JP2007101959A - 防音パネルおよび防音壁 - Google Patents

防音パネルおよび防音壁 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
JP2007101959A
JP2007101959A JP2005292773A JP2005292773A JP2007101959A JP 2007101959 A JP2007101959 A JP 2007101959A JP 2005292773 A JP2005292773 A JP 2005292773A JP 2005292773 A JP2005292773 A JP 2005292773A JP 2007101959 A JP2007101959 A JP 2007101959A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
soundproof panel
sound absorbing
case
sound
panel according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP2005292773A
Other languages
English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Tadashi Hatayama
直史 畑山
Zenzo Yamaguchi
善三 山口
Ichiro Yamagiwa
伊知郎 山極
Toshimitsu Tanaka
俊光 田中
Masaaki Tsubota
賢亮 坪田
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kobe Steel Ltd
Original Assignee
Kobe Steel Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kobe Steel Ltd filed Critical Kobe Steel Ltd
Priority to JP2005292773A priority Critical patent/JP2007101959A/ja
Priority to TW095130485A priority patent/TW200715265A/zh
Priority to PCT/JP2006/319974 priority patent/WO2007040265A1/ja
Priority to KR1020087001313A priority patent/KR20080023347A/ko
Priority to CNA2006800369645A priority patent/CN101278336A/zh
Publication of JP2007101959A publication Critical patent/JP2007101959A/ja
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F8/00—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic
    • E01F8/0005—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic used in a wall type arrangement
    • E01F8/0047—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic used in a wall type arrangement with open cavities, e.g. for covering sunken roads
    • E01F8/0064—Perforated plate or mesh, e.g. as wall facing
    • E01F8/007—Perforated plate or mesh, e.g. as wall facing with damping material
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/16—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/20—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising aluminium or copper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
    • B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
    • B32B3/266—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by an apertured layer, the apertures going through the whole thickness of the layer, e.g. expanded metal, perforated layer, slit layer regular cells B32B3/12
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
    • B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
    • B32B3/28—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by a layer comprising a deformed thin sheet, i.e. the layer having its entire thickness deformed out of the plane, e.g. corrugated, crumpled
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
    • B32B7/03—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers with respect to the orientation of features
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F8/00—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
    • E04B1/86—Sound-absorbing elements slab-shaped
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/16—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/162—Selection of materials
    • G10K11/168—Plural layers of different materials, e.g. sandwiches
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/16—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/172—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general using resonance effects
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/10—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular acoustical properties
    • B32B2307/102—Insulating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2607/00—Walls, panels
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
    • E04B2001/8423—Tray or frame type panels or blocks, with or without acoustical filling
    • E04B2001/8428—Tray or frame type panels or blocks, with or without acoustical filling containing specially shaped acoustical bodies, e.g. funnels, egg-crates, fanfolds
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
    • E04B2001/8423—Tray or frame type panels or blocks, with or without acoustical filling
    • E04B2001/8433—Tray or frame type panels or blocks, with or without acoustical filling with holes in their face
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
    • E04B2001/8423—Tray or frame type panels or blocks, with or without acoustical filling
    • E04B2001/8442—Tray type elements

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Soundproofing, Sound Blocking, And Sound Damping (AREA)
  • Devices Affording Protection Of Roads Or Walls For Sound Insulation (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
JP2005292773A 2005-10-05 2005-10-05 防音パネルおよび防音壁 Pending JP2007101959A (ja)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2005292773A JP2007101959A (ja) 2005-10-05 2005-10-05 防音パネルおよび防音壁
TW095130485A TW200715265A (en) 2005-10-05 2006-08-18 Soundproof panel
PCT/JP2006/319974 WO2007040265A1 (ja) 2005-10-05 2006-10-05 防音パネル
KR1020087001313A KR20080023347A (ko) 2005-10-05 2006-10-05 방음 패널
CNA2006800369645A CN101278336A (zh) 2005-10-05 2006-10-05 隔音板

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2005292773A JP2007101959A (ja) 2005-10-05 2005-10-05 防音パネルおよび防音壁

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP2007325097A Division JP2008144580A (ja) 2007-12-17 2007-12-17 防音パネル

