JP2002047550A - シリンダバレル表面を形成する表面層、シリンダバレル表面に適した溶射粉末、及びシリンダバレル表面層を形成する方法 - Google Patents
シリンダバレル表面を形成する表面層、シリンダバレル表面に適した溶射粉末、及びシリンダバレル表面層を形成する方法Info
- Publication number
- JP2002047550A JP2002047550A JP2001172095A JP2001172095A JP2002047550A JP 2002047550 A JP2002047550 A JP 2002047550A JP 2001172095 A JP2001172095 A JP 2001172095A JP 2001172095 A JP2001172095 A JP 2001172095A JP 2002047550 A JP2002047550 A JP 2002047550A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- surface layer
- forming
- combustion engine
- cylinder block
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 238000007751 thermal spraying Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 title 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000007750 plasma spraying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004157 plasmatron Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000002542 deteriorative effect Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 101100293260 Homo sapiens NAA15 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910001366 Hypereutectic aluminum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100026781 N-alpha-acetyltransferase 15, NatA auxiliary subunit Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008394 flocculating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001234 light alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
- C23C4/06—Metallic material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
- C23C4/14—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying for coating elongate material
- C23C4/16—Wires; Tubes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
- C23C4/06—Metallic material
- C23C4/08—Metallic material containing only metal elements
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
- Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
- Y10T428/12063—Nonparticulate metal component
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
- Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH20001174/00 | 2000-06-14 | ||
| CH01174/00A CH694664A5 (de) | 2000-06-14 | 2000-06-14 | Durch Plasmaspritzen eines Spritzpulvers aufgebrachte eisenhaltige Schicht auf einer Zylinderlauffläche. |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2005180905A Division JP2005325452A (ja) | 2000-06-14 | 2005-06-21 | シリンダバレル表面を形成する表面層、シリンダバレル表面に適した溶射粉末、及びシリンダバレル表面層を形成する方法 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2002047550A true JP2002047550A (ja) | 2002-02-15 |
Family
ID=4561420
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001172095A Pending JP2002047550A (ja) | 2000-06-14 | 2001-06-07 | シリンダバレル表面を形成する表面層、シリンダバレル表面に適した溶射粉末、及びシリンダバレル表面層を形成する方法 |
| JP2005180905A Pending JP2005325452A (ja) | 2000-06-14 | 2005-06-21 | シリンダバレル表面を形成する表面層、シリンダバレル表面に適した溶射粉末、及びシリンダバレル表面層を形成する方法 |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2005180905A Pending JP2005325452A (ja) | 2000-06-14 | 2005-06-21 | シリンダバレル表面を形成する表面層、シリンダバレル表面に適した溶射粉末、及びシリンダバレル表面層を形成する方法 |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6578539B2 (https=) |
| EP (1) | EP1174524B1 (https=) |
| JP (2) | JP2002047550A (https=) |
| KR (1) | KR100596124B1 (https=) |
| CA (1) | CA2347980C (https=) |
| CH (1) | CH694664A5 (https=) |
| ES (1) | ES2619929T3 (https=) |
| PT (1) | PT1174524T (https=) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2021155796A (ja) * | 2020-03-26 | 2021-10-07 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 溶射被膜及び溶射材 |
Families Citing this family (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH695339A5 (de) | 2002-02-27 | 2006-04-13 | Sulzer Metco Ag | Zylinderlaufflächenschicht für Verbrennungsmotoren sowie Verfahren zu deren Herstellung. |
| DE10324279B4 (de) * | 2003-05-28 | 2006-04-06 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Verwendung von FeC-Legierung zur Erneuerung der Oberfläche von Zylinderlaufbuchsen |
| JP2005307857A (ja) * | 2004-04-21 | 2005-11-04 | Toyota Motor Corp | シリンダブロック及びその製造方法 |
| US7487840B2 (en) * | 2004-11-12 | 2009-02-10 | Wear Sox, L.P. | Wear resistant layer for downhole well equipment |
| WO2007135683A2 (en) * | 2006-05-23 | 2007-11-29 | Perspective D.S.S Ltd. | Credit management system and method |
| KR100878878B1 (ko) * | 2007-06-14 | 2009-01-15 | 주식회사뉴테크 | 용사기술을 이용한 엔진블록 라이너외벽 코팅 방법 |
| JP2012509406A (ja) * | 2008-11-20 | 2012-04-19 | ボルボ エアロ コーポレイション | 排気口をコーティングする方法、並びに該方法を実施する装置 |
| US8863834B2 (en) | 2009-04-07 | 2014-10-21 | Antelope Oil Tool & Mfg. Co., Llc | Friction reducing wear band and method of coupling a wear band to a tubular |
| DE102010021300B4 (de) | 2010-05-22 | 2012-03-22 | Daimler Ag | Drahtförmiger Spritzwerkstoff, damit erzeugbare Funktionsschicht und Verfahren zum Beschichten eines Substrats mit einem Spritzwerkstoff |
| FR2974610B1 (fr) * | 2011-04-26 | 2013-05-17 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Procede de realisation des surfaces de chambres a combustion d'un bloc moteur en alliage d'aluminium |
| DE102012015405B4 (de) * | 2012-08-03 | 2014-07-03 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Zylinderlaufbuchse und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
| EP2829713B1 (de) | 2013-07-26 | 2018-11-07 | Sulzer Metco AG | Werkstück mit einer Ausnehmung zur Aufnahme eines Kolbens |
| DK3039168T3 (en) | 2013-08-28 | 2019-02-25 | Antelope Tools&Mfg Co Llc | Chromium-free thermal spray composition and method and apparatus |
Family Cites Families (18)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4251599A (en) * | 1979-08-23 | 1981-02-17 | Ramsey Corporation | Ferrous metal body coated with an alloy formed by an iron/silicon extended molybdenum plasma spray powder |
| JPS59180989A (ja) * | 1983-03-30 | 1984-10-15 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | プラズマア−ク加熱装置 |
| JPS6257755A (ja) * | 1985-08-07 | 1987-03-13 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 軽合金製シリンダブロツク素材の鋳造方法 |
| US4741974A (en) * | 1986-05-20 | 1988-05-03 | The Perkin-Elmer Corporation | Composite wire for wear resistant coatings |
| US5334235A (en) * | 1993-01-22 | 1994-08-02 | The Perkin-Elmer Corporation | Thermal spray method for coating cylinder bores for internal combustion engines |
| US5332422A (en) * | 1993-07-06 | 1994-07-26 | Ford Motor Company | Solid lubricant and hardenable steel coating system |
| JPH07243528A (ja) * | 1994-03-02 | 1995-09-19 | Teikoku Piston Ring Co Ltd | 摺動部材の組合せ |
| US5466906A (en) * | 1994-04-08 | 1995-11-14 | Ford Motor Company | Process for coating automotive engine cylinders |
| GB2297053B (en) * | 1994-10-28 | 1996-11-06 | Daimler Benz Ag | Cylinder liner for a reciprocating piston engine and method of producing such a cylinder liner |
| US5671532A (en) * | 1994-12-09 | 1997-09-30 | Ford Global Technologies, Inc. | Method of making an engine block using coated cylinder bore liners |
| US5766693A (en) * | 1995-10-06 | 1998-06-16 | Ford Global Technologies, Inc. | Method of depositing composite metal coatings containing low friction oxides |
| US5736200A (en) * | 1996-05-31 | 1998-04-07 | Caterpillar Inc. | Process for reducing oxygen content in thermally sprayed metal coatings |
| US5958521A (en) * | 1996-06-21 | 1999-09-28 | Ford Global Technologies, Inc. | Method of depositing a thermally sprayed coating that is graded between being machinable and being wear resistant |
| GB2320033B (en) * | 1996-12-05 | 2001-06-06 | Fmc Corp | Improvements in strength and wear resistance of mechanical components |
| JP3173452B2 (ja) * | 1997-02-28 | 2001-06-04 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | 耐摩耗性被覆部材及びその製造方法 |
| JPH11247712A (ja) * | 1998-02-27 | 1999-09-14 | Aisin Seiki Co Ltd | エンジン用ピストン |
| AU1655000A (en) * | 1998-11-25 | 2000-06-13 | Joma Chemical As | Material for producing a corrosion- and wear-resistant layer by thermal spraying |
| ATE267275T1 (de) | 1999-01-19 | 2004-06-15 | Sulzer Metco Ag | Durch plasmaspritzen aufgebrachte schicht für zylinderlaufflächen von motorblöcken und verfahren zu deren herstellung |
-
2000
- 2000-06-14 CH CH01174/00A patent/CH694664A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2001
- 2001-05-10 EP EP01810455.4A patent/EP1174524B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-05-10 PT PT1810455T patent/PT1174524T/pt unknown
- 2001-05-10 ES ES01810455.4T patent/ES2619929T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-05-15 US US09/855,471 patent/US6578539B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-05-17 CA CA002347980A patent/CA2347980C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-06-07 JP JP2001172095A patent/JP2002047550A/ja active Pending
- 2001-06-13 KR KR1020010033134A patent/KR100596124B1/ko not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2005
- 2005-06-21 JP JP2005180905A patent/JP2005325452A/ja active Pending
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2021155796A (ja) * | 2020-03-26 | 2021-10-07 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 溶射被膜及び溶射材 |
| JP7437607B2 (ja) | 2020-03-26 | 2024-02-26 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 溶射被膜及び溶射材 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR100596124B1 (ko) | 2006-07-05 |
| ES2619929T3 (es) | 2017-06-27 |
| EP1174524A2 (de) | 2002-01-23 |
| KR20010112649A (ko) | 2001-12-20 |
| CA2347980A1 (en) | 2001-12-14 |
| CH694664A5 (de) | 2005-05-31 |
| US6578539B2 (en) | 2003-06-17 |
| EP1174524A3 (de) | 2009-03-11 |
| PT1174524T (pt) | 2017-01-23 |
| CA2347980C (en) | 2004-12-07 |
| JP2005325452A (ja) | 2005-11-24 |
| US20020011243A1 (en) | 2002-01-31 |
| EP1174524B1 (de) | 2016-12-21 |
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