低結晶性ポリマー組成物 |
Families Citing this family (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
TW200743385A (en) * | 2006-05-05 | 2007-11-16 | Amtran Technology Co Ltd | Method of audio-visual communication using television and television using the same |
US9580533B2 (en) | 2011-09-23 | 2017-02-28 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Modified polyethylene compositions |
US9321911B2 (en) | 2011-09-23 | 2016-04-26 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Modified polyethylene compositions for cast film |
US9340664B2 (en) | 2011-09-23 | 2016-05-17 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Modified polyethylene compositions for blown film |
US20160272798A1 (en) | 2011-09-23 | 2016-09-22 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Modified Polyethylene Compositions with Enhanced Melt Strength |
CA2857290C (en) | 2011-12-13 | 2020-02-11 | Brian W. Walther | Ethylene-propylene-diene interpolymer composition |
WO2014046777A1 (en) * | 2012-09-20 | 2014-03-27 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Modified polyethylene compositions for films |
US10822479B2 (en) | 2012-09-20 | 2020-11-03 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Foamed polyethylene compositions |
US10836853B2 (en) | 2012-09-20 | 2020-11-17 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Crack-resistant polyethylene compositions |
CN104428326A (zh) * | 2012-09-27 | 2015-03-18 | 埃克森美孚化学专利公司 | 乙烯基封端聚合物及其制造方法 |
US8901238B2 (en) * | 2012-10-09 | 2014-12-02 | Lion Copolymer Geismar, Llc | Sponge polymer with controlled long chain branching and broad molecular weight distribution |
ES2898672T3 (es) * | 2013-03-15 | 2022-03-08 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Sistema y procedimiento de envasado de EPDM |
US10125247B2 (en) | 2014-05-29 | 2018-11-13 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Polyethylene compositions |
US10124528B2 (en) | 2014-05-29 | 2018-11-13 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Cyclic-diene additives in polyethylene films and enhanced film orientation balance in production thereof |
EP3149073B1 (en) | 2014-05-29 | 2020-12-02 | ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Polyethylene films and production of such films |
CN110582536A (zh) | 2017-03-29 | 2019-12-17 | 埃克森美孚化学专利公司 | 聚乙烯组合物 |
WO2019156794A1 (en) | 2018-02-09 | 2019-08-15 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | ETHYLENE-α-OLEFIN-DIENE ELASTOMERS AND METHODS OF MAKING THEM |
US11168162B2 (en) | 2018-10-23 | 2021-11-09 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Process for producing olefin terpolymers with bridged phenolate transition metal complexes |
CN111793159B (zh) * | 2020-01-16 | 2021-04-06 | 深圳市沃尔电力技术有限公司 | 高压绝缘直流电缆附件材料生产方法及其加工设备 |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH09151205A (ja) * | 1994-10-03 | 1997-06-10 | Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd | 共重合体ゴムの製造方法 |
JPH10204228A (ja) * | 1997-01-24 | 1998-08-04 | Jsr Corp | エチレン系共重合体ゴム組成物 |
JP2000507635A (ja) * | 1996-04-10 | 2000-06-20 | ユニロイヤル ケミカル カンパニー インコーポレイテッド | ポリオレフィンエラストマーを製造するための重合方法、メタロセンプロ触媒を活性化するためのカチオン生成性助触媒、特有の性質を併せ有するポリオレフィンエラストマーおよびそれから造られた製品 |
JP2002505352A (ja) * | 1998-03-04 | 2002-02-19 | エクソンモービル・ケミカル・パテンツ・インク | 架橋ハフノセン化合物を使用するオレフィンコポリマーの重合法 |
Family Cites Families (25)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0689072B2 (ja) | 1986-06-30 | 1994-11-09 | 三井石油化学工業株式会社 | エチレン共重合体ゴム |
JP2546849B2 (ja) | 1987-08-26 | 1996-10-23 | 三井石油化学工業株式会社 | 熱可塑性樹脂用改質剤 |
DE69511352T2 (de) * | 1994-10-03 | 2000-03-30 | Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Copolymerkautschuks |
US5696213A (en) | 1995-04-21 | 1997-12-09 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Ethylene-α-olefin-diolefin elastomers solution polymerization process |
US5766713A (en) | 1995-06-14 | 1998-06-16 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Elastomeric vehicle hoses |
EP0843701B1 (en) | 1995-06-14 | 1999-08-04 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Improved elastomeric extruded profiles |
US5656693A (en) | 1995-06-14 | 1997-08-12 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Thermoplastic elastomers having improved cure |
JPH09241326A (ja) | 1996-03-04 | 1997-09-16 | Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd | エチレン−α−オレフィン共重合体及びその製造方法 |
US5993922A (en) | 1996-03-29 | 1999-11-30 | Cryovac, Inc. | Compositions and methods for selectively crosslinking films and improved film articles resulting therefrom |
US5763533A (en) | 1996-12-10 | 1998-06-09 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Electrical devices including ethylene, α-olefin, vinyl norbornene elastomers and ethylene α-olefin polymers |
US5952427A (en) | 1996-12-10 | 1999-09-14 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Electrical devices including ethylene, α-olefin, vinyl norbornene elastomers and ethylene α-olefin polymers |
BR9810350B1 (pt) | 1997-06-27 | 2012-02-22 | processo para a preparação de copolìmeros elastoméricos e copolìmeros elastoméricos | |
DE69813958T2 (de) * | 1997-07-18 | 2004-03-11 | Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. | Ungesättigte Copolymere, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und Mischungen, die diese enthalten |
US6486278B1 (en) | 1998-02-17 | 2002-11-26 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Ethylene copolymerization process |
