ITMI932102A1 - Componenti e catalizzatori per la polimerizzazione di olefine - Google Patents

Componenti e catalizzatori per la polimerizzazione di olefine

Info

Publication number
ITMI932102A1
ITMI932102A1 IT93MI002102A ITMI932102A ITMI932102A1 IT MI932102 A1 ITMI932102 A1 IT MI932102A1 IT 93MI002102 A IT93MI002102 A IT 93MI002102A IT MI932102 A ITMI932102 A IT MI932102A IT MI932102 A1 ITMI932102 A1 IT MI932102A1
Authority
IT
Italy
Prior art keywords
diketones
radicals
catalytic component
catalysts
polymerization
Prior art date
Application number
IT93MI002102A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Giampiero Morini
Enrico Albizzati
Umberto Giannini
Raimondo Scordamaglia
Luisa Barino
Original Assignee
Himont Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Himont Inc filed Critical Himont Inc
Publication of ITMI932102A0 publication Critical patent/ITMI932102A0/it
Priority to ITMI932102A priority Critical patent/IT1270842B/it
Priority to TW083104729A priority patent/TW264486B/zh
Priority to AU74350/94A priority patent/AU677422B2/en
Priority to DK94115455T priority patent/DK0646605T3/da
Priority to BR9403967A priority patent/BR9403967A/pt
Priority to FI944573A priority patent/FI112237B/fi
Priority to CA002133352A priority patent/CA2133352A1/en
Priority to US08/315,747 priority patent/US5468704A/en
Priority to ES94115455T priority patent/ES2133459T3/es
Priority to AT94115455T priority patent/ATE180793T1/de
Priority to DE69418808T priority patent/DE69418808T2/de
Priority to EP94115455A priority patent/EP0646605B1/en
Priority to CN94117900A priority patent/CN1054139C/zh
Priority to KR1019940025210A priority patent/KR100347974B1/ko
Priority to JP23908994A priority patent/JP3688308B2/ja
Publication of ITMI932102A1 publication Critical patent/ITMI932102A1/it
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of IT1270842B publication Critical patent/IT1270842B/it
Priority to CNB991117913A priority patent/CN1138743C/zh
Priority to KR1020010084218A priority patent/KR100368786B1/ko
Priority to JP2005069165A priority patent/JP3847768B2/ja

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0201—Oxygen-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0204—Ethers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
    • C08F4/02—Carriers therefor
    • C08F4/022—Magnesium halide as support anhydrous or hydrated or complexed by means of a Lewis base for Ziegler-type catalysts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
    • B01J27/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
    • B01J27/138—Halogens; Compounds thereof with alkaline earth metals, magnesium, beryllium, zinc, cadmium or mercury
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0201—Oxygen-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0205—Oxygen-containing compounds comprising carbonyl groups or oxygen-containing derivatives, e.g. acetals, ketals, cyclic peroxides
    • B01J31/0208—Ketones or ketals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
    • B01J31/0237—Amines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0272—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing elements other than those covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0255
    • B01J31/0274—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing elements other than those covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0255 containing silicon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/26—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups B01J31/02 - B01J31/24
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/26—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups B01J31/02 - B01J31/24
    • B01J31/38—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups B01J31/02 - B01J31/24 of titanium, zirconium or hafnium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/45—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by condensation
    • C07C45/455—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by condensation with carboxylic acids or their derivatives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/61—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups
    • C07C45/67—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C45/68—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
    • C07C49/04—Saturated compounds containing keto groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C49/12—Ketones containing more than one keto group
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
    • C07C49/76—Ketones containing a keto group bound to a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C49/782—Ketones containing a keto group bound to a six-membered aromatic ring polycyclic
    • C07C49/784—Ketones containing a keto group bound to a six-membered aromatic ring polycyclic with all keto groups bound to a non-condensed ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
    • C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
    • C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
    • C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/646—Catalysts comprising at least two different metals, in metallic form or as compounds thereof, in addition to the component covered by group C08F4/64
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
    • C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
    • C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
    • C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/647—Catalysts containing a specific non-metal or metal-free compound
    • C08F4/649—Catalysts containing a specific non-metal or metal-free compound organic
    • C08F4/6494—Catalysts containing a specific non-metal or metal-free compound organic containing oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
    • C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
    • C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
    • C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/65—Pretreating the metal or compound covered by group C08F4/64 before the final contacting with the metal or compound covered by group C08F4/44
    • C08F4/652—Pretreating with metals or metal-containing compounds
    • C08F4/654—Pretreating with metals or metal-containing compounds with magnesium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/6543—Pretreating with metals or metal-containing compounds with magnesium or compounds thereof halides of magnesium

