JP2008513963A - 耐久性燃料電池 - Google Patents
耐久性燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 85
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 210000000170 cell membrane Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 20
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 15
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229920000554 ionomer Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- -1 alkali metal cation Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 102100025532 Male-enhanced antigen 1 Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 102100034256 Mucin-1 Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical group C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002047 photoemission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920001483 poly(ethyl methacrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920005597 polymer membrane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003935 Flemion® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003368 amide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002843 carboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007607 die coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007720 emulsion polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005357 flat glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012209 glucono delta-lactone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005462 imide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Mn+2] PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010297 mechanical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010525 oxidative degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052572 stoneware Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010345 tape casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
YOSO2−CF2−CF2−CF2−CF2−O−[ポリマー主鎖]
[上式中、YがH+またはアルカリ金属カチオンなどの一価カチオンである]の高フッ素化主鎖および反復側基を含むポリマーを含む、90ミクロン以下の厚さを有するポリマー電解質膜が開示されている。典型的に、膜はキャスト膜である。典型的に、ポリマーは、22,000超の水和生成物を有する。典型的に、ポリマーは、800〜1200の当量を有する。
ポリマー膜中の添加剤の「均一な」分布は、存在する添加剤の量が±90%を超えて変化せず、より典型的に±50%を超えて変化せず、およびより典型的に±20%を超えて変化しないことを意味する。
ポリマーの「当量」(EW)は、塩基の1当量を中和するポリマーの重量を意味する。
「高フッ素化」は、40重量%以上、典型的に50重量%以上およびより典型的に60重量%以上の量のフッ素を含有することを意味する。
記載された場合を除いて、以下の実施例の各々において用いられたイオノマーは、テトラフルオロエチレン(TFE)とFSO2−CF2CF2CF2CF2−O−CF=CF2(コモノマーA)とのコポリマーである。コモノマーAは、米国特許出願第10/322,254号明細書および10/322,226号明細書に開示された手順によって製造された。重合は、米国特許出願第10/325,278号明細書に記載されたように水性乳化重合によって行われた。当量(EW)は1000であった。イオノマーは、70:30のn−プロパノール/水中に固形分16.7%を含有するキャスティング溶液において提供された。