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JP2007101959A true JP2007101959A (ja) 2007-04-19

Family

ID=37906307

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP2005292773A Pending JP2007101959A (ja) 2005-10-05 2005-10-05 防音パネルおよび防音壁

Country Status (5)

Country Link
JP (1) JP2007101959A (ko)
KR (1) KR20080023347A (ko)
CN (1) CN101278336A (ko)
TW (1) TW200715265A (ko)
WO (1) WO2007040265A1 (ko)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2010060951A (ja) * 2008-09-05 2010-03-18 Kobe Steel Ltd 吸音構造および吸音構造体
JP2016177117A (ja) * 2015-03-20 2016-10-06 克己 櫂谷 薄板状の吸音構造体とその製造法

Families Citing this family (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050069694A1 (en) 2003-09-26 2005-03-31 Gilder Stephen D. Anti-microbial carpet underlay and method of making
CH702952A2 (de) * 2010-04-06 2011-10-14 Akustik & Raum Ag Schallabsorbierende Lärmschutzwände.
CN102477718A (zh) * 2010-11-29 2012-05-30 张家港港丰交通安全设施有限公司 一种公路隔音板
CN102682757B (zh) * 2011-03-15 2014-02-12 江苏远兴环保集团有限公司 金属外壳消声器
CN102385857B (zh) * 2011-10-13 2013-01-16 中联重科股份有限公司 降噪吸音装置、降噪吸音装置使用方法及摊铺机
JP2016504505A (ja) * 2012-11-13 2016-02-12 セイフスピル・システムズ・エルエルシーＳａｆｅｓｐｉｌｌ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ ＬＬＣ モジュラー型防火フローリング
KR101951241B1 (ko) * 2012-12-03 2019-04-22 에이케이시스 주식회사 스피커 시스템
CN105637580B (zh) * 2013-06-25 2019-12-31 香港科技大学 声波与振动能量吸收超材料
WO2015021999A1 (de) * 2013-08-14 2015-02-19 Ed. Züblin Aktiengesellschaft Schalldämmwand mit vertikalpfosten und einer vielzahl von dämmelementen
RU2579022C2 (ru) * 2013-11-06 2016-03-27 Олег Савельевич Кочетов Акустический экран кочетова
CN103603436B (zh) * 2013-11-28 2016-04-13 张家港润盛科技材料有限公司 一种吸音铝板
RU2658083C2 (ru) * 2014-04-09 2018-06-19 Олег Савельевич Кочетов Акустический экран
KR101631262B1 (ko) * 2014-06-10 2016-06-16 박신자 샌드흡음재를 이용한 실내 흡음 패널
CN104616649A (zh) * 2014-12-05 2015-05-13 城林环保技术（上海）有限公司 一种pvc抗锈蚀吸音消声板
CN105064520A (zh) * 2015-07-24 2015-11-18 苏州锟鹏肖氏建材有限公司 吸音建筑材料
CN105297646B (zh) * 2015-12-07 2017-09-01 华北水利水电大学 一种建筑结构用的防噪隔声屏障
FI20165069A (fi) 2016-02-02 2017-08-03 Framery Oy Seinärakenne
EP3242293B1 (en) 2016-05-04 2018-12-05 Sontech International AB A sound damping device for a duct or chamber
JP6616516B2 (ja) 2016-09-13 2019-12-04 富士フイルム株式会社 防音構造、及び防音システム
CN106988238A (zh) * 2017-04-27 2017-07-28 江苏中驰环保工程有限公司 光屏障
CN109210000B (zh) * 2017-06-30 2020-06-02 中国航发商用航空发动机有限责任公司 航空发动机及其风扇叶片
CN111033608A (zh) * 2017-08-22 2020-04-17 富士胶片株式会社 隔音结构体及吸音面板
CN111052225A (zh) * 2017-08-28 2020-04-21 富士胶片株式会社 隔音结构及隔音结构体
CN111133504A (zh) * 2017-09-25 2020-05-08 富士胶片株式会社 隔音结构体
KR101964905B1 (ko) * 2018-02-05 2019-04-02 주식회사 이노비 엔진발전기의 방음장치
CN109024327B (zh) * 2018-08-13 2020-10-23 安徽中源环保科技有限公司 一种用于高铁的半封闭隔音屏障
TW202043021A (zh) * 2019-03-31 2020-12-01 美商康寧公司 透明聲吸收器、擴散器以及方法
CN110010115A (zh) * 2019-05-16 2019-07-12 上海超颖声学科技有限公司 一种吸声结构
KR102275352B1 (ko) * 2019-10-31 2021-07-12 전북대학교산학협력단 회전체 소음저감 덮개
CN112735368A (zh) * 2020-12-24 2021-04-30 江苏建声影视设备研制有限公司 一种环保型防火吸声板