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

Catalizzatori per la polimerizzazione di olefine, comprendenti il prodotto di reazione tra un composto Al-alchilico e un componente catalitico comprendente un alogenuro di magnesio in forma attiva, un composto di titanio e un elettron-donatore scelto tra gli 1, 3-dichetoni di formula: (FORMULA I) dove almeno uno dei radicali R è diverso da idrogeno e può essere legato con l'altro radicale R a formare una struttura ciclica e almeno uno dei radicali RI, che non sono legati tra loro a formare strutture cicliche, è un radicale alchilico ramificato, cicloalchilico o arilico, oppure è legato con uno o entrambi i radicali R a formare una struttura ciclica, detti 1, 3-dichetoni aventi la proprietà di fissarsi sul componente catalitico, quando preparato con un metodo standard, in quantità tali che il rapporto molare tra detti 1, 3-dichetoni e il titanio supportato sullo stesso componente catalitico sia superiore o uguale a 0,1.
ITMI932102A 1993-10-01 1993-10-01 Componenti e catalizzatori per la polimerizzazione di olefine IT1270842B (it)

Priority Applications (18)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ITMI932102A IT1270842B (it) 1993-10-01 1993-10-01 Componenti e catalizzatori per la polimerizzazione di olefine
TW083104729A TW264486B (it) 1993-10-01 1994-05-25
AU74350/94A AU677422B2 (en) 1993-10-01 1994-09-29 1,3 diketones components and catalysts for the polymerization of olefins
ES94115455T ES2133459T3 (es) 1993-10-01 1994-09-30 Componentes y catalizadores para la polimerizacion de olefinas.
CN94117900A CN1054139C (zh) 1993-10-01 1994-09-30 用于烯烃聚合的催化剂组份和所得催化剂
FI944573A FI112237B (fi) 1993-10-01 1994-09-30 Olefiinien polymerointiin tarkoitettuja komponentteja ja katalyyttejä
CA002133352A CA2133352A1 (en) 1993-10-01 1994-09-30 Components and catalysts for the polymerization of olefins
US08/315,747 US5468704A (en) 1993-10-01 1994-09-30 Components and catalysts for the polymerization of olefins
DK94115455T DK0646605T3 (da) 1993-10-01 1994-09-30 Bestanddele og katalysatorer til polymerisation af olefiner
AT94115455T ATE180793T1 (de) 1993-10-01 1994-09-30 Katalysatorbestandteile und katalysatoren für die olefinpolymerisation
DE69418808T DE69418808T2 (de) 1993-10-01 1994-09-30 Katalysatorbestandteile und Katalysatoren für die Olefinpolymerisation
EP94115455A EP0646605B1 (en) 1993-10-01 1994-09-30 Components and catalysts for the polymerization of olefins
BR9403967A BR9403967A (pt) 1993-10-01 1994-09-30 Processo para obtenção de componente catalisador sólida, para obtenção de catalisador para polimerização de olefinas, processo para obtenção de compostos de 1,3-dicetona e processos
KR1019940025210A KR100347974B1 (ko) 1993-10-01 1994-10-01 올레핀중합용성분및촉매
JP23908994A JP3688308B2 (ja) 1993-10-01 1994-10-03 オレフィン重合用触媒成分および触媒
CNB991117913A CN1138743C (zh) 1993-10-01 1999-08-10 1,3-二酮化合物
KR1020010084218A KR100368786B1 (ko) 1993-10-01 2001-12-24 올레핀 중합용 성분 및 촉매
JP2005069165A JP3847768B2 (ja) 1993-10-01 2005-03-11 オレフィン重合用触媒成分および触媒

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ITMI932102A IT1270842B (it) 1993-10-01 1993-10-01 Componenti e catalizzatori per la polimerizzazione di olefine

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
ITMI932102A0 ITMI932102A0 (it) 1993-10-01
ITMI932102A1 true ITMI932102A1 (it) 1995-04-01
IT1270842B IT1270842B (it) 1997-05-13

Family

ID=11366974

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
ITMI932102A IT1270842B (it) 1993-10-01 1993-10-01 Componenti e catalizzatori per la polimerizzazione di olefine

Country Status (15)

Country Link
US (1) US5468704A (it)
EP (1) EP0646605B1 (it)
JP (2) JP3688308B2 (it)
KR (2) KR100347974B1 (it)
CN (2) CN1054139C (it)
AT (1) ATE180793T1 (it)
AU (1) AU677422B2 (it)
BR (1) BR9403967A (it)
CA (1) CA2133352A1 (it)
DE (1) DE69418808T2 (it)
DK (1) DK0646605T3 (it)
ES (1) ES2133459T3 (it)
FI (1) FI112237B (it)
IT (1) IT1270842B (it)
TW (1) TW264486B (it)

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IT1274253B (it) * 1995-02-21 1997-07-15 Himont Inc Processo per la preparazione di componenti catalitici solidi per la polimerizzazione di olefine
CN1063188C (zh) * 1996-12-17 2001-03-14 中国科学院化学研究所 一种合成间规聚苯乙烯催化剂体系及其制法
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SG96207A1 (en) * 2000-03-30 2003-05-23 Sumitomo Chemical Co Process for producing catalyst for olefin polymerization and process for producing olefin polymer
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CN1318457C (zh) * 2004-09-02 2007-05-30 中国石油化工股份有限公司<Del/> 用于烯烃聚合反应的催化剂组分和催化剂
CN100338018C (zh) * 2004-10-29 2007-09-19 中国石油化工股份有限公司 一种环戊酯类化合物及其合成方法和应用
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CN101671410B (zh) * 2008-09-11 2011-12-28 中国石油化工股份有限公司 用于烯烃聚合的催化剂组分及其催化剂
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CN105330774B (zh) * 2014-06-24 2017-10-03 中国石油化工股份有限公司 一种宽立构规整度分布聚丙烯的制备方法及得到的聚丙烯
CN105330772A (zh) * 2014-06-24 2016-02-17 中国石油化工股份有限公司 一种聚丙烯立构规整度调节剂及其应用
KR101699590B1 (ko) 2014-11-28 2017-01-24 한화토탈 주식회사 프로필렌 중합용 고체촉매 및 이를 이용한 폴리프로필렌 제조 방법
CN108059689B (zh) * 2016-11-09 2020-05-08 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 烯烃聚合前催化剂组合物及其制备方法、烯烃聚合催化剂组合物
WO2018161854A1 (zh) 2017-03-10 2018-09-13 北京利和知信科技有限公司 用于烯烃聚合的固体催化剂组分、催化剂及其应用
CN110950983B (zh) * 2018-09-26 2022-01-04 中国石油化工股份有限公司 用于烯烃聚合的催化剂组分、催化剂及烯烃聚合方法
CN110950985B (zh) * 2018-09-26 2022-01-04 中国石油化工股份有限公司 一种用于烯烃聚合的催化剂组分、催化剂及烯烃聚合方法
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FI944573A (fi) 1995-04-02
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DK0646605T3 (da) 1999-06-23
JP3688308B2 (ja) 2005-08-24
FI944573A0 (fi) 1994-09-30
KR950011480A (ko) 1995-05-15
EP0646605A1 (en) 1995-04-05
CN1257061A (zh) 2000-06-21
JPH07233209A (ja) 1995-09-05
IT1270842B (it) 1997-05-13
US5468704A (en) 1995-11-21
CA2133352A1 (en) 1995-04-02
CN1054139C (zh) 2000-07-05
KR100347974B1 (ko) 2002-11-22
JP2005226076A (ja) 2005-08-25
BR9403967A (pt) 1995-06-27
CN1138743C (zh) 2004-02-18
ITMI932102A0 (it) 1993-10-01
ES2133459T3 (es) 1999-09-16
DE69418808D1 (de) 1999-07-08
EP0646605B1 (en) 1999-06-02
DE69418808T2 (de) 1999-10-07
FI112237B (fi) 2003-11-14
AU677422B2 (en) 1997-04-24
JP3847768B2 (ja) 2006-11-22
ATE180793T1 (de) 1999-06-15
TW264486B (it) 1995-12-01
CN1105671A (zh) 1995-07-26

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