2つの異なった形の酸化マンガンの1つを以下の実施例の各々において用いた。MnO2は、アルドリッチ・ケミカル・カンパニーから購入され、受け取られたまま使用された。Mn2O3を合成するために、硝酸第一マンガンの溶液を水酸化アンモニウムで沈殿させ、その後に、900℃において乾燥およびカ焼した。
イオノマーキャスティング溶液に、全固形分の重量のパーセントとして0.1、0.25、1.0、または2.0重量%の酸化マンガンの酸化マンガン配合量を提供するために十分な量で、選択された酸化マンガンを配合する。1cmの酸化ジルコニウムミル粉砕媒体(オハイオ州、ソロンのジルコア社(Zircoa,Inc.,Solon,Ohio))を添加し、混合物をポリエチレンビンに入れ、24時間回転して酸化マンガンを分散し、その後、ミル粉砕媒体から分離した。
酸化マンガンおよびミル粉砕媒体を添加せず、溶液をミル粉砕しなかったことを除いて、標準PEMを安定化PEMと同じ手順によって作製した。
1重量%のMn2O3を用いて(「安定化された」)および酸化マンガンを用いずに(「標準」)作製されたPEMを秤量し、次いで90℃において1M H2O2内に浸漬した。浸漬されたポリマーフィルムを、少なくとも1時間乾燥した後、指示された時間において除去し、秤量した。PEMの損失重量データが酸化分解の指標とされた。重量測定が中間時間に行われた場合、元の過酸化物溶液を秤量時間に新しい1M H2O2と取り換えた。比較のために、いくつかの標準PEMを水だけに浸漬した。
酸化マンガンを用いない標準PEM(実施例4C)および0.25重量%および1重量%のMnO2を用いて作製された安定化PEM(それぞれ、実施例5および6)を実施例1C、2Cおよび3について上に記載されたように過酸化物中で試験した。図2は標準PEM(実施例4C、トレースA)および安定化PEM(実施例5、トレースB、および実施例6、トレースC)の損失重量データを示す。また、少量の酸化マンガンを連続して添加することによって、過酸化物中に浸漬されたPEMの損失重量の低減をもたらした。
酸化マンガンを用いない標準PEM(実施例7C)および0.1重量%、0.25重量%および1重量%のMnO2を用いて作製された安定化PEM(それぞれ、実施例8、9および10)を実施例1C、2Cおよび3について上に記載されたように過酸化物中で試験した。図3は標準PEM(実施例7C、トレースA)および安定化PEM(実施例8、トレースB、実施例9、トレースC、および実施例10、トレースD)の損失重量データを示す。また、少量の酸化マンガンを連続して添加することによって、過酸化物中に浸漬されたPEMの損失重量の低減をもたらした。
50cm2の活性領域を有する燃料電池MEAを以下のように作製した。触媒分散体を国際公開第2002/061,871号パンフレットに記載された方法によって作製した。触媒のコーティングされた膜を作製するために、アノードおよびカソード層を同じ文献、国際公開第2002/061,871号パンフレットに記載されたデカルコマニア転写方法によって膜に適用した。PTFE処理カーボン紙ガス拡散層およびポリテトラフルオロエチレン/ガラス複合ガスケットを10分間132℃において13.4kNの力でカーバー・プレス(Carver Press)(インディアナ州、ウォーバッシュのフレッド・カーバー・カンパニー(Fred Carver Co.,Wabash,IN))内で加圧することによってCCMに適用した。
MEAをガス流、圧力、相対湿度、および電流または電圧の独立制御部を有する試験設備(ニューメキシコ州、アルバカーキのフュアル・セル・テクノロジーズ(Fuel Cell Technologies,Albuquerque,NM))で試験した。試験装置は、カッドサーペンタインフローフィールドを有する黒鉛集電体プレートを含んだ。MEAは、アノード過剰圧力を有する90℃の亜飽和条件下のH2/空気で作動された。MEAに、様々な電流密度値を課すことによって加速負荷サイクル寿命時間試験を実施した。各負荷サイクルの後に、電池の開放電圧(OCV)を測定し、記録した。このような試験プロトコルのための一般現象論は、OCVが単調に減衰することであるが、減衰率のはっきりした「屈折点」または著しい増加がある。減衰率が増加する点はMEAの寿命とされる。
実施例11について、0.65cmの円筒状酸化ジルコニウムミル粉砕媒体(オハイオ州、ソロンのジルコア社)165gを125mlのプラスチックビン内に入れた。ミル粉砕媒体に、n−プロパノール30gおよびMnO2を1.58g添加した。混合物を24時間、ミルラック(オハイオ州、イースト・パレスチナのU.S.ストーンウェア(U.S.Stoneware,East Palestine,Ohio))上で回転し、次いでミル粉砕媒体から分離した。70:30のn−プロパノール/水中に固形分23重量%(すなわち、イオノマーポリマー、EW1000を46g)を含有するイオノマーキャスティング溶液200gを250mlのプラスチックビン内に計量分配した。上のn−プロパノールとMnO2との混合物1.66gをイオノマーキャスティング溶液に攪拌しながら添加した。上の量は、0.083gのMnO2を有するイオノマーキャスティング溶液、したがって乾燥イオノマーフィルム中0.18重量%のMnO2をもたらす。MnO2が添加されたイオノマーコーティング溶液を用いて、2001年4月18日出願された米国特許出願第09/837,771号明細書に記載された方法によってポリマー膜をキャストした。
Claims (24)
- 高フッ素化ポリマー電解質と少なくとも1つの酸化マンガンとを含むポリマー電解質膜を含み、前記ポリマー電解質膜の厚さにわたっての前記少なくとも1つの酸化マンガンの分布が均一である、燃料電池膜電極複合体。
