JP2005520491A - 汚れ除去性チューインガム及び糖菓組成物、及びそれらを製造及び使用する方法 - Google Patents
汚れ除去性チューインガム及び糖菓組成物、及びそれらを製造及び使用する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2005520491A JP2005520491A JP2003524369A JP2003524369A JP2005520491A JP 2005520491 A JP2005520491 A JP 2005520491A JP 2003524369 A JP2003524369 A JP 2003524369A JP 2003524369 A JP2003524369 A JP 2003524369A JP 2005520491 A JP2005520491 A JP 2005520491A
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- Prior art keywords
- soil
- composition
- chewing gum
- sodium
- soil removal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 185
- 235000015218 chewing gum Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- 229940112822 chewing gum Drugs 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 91
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 17
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- -1 Organic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium octadecanoate Chemical group [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 11
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- GGXKEBACDBNFAF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;hexadecanoate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O GGXKEBACDBNFAF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- URAYPUMNDPQOKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N triacetin Chemical compound CC(=O)OCC(OC(C)=O)COC(C)=O URAYPUMNDPQOKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
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- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- LDVVTQMJQSCDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl formate Chemical compound OCC(CO)OC=O LDVVTQMJQSCDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- BCKXLBQYZLBQEK-KVVVOXFISA-M Sodium oleate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC([O-])=O BCKXLBQYZLBQEK-KVVVOXFISA-M 0.000 claims description 4
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- DCXXMTOCNZCJGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tristearoylglycerol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC DCXXMTOCNZCJGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
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Classifications
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- A23G3/00—Sweetmeats; Confectionery; Marzipan; Coated or filled products
- A23G3/34—Sweetmeats, confectionery or marzipan; Processes for the preparation thereof
- A23G3/36—Sweetmeats, confectionery or marzipan; Processes for the preparation thereof characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G3/00—Sweetmeats; Confectionery; Marzipan; Coated or filled products
- A23G3/02—Apparatus specially adapted for manufacture or treatment of sweetmeats or confectionery; Accessories therefor
- A23G3/0205—Manufacture or treatment of liquids, pastes, creams, granules, shred or powder
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G3/00—Sweetmeats; Confectionery; Marzipan; Coated or filled products
- A23G3/34—Sweetmeats, confectionery or marzipan; Processes for the preparation thereof