Family Cites Families (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS524615A (en) * 1975-06-23 1977-01-13 Asahi Chemical Ind Sound insulation panel
JPS52132402U (ko) * 1976-04-05 1977-10-07
US4886696A (en) * 1988-05-10 1989-12-12 Manville Corporation Corrugated paperboard automotive liner
JPH10219868A (ja) * 1997-02-12 1998-08-18 Zeon Kasei Co Ltd 防音パネル
US6958567B2 (en) * 1998-04-22 2005-10-25 Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties, Inc. Active/passive distributed absorber for vibration and sound radiation control
WO2003001501A1 (fr) * 2001-06-21 2003-01-03 Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho Corps structural insonorise poreux et procede de fabrication du corps structural
JP2004062074A (ja) * 2002-07-31 2004-02-26 Toyota Motor Corp 吸音装置
JP4112958B2 (ja) * 2002-12-03 2008-07-02 株式会社鐡工社ブル 吸音壁装置とこれを用いた防音室
JP4282377B2 (ja) * 2003-06-04 2009-06-17 株式会社神戸製鋼所 車体パネル構造体
EP1742201A4 (en) * 2004-04-30 2017-07-19 Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho Porous sound absorbing structure

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2010060951A (ja) * 2008-09-05 2010-03-18 Kobe Steel Ltd 吸音構造および吸音構造体
JP2016177117A (ja) * 2015-03-20 2016-10-06 克己 櫂谷 薄板状の吸音構造体とその製造法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN101278336A (zh) 2008-10-01
WO2007040265A1 (ja) 2007-04-12
KR20080023347A (ko) 2008-03-13
TWI299853B (ko) 2008-08-11
TW200715265A (en) 2007-04-16

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
JP2007101959A (ja) 防音パネルおよび防音壁
JP4567513B2 (ja) 多孔質吸音構造体
KR100787297B1 (ko) 흡음 구조체 및 그 제조 방법
US20070272482A1 (en) Porous Sound Absorbing Structure
JP2006199276A (ja) 吸音構造
WO2008007447A1 (fr) Plaque acoustique stratifiée, perforée et translucide et panneau acoustique translucide
JP5866172B2 (ja) 透光性吸音パネル
KR100772261B1 (ko) 박막을 이용한 흡음 구조
JP6482040B2 (ja) ペーパーコア材を使った吸音パネル
JP4291760B2 (ja) 吸音構造体およびその製造方法
JP6222628B2 (ja) ペーパーコア材を使った吸音パネル
JP2008144580A (ja) 防音パネル
JP2007303112A (ja) 鉄道車両用引戸
JP2005098067A (ja) 吸音板および吸音方法
JPH0842015A (ja) 吸音カーテンおよび吸音カーテン構造体ならびに吸音パネル
JP5219976B2 (ja) 騒音低減構造体
JP4303183B2 (ja) 二重壁構造体
CN112497858B (zh) 板膜复合吸声板及其加工方法
KR20150019816A (ko) 탄성력을 이용한 방음문
JP6375339B2 (ja) 吸音パネル及び防音対策設備
JP2024064658A (ja) 遮音パネル及び遮音壁用ユニット
JP5155784B2 (ja) 吸音構造体
JP2007015415A (ja) 断熱遮音パネル
KR200454201Y1 (ko) 금속판을 이용한 다중 차음판
JP2020063655A (ja) 防音壁設備

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
A521 Written amendment

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523

Effective date: 20070207

A131 Notification of reasons for refusal

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131

Effective date: 20071016

A02 Decision of refusal

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A02

Effective date: 20080304