- 前記高フッ素化ポリマー電解質が過フッ素化されている、請求項1に記載の燃料電池膜電極複合体。
- 前記少なくとも1つの酸化マンガンが、前記ポリマー電解質膜の全重量に対して0.01〜5重量パーセントの量で存在する、請求項1に記載の燃料電池膜電極複合体。
- 前記少なくとも1つの酸化マンガンが、前記ポリマー電解質膜の全重量に対して0.1〜1重量パーセントの量で存在する、請求項1に記載の燃料電池膜電極複合体。
- 前記少なくとも1つの酸化マンガンが、前記ポリマー電解質膜の全重量に対して0.2〜0.3重量パーセントの量で存在する、請求項1に記載の燃料電池膜電極複合体。
- 前記少なくとも1つの酸化マンガンがMnO2である、請求項1に記載の燃料電池膜電極複合体。
- 前記少なくとも1つの酸化マンガンがMn2O3である、請求項1に記載の燃料電池膜電極複合体。
- 前記ポリマー電解質が1000以下の当量を有する、請求項1に記載の燃料電池膜電極複合体。
- 前記ポリマー電解質が900以下の当量を有する、請求項1に記載の燃料電池膜電極複合体。
- 前記ポリマー電解質が800以下の当量を有する、請求項1に記載の燃料電池膜電極複合体。
- 前記ポリマー電解質が、式:
−O−CF2−CF2−CF2−CF2−SO3H
の側基を含む、請求項1に記載の燃料電池膜電極複合体。 - 前記ポリマー電解質が、式:
−O−CF2−CF(CF3)−O−CF2−CF2−SO3H
の側基を含む、請求項1に記載の燃料電池膜電極複合体。 - a)酸官能基を含む高フッ素化ポリマー電解質を提供する工程と、
b)ポリマー電解質膜の全重量の0.01〜5パーセントを提供するような量で少なくとも1つの酸化マンガンを添加する工程と、
c)その後、ポリマー電解質膜の厚さにわたっての各酸化マンガンの分布が均一である、前記ポリマー電解質を含むポリマー電解質膜を形成する工程と、を含む、燃料電池ポリマー電解質膜を作製する方法。 - 請求項13に記載の方法を含み、d)前記ポリマー電解質膜を含む膜電極複合体を形成する工程をさらに含む、燃料電池膜電極複合体を作製する方法。
- 前記高フッ素化ポリマー電解質が過フッ素化されている、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つの酸化マンガンが前記ポリマー電解質膜の全重量の0.1〜1パーセントを提供する、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つの酸化マンガンが前記ポリマー電解質膜の全重量の0.2〜0.3パーセントを提供する、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つの酸化マンガンがMnO2である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つの酸化マンガンがMn2O3である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリマー電解質が1000以下の当量を有する、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリマー電解質が900以下の当量を有する、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリマー電解質が800以下の当量を有する、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリマー電解質が、式:
−O−CF2−CF2−CF2−CF2−SO3H
の側基を含む、請求項13に記載の方法。 - 前記ポリマー電解質が、式:
−O−CF2−CF(CF3)−O−CF2−CF2−SO3H
の側基を含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
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JP2006241250A (ja) * | 2005-03-01 | 2006-09-14 | Asahi Kasei Corp | 高安定性フッ素化スルホン酸ポリマー |
JP2014529636A (ja) * | 2011-08-04 | 2014-11-13 | スリーエム イノベイティブプロパティズカンパニー | 低当量重量ポリマー |
Also Published As
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KR101257117B1 (ko) | 2013-04-22 |
EP1792360A1 (en) | 2007-06-06 |
US20100062314A1 (en) | 2010-03-11 |
CA2579427A1 (en) | 2006-03-30 |
US8092954B2 (en) | 2012-01-10 |
CN101023551B (zh) | 2012-07-11 |
CN101023551A (zh) | 2007-08-22 |
KR20070056152A (ko) | 2007-05-31 |
EP1792360B1 (en) | 2013-03-13 |
JP5248858B2 (ja) | 2013-07-31 |
US20060063054A1 (en) | 2006-03-23 |
US8101317B2 (en) | 2012-01-24 |
WO2006034014A1 (en) | 2006-03-30 |
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