- A23G3/36—Sweetmeats, confectionery or marzipan; Processes for the preparation thereof characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
- A23G3/362—Sweetmeats, confectionery or marzipan; Processes for the preparation thereof characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds containing inorganic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G3/00—Sweetmeats; Confectionery; Marzipan; Coated or filled products
- A23G3/34—Sweetmeats, confectionery or marzipan; Processes for the preparation thereof
- A23G3/36—Sweetmeats, confectionery or marzipan; Processes for the preparation thereof characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
- A23G3/364—Sweetmeats, confectionery or marzipan; Processes for the preparation thereof characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds containing microorganisms or enzymes; containing paramedical or dietetical agents, e.g. vitamins
- A23G3/368—Sweetmeats, confectionery or marzipan; Processes for the preparation thereof characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds containing microorganisms or enzymes; containing paramedical or dietetical agents, e.g. vitamins containing vitamins, antibiotics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G3/00—Sweetmeats; Confectionery; Marzipan; Coated or filled products
- A23G3/34—Sweetmeats, confectionery or marzipan; Processes for the preparation thereof
- A23G3/36—Sweetmeats, confectionery or marzipan; Processes for the preparation thereof characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
- A23G3/40—Sweetmeats, confectionery or marzipan; Processes for the preparation thereof characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds characterised by the fats used
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G4/00—Chewing gum
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G4/00—Chewing gum
- A23G4/02—Apparatus specially adapted for manufacture or treatment of chewing gum
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G4/00—Chewing gum
- A23G4/06—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G4/00—Chewing gum
- A23G4/06—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
- A23G4/064—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds containing inorganic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G4/00—Chewing gum
- A23G4/06—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
- A23G4/066—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds characterised by the fat used
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G4/00—Chewing gum
- A23G4/06—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
- A23G4/12—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds containing microorganisms or enzymes; containing paramedical or dietetical agents, e.g. vitamins
- A23G4/126—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds containing microorganisms or enzymes; containing paramedical or dietetical agents, e.g. vitamins containing vitamins, antibiotics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G4/00—Chewing gum
- A23G4/18—Chewing gum characterised by shape, structure or physical form, e.g. aerated products