US20030211933A1 (en) | 1998-02-27 | 2003-11-13 | Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. | Aluminum compound, method for producing the same, catalyst for producing olefinic polymers and method for producing olefinic polymers |
BR9907954A (pt) * | 1998-03-04 | 2000-10-24 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc | Método para o aumento da conversão de dieno em polimerizações do tipo epdm |
US6319998B1 (en) * | 1998-03-04 | 2001-11-20 | Exxon Mobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Method for making polymer blends by using series reactors |
EP1060212B1 (en) | 1998-03-04 | 2004-05-06 | ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Product and method for making polyolefin polymer dispersions |
JP4990433B2 (ja) * | 1998-10-29 | 2012-08-01 | エクソンモービル・ケミカル・パテンツ・インク | 改良された押出し加工性を有するエチレン・α−オレフィンエラストマー重合体組成物 |
US6281316B1 (en) | 1999-03-22 | 2001-08-28 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Enhanced crosslinking terpolymer |
US6096849A (en) | 1999-07-21 | 2000-08-01 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Linear copolymers of alpha-olefins and divinylbenzene having narrow molecular weight and composition distributions and process for preparing same |
DE10035091A1 (de) | 2000-07-17 | 2002-01-31 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von EP(D)M |
US6806336B2 (en) | 2002-06-19 | 2004-10-19 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Process for polymerizing ethylene, higher alpha-olefin comonomer and dienes, especially vinyl norbornene; polymers made using such processes; and articles made from such polymers |
CA2546075C (en) | 2003-11-14 | 2010-12-14 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Propylene-based elastomers and uses thereof |
US20050165189A1 (en) | 2005-01-11 | 2005-07-28 | Ravishankar Periagaram S. | Semi-crystalline polymer compositions with mixed comonomers |
-
2006
- 2006-11-14 EP EP06837475.0A patent/EP1957548B1/en active Active
- 2006-11-14 US US11/599,030 patent/US7511106B2/en active Active
- 2006-11-14 JP JP2008544348A patent/JP5552232B2/ja active Active
- 2006-11-14 WO PCT/US2006/044052 patent/WO2007067307A1/en active Application Filing
- 2006-11-14 CN CN2006800458333A patent/CN101326204B/zh active Active
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH09151205A (ja) * | 1994-10-03 | 1997-06-10 | Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd | 共重合体ゴムの製造方法 |
JP2000507635A (ja) * | 1996-04-10 | 2000-06-20 | ユニロイヤル ケミカル カンパニー インコーポレイテッド | ポリオレフィンエラストマーを製造するための重合方法、メタロセンプロ触媒を活性化するためのカチオン生成性助触媒、特有の性質を併せ有するポリオレフィンエラストマーおよびそれから造られた製品 |
JPH10204228A (ja) * | 1997-01-24 | 1998-08-04 | Jsr Corp | エチレン系共重合体ゴム組成物 |
JP2002505352A (ja) * | 1998-03-04 | 2002-02-19 | エクソンモービル・ケミカル・パテンツ・インク | 架橋ハフノセン化合物を使用するオレフィンコポリマーの重合法 |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2010527398A (ja) * | 2007-05-14 | 2010-08-12 | エクソンモービル・ケミカル・パテンツ・インク | エチレンエラストマー組成物 |
JP2014512421A (ja) * | 2011-03-11 | 2014-05-22 | エクソンモービル ケミカル パテンツ インコーポレイテッド | 動的に加硫された熱可塑性エラストマーフィルム |
JP2019500461A (ja) * | 2015-12-16 | 2019-01-10 | エクソンモービル・ケミカル・パテンツ・インク | 低結晶性ポリマー組成物 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2007067307A1 (en) | 2007-06-14 |
EP1957548A1 (en) | 2008-08-20 |
EP1957548B1 (en) | 2013-08-07 |
JP5552232B2 (ja) | 2014-07-16 |
US20070129514A1 (en) | 2007-06-07 |
CN101326204A (zh) | 2008-12-17 |
US7511106B2 (en) | 2009-03-31 |
CN101326204B (zh) | 2012-07-04 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP5552232B2 (ja) | エチレンエラストマー組成物 | |
EP2152769B1 (en) | Ethylene elastomer compositions | |
CA2797698C (en) | High melt strength polymers and method of making same | |
US6686419B2 (en) | Multimodal ethylene, alpha-olefin and diene polymers, processes for making and devices comprising such compositions | |
JP5829479B2 (ja) | エチレン、α−オレフィン、およびビニルノルボルネンのモノマー単位を含むポリマーの製造方法 | |
JP4132672B2 (ja) | オレフィンを重合するための方法、そのためのメタロセン触媒およびメタロセンプロ触媒を活性化するための助触媒 | |
JP5659432B2 (ja) | エラストマー組成物及びその硬化物を含む押出物 | |
JP4945080B2 (ja) | エチレン、より高級なα−オレフィンコモノマー及びジエン、特にビニルノルボルネン、並びにそのような方法を用いて製造されるポリマー | |
MXPA01004337A (es) | Interpolimeros de alfa-olefina/etileno que disminuyen el esfuerzo cortante. | |
JPH08502303A (ja) | 長鎖分岐ポリマー及び長鎖分岐ポリマーを製造する方法 | |
JP4517695B2 (ja) | エチレン系重合体およびその製造方法 | |
JPH09227626A (ja) | 長鎖分岐状のポリエチレンの製造方法 | |
AU657589B2 (en) | Process for producing polyolefin | |
US6562919B2 (en) | High activity carbenium-activated polymerization catalysts | |
US8877880B2 (en) | Method for controlling polyolefin properties | |
CA3240796A1 (en) | Method to improve the optical properties of ethylene copolymer compositions |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20110914 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20110927 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20111227 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20120508 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20120711 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20130507 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20130806 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20140430 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20140526 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 5552232 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |