ID22280A - Proses pembuatan aldehida - Google Patents

Proses pembuatan aldehida

Info

Publication number
ID22280A
ID22280A IDW990288A ID990288A ID22280A ID 22280 A ID22280 A ID 22280A ID W990288 A IDW990288 A ID W990288A ID 990288 A ID990288 A ID 990288A ID 22280 A ID22280 A ID 22280A
Authority
ID
Indonesia
Prior art keywords
making process
aldehyde
aldehyde making
making
Prior art date
Application number
IDW990288A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Onka Jan Gelling
Petrus Cornelis Borman
Petrus Wilhelmus Nicol Leeuwen
Original Assignee
Dsm Nv
Du Pont
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=8224546&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=ID22280(A) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Dsm Nv, Du Pont filed Critical Dsm Nv
Publication of ID22280A publication Critical patent/ID22280A/id

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
    • C07F9/08—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus
    • C07F9/141—Esters of phosphorous acids
    • C07F9/145—Esters of phosphorous acids with hydroxyaryl compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
    • B01J31/1845—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing phosphorus
    • B01J31/185—Phosphites ((RO)3P), their isomeric phosphonates (R(RO)2P=O) and RO-substitution derivatives thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/24—Phosphines, i.e. phosphorus bonded to only carbon atoms, or to both carbon and hydrogen atoms, including e.g. sp2-hybridised phosphorus compounds such as phosphabenzene, phosphole or anionic phospholide ligands
    • B01J31/2404—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C253/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles
    • C07C253/30—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles by reactions not involving the formation of cyano groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/49—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reaction with carbon monoxide
    • C07C45/50—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reaction with carbon monoxide by oxo-reactions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
    • C07C67/30—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group
    • C07C67/333—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C67/343—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms
    • C07C67/347—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms by addition to unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/10—Polymerisation reactions involving at least dual use catalysts, e.g. for both oligomerisation and polymerisation
    • B01J2231/12—Olefin polymerisation or copolymerisation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
    • B01J2231/32—Addition reactions to C=C or C-C triple bonds
    • B01J2231/321—Hydroformylation, metalformylation, carbonylation or hydroaminomethylation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
    • B01J2231/32—Addition reactions to C=C or C-C triple bonds
    • B01J2231/323—Hydrometalation, e.g. bor-, alumin-, silyl-, zirconation or analoguous reactions like carbometalation, hydrocarbation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/50—Redistribution or isomerisation reactions of C-C, C=C or C-C triple bonds
    • B01J2231/52—Isomerisation reactions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/60—Reduction reactions, e.g. hydrogenation
    • B01J2231/64—Reductions in general of organic substrates, e.g. hydride reductions or hydrogenations
    • B01J2231/641—Hydrogenation of organic substrates, i.e. H2 or H-transfer hydrogenations, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch processes
    • B01J2231/645—Hydrogenation of organic substrates, i.e. H2 or H-transfer hydrogenations, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch processes of C=C or C-C triple bonds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
    • B01J23/46—Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
    • B01J23/464—Rhodium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
    • B01J23/46—Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
    • B01J23/468—Iridium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/02—Compositional aspects of complexes used, e.g. polynuclearity
    • B01J2531/0261—Complexes comprising ligands with non-tetrahedral chirality
    • B01J2531/0266—Axially chiral or atropisomeric ligands, e.g. bulky biaryls such as donor-substituted binaphthalenes, e.g. "BINAP" or "BINOL"
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
    • B01J2531/822—Rhodium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
    • B01J2531/827—Iridium

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
IDW990288A 1996-11-04 1997-10-30 Proses pembuatan aldehida ID22280A (id)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP96203070A EP0839787A1 (en) 1996-11-04 1996-11-04 Process for the preparation of an aldehyde

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ID22280A true ID22280A (id) 1999-09-30

Family

ID=8224546

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
IDW990288A ID22280A (id) 1996-11-04 1997-10-30 Proses pembuatan aldehida

Country Status (13)

Country Link
US (1) US6153800A (id)
EP (2) EP0839787A1 (id)
JP (1) JP2001504099A (id)
KR (1) KR100523133B1 (id)
CN (1) CN1117723C (id)
AU (1) AU5883098A (id)
CA (1) CA2270521A1 (id)
DE (1) DE69707145T3 (id)
ES (1) ES2165102T3 (id)
HK (1) HK1024465A1 (id)
ID (1) ID22280A (id)
MY (1) MY118782A (id)
WO (1) WO1998019984A1 (id)

Families Citing this family (36)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6229052B1 (en) * 1998-05-29 2001-05-08 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Hydroformylation of olefins using supported bis(phosphorus) ligands
US6307107B1 (en) * 1999-09-20 2001-10-23 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Hydroformylation of acyclic monoethylenically unsaturated compounds to corresponding terminal aldehydes
DE10206697A1 (de) * 2001-02-19 2002-08-29 Basf Ag Hydroformylierungsverfahren
EP1249439A1 (en) * 2001-04-13 2002-10-16 Dsm N.V. Continuous hydroformylation process
FR2849027B1 (fr) * 2002-12-23 2005-01-21 Rhodia Polyamide Intermediates Procede de synthese de composes comprenant des fonctions nitriles a partir de composes a insaturations ethyleniques
FR2854892B1 (fr) * 2003-05-12 2005-06-24 Rhodia Polyamide Intermediates Procede de fabrication de dinitriles
DE102004033410A1 (de) * 2004-02-14 2005-09-01 Oxeno Olefinchemie Gmbh Verfahren zur Herstellung von Olefinen mit 8 bis 12 Kohlenstoffatomen
KR100596365B1 (ko) * 2004-06-12 2006-07-03 주식회사 엘지화학 인을 포함하는 촉매 조성물 및 이를 이용한히드로포르밀화 방법
DE102005046250B4 (de) * 2005-09-27 2020-10-08 Evonik Operations Gmbh Anlage zur Abtrennung von organischen Übergangsmetallkomplexkatalysatoren
CN1986055B (zh) * 2006-12-22 2012-06-27 中国科学院上海有机化学研究所 一种丙烯氢甲酰化催化体系和方法
CN102266796A (zh) * 2006-12-22 2011-12-07 中国科学院上海有机化学研究所 一种丙烯氢甲酰化催化体系和方法
EP2328857B1 (en) * 2008-08-19 2016-03-23 Dow Technology Investments LLC Hydroformylation process using a symmetric bisphosphite ligand for improved control over product isomers
JP5603407B2 (ja) * 2009-03-31 2014-10-08 ダウ テクノロジー インベストメンツ リミティド ライアビリティー カンパニー 二重オープンエンド型ビスホスファイトリガンドによるヒドロホルミル化方法
PL2722325T5 (pl) 2009-12-22 2019-07-31 Dow Technology Investments Llc Regulowanie stosunku aldehyd normalny : izoaldehyd w procesie hydroformylowania z mieszanymi ligandami przez regulowanie ciśnienia cząsteczkowego gazu syntezowego
EP2516371B2 (en) 2009-12-22 2022-08-17 Dow Technology Investments LLC Controlling the normal:iso aldehyde ratio in a mixed ligand hydroformylation process by controlling the olefin partial pressure
PL2942343T3 (pl) 2009-12-22 2020-02-28 Dow Technology Investments Llc Kontrolowanie stosunku aldehydu normalnego : aldehydu izo w procesie hydroformylowania z ligandami mieszanymi
WO2012047514A1 (en) 2010-10-05 2012-04-12 Dow Technology Investments Llc Hydroformylation process
SA112330271B1 (ar) 2011-04-18 2015-02-09 داو تكنولوجى انفستمنتس ال ال سى تخفيف التلوث في عمليات هيدروفورملة عن طريق إضافة الماء
CN104640872A (zh) * 2012-06-01 2015-05-20 因温斯特技术公司 稳定的配体混合物及用于制备其的方法
US9174907B2 (en) 2012-06-04 2015-11-03 Dow Technology Investments Llc Hydroformylation process
RU2639874C2 (ru) * 2012-08-29 2017-12-25 Дау Текнолоджи Инвестментс Ллс Способ получения катализатора
JP6560248B2 (ja) 2014-03-31 2019-08-14 ダウ テクノロジー インベストメンツ リミティド ライアビリティー カンパニー ヒドロホルミル化プロセス
DE102015202722A1 (de) * 2014-05-20 2015-11-26 Evonik Degussa Gmbh Verfahren zur katalytischen Herstellung von Aldehyden aus Olefinen unter Einsatz von Monophosphit-Gemischen
DE102014209533A1 (de) * 2014-05-20 2015-12-17 Evonik Degussa Gmbh Gemische von Monophosphitligand und deren Verwendung zur Katalyse einer Hydroformylierungsreaktion
RU2584952C1 (ru) * 2015-03-26 2016-05-20 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Объединенный центр исследований и разработок" (ООО "РН-ЦИР") Гидрид-карбонильный полифосфитный комплекс родия со смешанными фосфорорганическими лигандами для катализа процесса гидроформилирования олефинов
KR101811102B1 (ko) 2015-07-13 2017-12-20 주식회사 엘지화학 인계 리간드를 포함하는 촉매 조성물 및 이를 이용한 하이드로포밀화 방법
KR101962092B1 (ko) * 2015-10-05 2019-03-26 주식회사 엘지화학 인계 리간드를 포함하는 촉매 조성물 및 이를 이용한 하이드로포밀화 방법
SE1730036A1 (en) * 2017-02-09 2018-08-10 Perstorp Ab Carbonylation process and ligand composition
CA3100779A1 (en) 2018-05-30 2019-12-05 Dow Technology Investments Llc Methods of controlling hydroformylation processes
CN112055614A (zh) 2018-05-30 2020-12-08 陶氏技术投资有限责任公司 包括单膦、四膦配位体的组合的催化剂组合物和使用其的加氢甲酰化过程
KR20210013702A (ko) 2018-05-30 2021-02-05 다우 테크놀로지 인베스트먼츠 엘엘씨. 하이드로포밀화 공정에서 촉매의 탈활성화를 느리게 하고/하거나 테트라포스핀 리간드 사용을 느리게 하는 방법
EP3887348B1 (en) 2018-11-29 2022-11-02 Dow Technology Investments LLC Hydroformylation process
SE543296C2 (en) * 2019-07-05 2020-11-17 Perstorp Ab A use of epoxide in order to reduce the formation of heavy ends in a hydroformylation process
SE1930249A1 (en) * 2019-07-18 2020-11-17 Perstorp Ab USE OF A METHOD FOR REDUCTION OF HEAVY END FORMATION AND CATALYST LOSS IN A HYDROFORMYLATION PROCESS COMPRISING A BIDENTATE PHOSPHITE LIGAND
WO2021006795A1 (en) * 2019-07-05 2021-01-14 Perstorp Ab A method for reducing heavy end formation and catalyst loss in a hydroformylation process
CN113877635B (zh) * 2021-10-27 2024-02-06 南京延长反应技术研究院有限公司 一种铱基催化剂及其制备方法、醛化方法

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US4169861A (en) 1977-08-19 1979-10-02 Celanese Corporation Hydroformylation process
US4260828A (en) * 1980-04-16 1981-04-07 Union Carbide Corporation Hydroformylation process
US4668651A (en) † 1985-09-05 1987-05-26 Union Carbide Corporation Transition metal complex catalyzed processes
US4748261A (en) 1985-09-05 1988-05-31 Union Carbide Corporation Bis-phosphite compounds
US4688651A (en) 1986-03-21 1987-08-25 Dresser Industries, Inc. Cone mouth debris exclusion shield
US5234113A (en) * 1991-01-22 1993-08-10 Marley Mouldings, Inc. Method and apparatus for displaying a plurality of articles
TW213465B (id) 1991-06-11 1993-09-21 Mitsubishi Chemicals Co Ltd
DE4204808A1 (de) 1992-02-18 1993-08-19 Basf Ag Verfahren zur herstellung von (omega)-formylalkancarbonsaeureestern
US5288918A (en) * 1992-09-29 1994-02-22 Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation Hydroformylation process
BE1007944A3 (nl) 1993-12-30 1995-11-21 Dsm Nv Werkwijze voor de bereiding van 5-formylvaleriaanzuur en -ester.
BE1008017A3 (nl) 1994-01-06 1995-12-12 Dsm Nv Werkwijze voor de bereiding van 5-formylvaleriaanzure ester.
TW315370B (id) * 1994-10-07 1997-09-11 Du Pont
US5512696A (en) * 1995-07-21 1996-04-30 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Hydrocyanation process and multidentate phosphite and nickel catalyst composition therefor
US5728893A (en) † 1995-12-06 1998-03-17 Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation Process using multistaged reactors
US5874641A (en) * 1996-03-15 1999-02-23 Dsm N.V. Process to prepare a terminal aldehyde

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0937023A1 (en) 1999-08-25
DE69707145T3 (de) 2006-10-26
CA2270521A1 (en) 1998-05-14
DE69707145T2 (de) 2002-06-20
DE69707145D1 (de) 2001-11-08
MY118782A (en) 2005-01-31
KR20000053058A (ko) 2000-08-25
HK1024465A1 (en) 2000-10-13
US6153800A (en) 2000-11-28
EP0937023B1 (en) 2001-10-04
AU5883098A (en) 1998-05-29
KR100523133B1 (ko) 2005-10-19
WO1998019984A1 (en) 1998-05-14
EP0839787A1 (en) 1998-05-06
CN1117723C (zh) 2003-08-13
EP0937023B2 (en) 2006-02-08
ES2165102T3 (es) 2002-03-01
CN1241993A (zh) 2000-01-19
JP2001504099A (ja) 2001-03-27

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