- A23G4/20—Composite products, e.g. centre-filled, multi-layer, laminated
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Confectionery (AREA)
- Cosmetics (AREA)
- Dental Preparations (AREA)
Abstract
Description
糖菓組成物の調製に関する詳細は、各々参照により本明細書に組み込まれる Skuse's Complete Confectioner (13th Edition) (1957), pp. 41-71, 133-144, 及び 255-262;及び Sugar Confectionery Manufacture (2ndEdition) (1995), E.B. Jackson, Editor, pp. 129-168, 169-188, 189-216, 218-234, 及び 236-258 に見出されることができる。
実施例1:ガム製品の調製
A.板状ガム
表2に示した汚れ除去剤の20%溶液が、水を65〜75℃に加熱してから汚れ除去剤をゆっくり加えることにより調製された。この溶液は、泡ができるのを避けるために緩やかな攪拌で澄明溶液が得られるまで混合された。その溶液は、全コーティング操作を通して同じ温度に維持された。
実施例2:ガム製品の効力試験
A.機械的咀嚼試験
先に記載した通りに調製されたチューインガムサンプル16が、in vitro 機械的咀嚼モデルで試験された。重炭酸ナトリウムを含有する市販の漂白ペレットタイプのガムがコントロールとして使用された。それらガムサンプルは、ヒトの口内の上と下の歯を擬似するために、咀嚼表面上に汚れた子ウシの歯を含有した咀嚼機により噛みこなされた。それらサンプルは5分間咀嚼された。子ウシの歯のサンプルは、その機械に取り付ける前及び一週間の擬似咀嚼(28回分)の後に Chrom-A-Meter で読み取られた。次いで、その DE 値を計算することにより色の変化が決定される。次いで、全ての汚れが子ウシの歯のサンプルから取り除かれて再度 Chrom-A-Meter で読み取られる。次いで、汚れ減少率(%)が計算される。結果を表7に示す。
B.臨床試験
試験I: 60人を15人ずつの4グループに分けた。グループIは何の処置も受けなかった。グループ II は、サンプル10のチューインガム組成物を受け、グループ III は、サンプル12のチューインガム組成物を受け、グループ IV はコントロールとするため、上記の重炭酸ナトリウムを含有する市販のペレットタイプの歯漂白チューインガムを受けた。
実施例3:圧縮ハッカ風味糖菓製品の調製
サンプル17
本発明に従って圧縮ハッカ風味糖菓製品を形成するための2000バッチの組成物が次のやり方で調製される。
サンプル17に記載した操作が、ステアリン酸ナトリウムの量が0.5重量%(サンプル18)及び3.0重量%(サンプル19)にそれぞれ増やされ、ソルビトールの量がそれに応じて減らされたことを除いて、繰り返される。
サンプル17に記載した操作が、表11に示した成分を含有する圧縮錠剤組成物を形成するために繰り返された。
サンプル20に従って製造された圧縮錠剤及びコントロールが、ヒドロキシアパタイトディスクから汚れを除去するそれらの能力を測定するために試験された。
Claims (15)
- コアと、少なくとも1つの層を有する任意に存在するコーティングとを含んでなる汚れ除去性チューインガム組成物であって、前記コア及びコーティングの少なくとも1つが、アニオン性及び非イオン性界面活性剤からなる群から選択される汚れ除去効果量の少なくとも1種の汚れ除去剤を含んでなり、前記汚れ除去剤が、有効量の該汚れ除去剤が該組成物から放出されるのを可能にするように存在している組成物。
- 請求項1の汚れ除去性チューインガム組成物であって、該汚れ除去剤が、硫酸化オレイン酸ブチル、中鎖及び長鎖脂肪酸エステル及びそれらの塩、オレイン酸ナトリウム、フマル酸の塩、グロム酸カリウム、モノ及びジグリセリドの有機酸エステル、スクシステアリン、スルホスクシン酸ジオクチルナトリウム、トリステアリン酸グリセロール、レシチン、ヒドロキシル化レシチン、ラウリル硫酸ナトリウム、アセチル化モノグリセリド、スクシニル化モノグリセリド、クエン酸モノグリセリド、エトキシル化モノ及びジグリセリド、モノステアリン酸ソルビタン、ステアリル−2−乳酸カルシウム、ステアリル乳酸ナトリウム、グリセロール及びプロピレングリセロールの乳酸化脂肪酸エステル、C8〜C24脂肪酸のグリセロール−ラクトエステル、C8〜C24脂肪酸のポリグリセロールエステル、プロピレングリコールアルギネート、スクロースC8〜C24脂肪酸エステル、モノ及びジグリセリドのジアセチル酒石酸又はクエン酸又は乳酸エステル、トリアセチン、及びそれらの混合物からなる群から選択される組成物。
- 請求項2の汚れ除去性チューインガム組成物であって、該汚れ除去剤が、ステアリン酸ナトリウム、パルミチン酸ナトリウム及びそれらの混合物から選択される組成物。
- 請求項1の汚れ除去性チューインガム組成物であって、該汚れ除去性チューインガム組成物が、中心充填物とガム部分とを有し、前記汚れ除去剤が該中心充填物、該ガム部分又はそれら両方に存在している中心充填物チューインガムである組成物。
- 請求項1の汚れ除去性チューインガム組成物であって、該汚れ除去剤の量が、該チューインガム組成物の全重量を基準として約0.2〜2.0重量%である組成物。
- 請求項5の汚れ除去性チューインガム組成物であって、該汚れ除去剤がステアリン酸ナトリウムとパルミチン酸ナトリウムの50/50混合物であり、そして該汚れ除去剤の量が該チューインガム組成物の全重量を基準として約0.5重量%である組成物。
- 請求項5の汚れ除去性チューインガム組成物であって、該汚れ除去剤がモノ及びジグリセリドの有機酸エステルの混合物であり、そして該汚れ除去剤の量が該チューインガム組成物の全重量を基準として約0.6〜1.0重量%である組成物。
- 歯から汚れを除去する方法であって、有効量の請求項1の汚れ除去性チューインガム組成物を咀嚼することを含んでなる方法。
- 請求項1の汚れ除去性チューインガム組成物を製造する方法であって、該チューインガム組成物を形成する最終工程の1つにおいて、該汚れ除去剤が該チューインガム組成物中に緩く含有されていることによって該汚れ除去剤が咀嚼で効果的に放出されることができるように、汚れ除去剤を加えることを含んでなる方法。
- 汚れ除去性糖菓組成物であって、アニオン性及び非イオン性界面活性剤からなる群から選択される汚れ除去効果量の少なくとも1種の汚れ除去剤を含んでなり、前記汚れ除去剤が、有効量の該汚れ除去剤が該組成物から放出されるのを可能にするように存在している組成物。
- 請求項10の汚れ除去性糖菓組成物であって、該汚れ除去剤が、硫酸化オレイン酸ブチル、中鎖及び長鎖脂肪酸エステル及びそれらの塩、オレイン酸ナトリウム、フマル酸の塩、グロム酸カリウム、モノ及びジグリセリドの有機酸エステル、スクシステアリン、スルホスクシン酸ジオクチルナトリウム、トリステアリン酸グリセロール、レシチン、ヒドロキシル化レシチン、ラウリル硫酸ナトリウム、アセチル化モノグリセリド、スクシニル化モノグリセリド、クエン酸モノグリセリド、エトキシル化モノ及びジグリセリド、モノステアリン酸ソルビタン、ステアリル−2−乳酸カルシウム、ステアリル乳酸ナトリウム、グリセロール及びプロピレングリセロールの乳酸化脂肪酸エステル、C8〜C24脂肪酸のグリセロール−ラクトエステル、C8〜C24脂肪酸のポリグリセロールエステル、プロピレングリコールアルギネート、スクロースC8〜C24脂肪酸エステル、モノ及びジグリセリドのジアセチル酒石酸又はクエン酸又は乳酸エステル、トリアセチン、及びそれらの混合物からなる群から選択される組成物。
- 請求項11の汚れ除去性糖菓組成物であって、該汚れ除去剤が、ステアリン酸ナトリウム、パルミチン酸ナトリウム及びそれらの混合物から選択される組成物。
- 請求項10の汚れ除去性糖菓組成物であって、該汚れ除去剤の量が、該糖菓組成物の全重量を基準として約0.2〜20重量%である組成物。
- 請求項10の汚れ除去性糖菓組成物であって、該糖菓組成物が、ハードボイルドキャンディ、ヌガー、ゲル糖菓、中心充填物糖菓、パンニング製品、及びフォンダンからなる群から選択される組成物。
- 歯から汚れを除去する方法であって、有効量の請求項10の汚れ除去性組成物を該組成物が溶解するまで口腔内に入れておくことを含んでなる方法。
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US09/947,876 US6485739B2 (en) | 2000-03-10 | 2001-09-06 | Stain removing chewing gum and confectionery compositions, and methods of making and using the same |
US09/947,876 | 2001-09-06 | ||
PCT/IB2002/003085 WO2003020047A1 (en) | 2001-09-06 | 2002-08-02 | Stain removing chewing gum and confectionery compositions, and methods of making and using the same |
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JP2009063068A Division JP4732529B2 (ja) | 2001-09-06 | 2009-03-16 | 汚れ除去性チューインガム及び糖菓組成物、及びそれらを製造及び使用する方法 |
JP2011273909A Division JP2012080898A (ja) | 2001-09-06 | 2011-12-14 | 汚れ除去性チューインガム及び糖菓組成物、及びそれらを製造及び使用する方法 |
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US7378118B2 (en) * | 2002-08-14 | 2008-05-27 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Methods for manufacturing coated confectionary products |
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US6685916B1 (en) * | 2002-10-31 | 2004-02-03 | Cadbury Adams Usa Llc | Compositions for removing stains from dental surfaces, and methods of making and using the same |
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JP2022525147A (ja) * | 2019-03-18 | 2022-05-11 | サンスター アメリカス インク | オーラルケア組成物 |
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PE20030318A1 (es) | 2003-04-03 |
US6485739B2 (en) | 2002-11-26 |
US20030124064A1 (en) | 2003-07-03 |
EP1423017A1 (en) | 2004-06-02 |
WO2003020047A1 (en) | 2003-03-13 |
MXPA04002193A (es) | 2004-06-11 |
JP2012080898A (ja) | 2012-04-26 |
JP4928062B2 (ja) | 2012-05-09 |
CA2459487C (en) | 2010-11-16 |
PL367344A1 (en) | 2005-02-21 |
AR036427A1 (es) | 2004-09-08 |
BR0212633A (pt) | 2004-08-24 |
DE02751521T1 (de) | 2005-01-13 |
TR200402190T3 (tr) | 2004-11-22 |
US6696044B2 (en) | 2004-02-24 |
US20020159955A1 (en) | 2002-10-31 |
CN1237889C (zh) | 2006-01-25 |
AU2010227014A1 (en) | 2010-11-04 |
JP2009171977A (ja) | 2009-08-06 |
NO20040956L (no) | 2004-03-04 |
CN1551729A (zh) | 2004-12-01 |
AU2010227014B2 (en) | 2012-01-19 |
CA2459487A1 (en) | 2003-03-13 |
ES2224905T1 (es) | 2005-03-16 |
KR20040044545A (ko) | 2004-05-28 |
JP4732529B2 (ja) | 2011-07-27 |
NZ531449A (en) | 2004-08-27 |
AU2008205415A1 (en) | 2008-09-04 |
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R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
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LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |