FI117363B - Laite pulssinleveysmodulaatio (PWM) muuntimen ohjaukseen - Google Patents

Laite pulssinleveysmodulaatio (PWM) muuntimen ohjaukseen Download PDF

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FI117363B
FI117363B FI921113A FI921113A FI117363B FI 117363 B FI117363 B FI 117363B FI 921113 A FI921113 A FI 921113A FI 921113 A FI921113 A FI 921113A FI 117363 B FI117363 B FI 117363B
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power
current
voltage
phase
pwm converter
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FI921113A
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FI921113A (fi
FI921113A0 (fi
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Masanori Miyazaki
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Toshiba Kk
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M5/00—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases
    • H02M5/02—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc
    • H02M5/04—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters
    • H02M5/22—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/12—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/21—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/217—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M7/219—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a bridge configuration

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Rectifiers (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)

Description

117363
Laite pulseinleveysmodulaatio (pwm) muuntimen ohjaukseen
Kyseessä olevan keksinnön kohteena on pulssinleveysmodulaa-5 tiolla (PWM) toimivan tehomuuntimen ohjaus. Tarkemmin, sen kohteena on laitteisto PWM-muuntimen ohjaukseen, joka mahdol-listaa palauttavan tehonsiirron suorittamisen tasavirtapuo-lelta (DC) vaihtovirtapuolelle (AC). Eräs tehomuunnintyyppi on PVJM-muunnin joka koostuu itsekommutointi tyyppisistä kytki-10 mistä kuten GTO-tyristoreista, suurista transistoreista (GTR) - jonkinlaisia bipolaarisia transistoreita - sekä vastaavista komponenteista. Näitä käytetään laajalti tasavirta-virtalähteinä jännitemuuntimissa silloin, kun vaihtovirta-moottoreita ajetaan vaihtelevalla nopeudella.
15
Kuva 1 esittää ko. tyyppisen PVJM-muuntimen peru s kytkennän yleisen muodon ja kuva 2 yleisen kytkennän muodon, johon sisältyy tavallinen ohjauspiiri. Kuvassa 1 PWM-muunnin 1 koostuu siltakytkennästä, jossa diodi IB on kytketty käänteisesti 20 rinnan itsekommutoivaa tyyppiä olevan kytkimen IA kanssa. Muunnin 1 on kytketty AC-virtalähteeseen 3 AC-kelan kautta ja suodatinkondensaattoriin 4 DC-puolella. Kuvassa 2 kuorma 5 on « « ’ PWM-muuntimen kuorma ja siten sen voidaan ajatella olevan in- • » , vertteri, kuten esim. virran re-konvertteri. Normaalikäytössä [ 25 tuulettimien ja puhdistimien moottorit esitetään kuorman 5 kuormina. Jännitteen ilmaisupiiri 6 havaitsee PWM-muuntimen 1 • # · ·. *; DC-jännitteen. Jännitteenohjainpiiri 7 vertaa referenssi jän- · nitettä V* ja DC-jännitettä V ja antaa ulos referenssivirtaa I* eron tasoittamiseksi. Vaiheenilmaisinpiiri 8 antaa synkro- ::: 30 nointisignaaleja (vaihesignaaleja) 0PS, jotka on synkronoitu ·***· AC-virran jännitteen kanssa. Virtareferenssipiiri 9 antaa 3- ··♦ .*. vaiheisen sinimuotoisen AC-virran referenssivirrat I *, I * ja • · · R s ·;;/ IT*, jotka ovat suhteessa referenssin l*:en vaiheeseen, kun se on synkronoitu AC-virran kanssa synkronointipulssien PS : 35 (vaihesignaalit) avulla. Virranohjauspiiri 10R vertaa R- 9 9 · :*·.· vaiheen takaisinkytkentävirtaa IR, jonka on mitannut virtail- * * maisin 12R, R-vaiheen referenssivirtaan IR* ja antaa R-vaiheen referenssijännitettä eR* siten, että virrat ovat saman- 117363 2 suuruiset. Virranohjauspiirit 10S ja 10T tekevät saman S- ja T-vaiheille. Vaiheen ohjaussignaalin Qps kanssa synkronoitu saha-aaltogeneraattoripiiri 13 tuottaa sahamuotoista kantoaaltoa TRpS, j onka taajuus on yhtenäinen virran taa j uuden 5 aikamäärän kanssa. PWM-ohjauspiiri 11 vertaa sahamuotoista kantoaaltoa TRPS jokaisen vaihejännitereferenssin eR*, es* ja eT* kanssa ja tuottaa kytkinreferenssisignaalia SW PWM-muun-timen 1 itsekommutoiville komponenteille.
10 Yllä mainitun tyyppisessä PWM-muuntimessa DC- ja AC- puolten välillä on käänteisyys. Jos käytössä kuorma 5 kuluttaa DC-puolen tehosta tarpeeksi suuren osan, alenee DC-jännite V ja seuraa positiivinen jännite-ero. Tällöin jänniteohjainpiiri 7 antaa positiivisesti polarisoitua referenssivirtaa I* DC-15 jännitteen nostamiseksi. Sen mukaisesti vaihevirrat IH, IE ja IT kulkevat samassa vaiheessa kuin AC-jännite VAC ja tehoa kulkee kuorman puolelle. Toisaalta, kun taas on kyse palauttavasta käytöstä jolloin kuorma 5 tuottaa tehoa, nousee DC-jännite V ja seuraa negatiivinen jännite-ero. Tällöin jänni-20 teohjainpiiri 7 antaa negatiivisesti polarisoitunutta refe-renssivirtaa I* DC-jännitteen alentamiseksi. Sen mukaisesti :v. vaihevirrat IR*, I * ja I * kulkevat vastakkaisessa vaiheessa, • ·
kuin AC-jännite Vw ja varsinaiset vaihevirrat IR, Is ja IT
* # . ovat vastakkaisessa vaiheessa ja DC-tehoa palautuu PWM-muun- # 25 timesta 1 AC-piiriin.
• * * * • · · ** *: Kuvat 3A ja 3B ovat tehoa kuluttavan käytön ja tehoa palaut- • * * V : tavan käytön vektoridiagrarnmit. Kuvissa VÄC on tehollinen AC- jännite, Ip on AC-virtavektori, VL on AC-laitteen 2 reaktans-30 sijännitevekton ja VIN on PWM-muuntimeen tuleva jännitevekto- :***: ri. Kuten kuvassa 3A näkyy, kun tehoa kulutetaan, V,„ ja I on *·· AL p •*. ohjattu samaan vaiheeseen ja kuvan 3B mukaan ne on ohjattu * φ * *".* vastakkaisiin vaiheisiin palauttavassa käytössä.
• * * · • 99 :: : 35 Kyseisentyyppisessä PWM-muuntimen kytkennässä täytyy muunti- :**.· men DC-jännitettä suurentaa AC-jännitteisiin nähden. Tämä • * nostaa hintaa, sillä tällöin täytyy käyttää kytkinelementtinä puolijohde-elementtejä ja korkeajännitesuojaa liian korkean 3 1 1 7363 jännitteen estämiseksi. Varsinkin palauttavassa toiminnassa tehon anto kuorman puolelta on suuri ongelma sillä IR-pudotus ja reaktanssin pudotus laitteen sisällä vaativat vielä korkeamman DC-jännitteen kuin tehoa kuluttavassa käytössä.
5
Keksinnön tarkoitus on tuottaa PWM-muuntimen ohjauslaitteisto, joilla voidaan suorittaa palauttavaa toimintaa DC-puo-lelta ja pienemmällä DC-jännitteellä kuin perinteisillä menetelmillä .
10
Keksintöä sivuava menetelmä PWM-muuntimen, joka on kytketty DC-virtalähteeseen reaktanssin kautta, ja joka lähettää ja ottaa vastaan virtaa AC-virtalähteen ja DC-virtalähteen välillä, aikaansaamiseksi koostuu seuraavista vaiheista, ensin 15 erotetaan AC-syöttövirta teholliseen virtaan (-pätövirta) ja reaktiiviseen (-loisvirta) virtaan, jotta voidaan ohjata PWM:ää, ja toiseksi ohjataan etenevää reaktiivista virtaa kun muunnetaan DC-virtaa AC-virraksi kuin kun muutetaan AC-virtaa DC-virraksi. Käytettäessä tällaista kytkentää reaktanssijän-20 nitevektorin vaihe muuttuu ja tuloksena on mahdollista suorittaa palauttavaa toimintaa alhaisella DC-jännitteellä.
«· · • « « * *
Keksinnön mukainen ohjauslaitteisto PWM-muuntimen ohjaamisek- » * . si, joka muunnin on kytketty AC-virtalähteeseen reaktanssin * · , 25 (-kela) kautta, ja joka lähettää ja ottaa vastaan tehoa AC- ] ja DC-teholähteen välillä, joka ohjauslaite sisältää välineen • * * ** ” ainakin kahden vaiheen ilmaisemiseksi kolmivaiheisesta AC- • · · V : virrasta virran paljastusarvoksi, välineen jannitevaiheen il maisemiseksi mainitusta kolmivaihevirrasta, välineen ilmais-30 tun virran paljastusarvon erottamiseksi teholliseksi virraksi ja reaktiiviseksi virraksi käyttäen jännitteen vaihetta, te- . *· hoilisen virran ohjausvälineen takaisinkytkentäohjauksen suo- • · · ***/ rittamiseksi siten, että erotettu tehollinen virta saa tietyn • vaaditun arvon, reaktiivisen virran ohjausvälineen takaisin- * ί:: 35 kytkennän suorittamiseksi siten, että erotettu reaktiivinen virta saa tietyn vaaditun arvon, ja reaktiivisen virran refe- * · renssilaskuvälineen referenssiarvon laskemiseksi, jotta reaktiivisen virran referenssiarvo kasvaa suuremmaksi silloin kun 117363 4 tehollinen virta ja jännite ovat vastakkaista polariteettia, kuin silloin kun ne ovat samaa polariteettia. Ohjauslaitteessa, joka liittyy kyseiseen keksintöön, reaktiivisen virran referenssilaskentaväline määrää reaktiivisen virran teholli-5 sen virran ja tehollisen virran referenssin avulla ja muodostaa reaktiivisen virran referenssin kun tehollinen virta tai tehollisen virran referenssi ovat negatiivisia, ja suorittaa palauttavan toiminnon alhaisella jännitteellä.
10 Kyseisen keksinnön mukaan on mahdollista alentaa DC-jännitettä palautuvassa toiminnassa muutettaessa DC-virtaa AC-virrak-si ja täten on mahdollista alentaa pääpiirin jännitettä. Tämä tuottaisi PWM-muuntimen ohjausmenetelmän ja ohjauslaitteen, joilla on parempi taloudellisuus.
15
Liitteenä olevissa kuvissa:
Kuva 1: Piirikaavio jossa on yleisen PWM-muuntimen pääpiiri. Kuva 2: Normaalin PWM-muuntimen ohjauslaitteen lohkokaavio. Kuvat 3A ja 3B: tehollisen ja palauttavan toiminnan vektori-20 diagrammit.
Kuva 4: Pulssinleveysmodulointi (PWM) muuntimen lohkokaavio, joka esittää menetelmää ja laitteistoa kyseisen keksinnön yh- • « destä toteutusmuodosta.
• »
Kuva 5: Reaktiivisen virran referenssipiirin ominaiskäyrä • 1 , 25 kuvan 4 pulssin leveysmodulaation muutosmenetelmässä ja lait teessa.
* · 1 *♦ 1! Kuva 6: Vektoridiagrammi joka näyttää jännitevektorin kun * 2 : kuvan 4 pulssin leveysmodulaatiomuuntornenetelmän ja -laitteen ohjaama PWM-muunnin on palautuvassa toiminnassa.
3 0 Kuva 7: Reaktiivisen virran referenssipiirin ominaiskäyrä eräässä toisessa keksinnön sovellutuksessa.
* 1 1 • · · 2 • · · *".1 Seuraavassa esitetään keksinnön mukaisen pulssinleveysmodu- * 1 laatiomuuntomenetelmän ja -laitteen edulliset toteutusmuodot 35 viitaten oheisiin piirustuksiin. Kuvat 4, 5 ja 6 esittävät :1·.· keksinnön ensimmäisen suoritusmuodon.
• · 117363 5
Kuvassa 4 ne osat jotka ovat samat kuin kuvassa 2 on merkitty-vastaavilla numeroilla, joten niitä ei enää tässä erikseen selosteta. Tässä sovellutuksessa annetut uudet osat ovat tehollisen virran ohjauspiiri 14, reaktiivisen virran ohjaus-5 piiri 15, PWM-ohjauspiiri 16, virranhavaitsemispiiri 17 ja reaktiivisen virran referenssipiiri 18. Sovellutusmuodossa jännitteenohjauspiiri 7 vertaa referenssijännitettä V* jän-nitteenilmaisinpiirin 6 ilmaisemaan jännitteen V arvoon ja laskee tehollisen virran referenssiarvon lp*. Virranhavaitse-10 mispiiri 17 käyttää AC-virtoja IR ja IT, jotka on vastaavasti ilmaistu virtailmaisimilla 12R ja 12T ja AC-tehon jännitteen vaihesignaaleilla 0ps, vaiheenilmaisimella 8. Näistä arvoista se laskee tehollisen virran Ip ja reaktiivisen virran I0 ja erottaa ne ulostuloon. Tehollisen virran ohajuspiiri 14 15 vertaa tehollisvirran referenssiarvoa lQ* teholliseen virtaan Xp ja laskee PWM-muuntimen 1 tehollisen jännitteen referenssiarvon ep* . Toisaalta reaktiivisen virran ohjauspiiri 15 vertaa reaktiivista virtaa Ig referenssiarvoon IQ* ja laskee PWM-muuntimen 1 reaktiivisen jännitteen referenssiarvon eQ*. 20 PWM-ohjauspiiri 16 antaa PWM-muuntimen 1 itsekommutoiville komponenteille kytkinsignaalia SW PWM-ohjauksen avulla tehol-lisen jännitteen referenssi arvoa e * reaktiivisen jännitteen e##*· referenssiarvoa e0* ja AC-tehon vaihe signaalin qps avulla.
• » * Vaihesignaali qps muodostuu kaikkien kolmen vaiheen vektori- * 25 komponenteista.
• * • · • · « *· " Tällaisessa PWM-muuntimessa reaktiivisen virran referenssiar- ··· V : voa IQ* ohjaa reaktiivisen virran ref erenssipiiri 18 kuvan 5 osoittamalla tavalla. Tarkemmin, kun tehollinen virta Ip tai 30 sen referenssiarvo lp* on polariteetiltaan positiivinen, eli :'**: silloin kun PWM-muunnin 1 kuluttaa tehoa AC-tehoa muutet-
«M
• \ taessa juoksevasti DC-tehoksi, on reaktiivisen virran ref e- * · · *··.* renssiarvo ohjattu tällöin u0'':ksi. Lisäksi, kun tehollinen • « ***** virta Ip tai sen referenssiarvo Ip* on polariteetiltaan nega- l l*· 3 5 tiivinen, eli silloin kun PWM-muunnin on palauttavassa toi- minnassa muuntaen DC-tehoa juoksevasti AC-tehoksi, on reak-tiivisen virran referenssiarvo ohjattu tällöin "K":ksi.
117363 6 Tällaisessa PWM-muuntimessa palauttavan toiminnan aikana on mahdollista laskea muuntimen 1 sisään tulo jännitettä VrN ja DC-jännitettä V, alhaisemmaksi kuin tavanomaisella PWM-muunti-mella. Tämä on kuvattu viitaten kuvaan 6. Palauttavassa toi-5 minnassa reaktiivisen virran IQ kulku samaan aikaan kun tehollinen virta Ip virtaa vastakkaisessa vaiheessa kuin AC-jännite VA0, muuttaa tehon suhteita tehollisen AC-jännitteen VAC suuntaan ja muuttaa AC-reaktanssin jännitevektorin VL vaihetta. Tästä seuraa, että PWM-muuntimen sisääntulo jännite V1M 10 voi olla matalampi kuin kuin tavanomaisilla keinoilla. Eli AC-virran vaiheen siirtäminen eteenpäin mahdollistaa palauttavan toiminnan alhaisella DC-jännitteellä ja se mahdollistaa PWM-muuntimien aikaansaamisen, joilla saadaan aikaan stabiili toiminta, ilman suurta kustannusnousua. Eli tämän keksinnön 15 mukaisessa PWM-muuntimessa ei tarvitse käyttää suojauskompo-nentteja, jotka kestäisivät suurempia jännitteitä kuin normaalioloissa .
Kuva 7 esittää keksinnön toista sovellutusmuotoa. Sovellutuk- 20 sen rakenne on suurimmalta osalta samanlainen kuin juuri kuvatun sovellutuksen, joten toistuvat selostukset jätetään :v. väliin. Tässä sovellutuksessa reaktiivisen virran referenssi- • 1 ['Jl· piiri 18 säätää reaktiivisen virran refrenssiarvon 0:ksi kun • » . tehollinen virta Ip tai sen referenssiarvo Ip2 ovat polaritee- | 25 teiltään positiivisia tehoa kuluttavassa käytössä. Kun ne | ] ovat negatiivisia antaa piiri reaktiivisen virran referenssi- ·1·$ arvoa I 2 verrattuna teholliseen virtaan IB tai tehollisen : virran referenssiarvoon Ip1. Tässä tapauksessa, AC-virrasta IAC tulee muuttumaton vakio teho, joka ei riipu tehollisen 3 0 virran Ip arvosta palautuvassa toiminnassa. Täten voidaan ;3: valmistaa PWM-muunnin, jolla voidaan suorittaa palauttavaa ··♦ •1. toimintaa alhaisella DC-jännitteellä, kuten ensimmäisessäkin • · · ··{/ sovellu s tyypissä.
• 1 • · ··· • tl· I I · ··· · I · · 2 I ·· 3 • ·

Claims (3)

117363 7 Pat ent t i vaat imuke et
1. Ohjauslaite pulssinleveysmodulaatiomuuntimelle (PWM-muun-nin) , joka on kytketty vaihtovirta(AC)lähteeseen kelan kautta ja joka suorittaa tehon lähettämisen ja vastaanottamisen AC-5 lähteen ja tasavirta(DC)lähteen välillä, jolloin mainittu PWM-muunnin vastaanottaa joko AC-tehoa tai DC-tehoa, tunnettu siitä, että mainittu ohjauslaite käsittää: välineen kolmivaiheisen AC-tehon ainakin kahden vaiheen virran arvojen ilmaisemiseksi (12R, 12T) ; 10 välineen mainitun kolmivaiheisen AC-tehon jännitevaiheen ilmaisemiseksi (8) ; välineen mainittujen virran arvojen erottamiseksi pätövirrak-si ja loisvirraksi käyttäen mainittua kolmivaiheisen AC-tehon jännitevaihetta (17); 15 pätövirran ohjausvälineen (14) takaisinkytkentäohjauksen suorittamiseksi siten, että mainittu erotettu pätövirta saa ensimmäisen vaaditun arvon; loisvirran ohjausvälineen (15) takaisinkytkennän suorittamiseksi siten, että mainittu erotettu loisvirta saa toisen vaa-20 ditun arvon; ja referenssilaskuvälineen (18) loisvirran referenssin laskemi- :v. seksi siten, että mainitun loisvirran referenssiarvo kasvaa • · suuremmaksi silloin kun mainittu pätövirta ja jännite ovat * , vastakkaista polariteettia kuin silloin kun ne ovat samaa 2. polariteettia. • · * *· ·: 2. Patenttivaatimuksen 1 mukainen ohjauslaite PWM-muuntimel- • · · V: le, tunnettu siitä, että mainittu referenssilaskuväline on sovitettu säätämään mainittu loisvirta arvoon "0", kun muun- 30 netaan AC-tehoa DC-tehoksi, ja arvoon, joka on suurempi kuin :***· "0" silloin, kun DC-tehoa muunnetaan AC-tehoksi. • · » · ·
3. Patenttivaatimuksen 2 mukainen ohjauslaite PWM-muuntimel- * « "···" le, tunnettu siitä, että mainittu ref erenssilaskuväline on lii 35 sovitettu säätämään mainittu loisvirta arvoon "0" silloin, : kun muunnetaan AC-tehoa DC-tehoksi, ja olemaan verrannollinen * i mainittuun pätövirtaan silloin, kun DC-tehoa muunnetaan AC-tehoksi , 117363 8
FI921113A 1991-03-15 1992-03-13 Laite pulssinleveysmodulaatio (PWM) muuntimen ohjaukseen FI117363B (fi)

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JP3050900A JP2760666B2 (ja) 1991-03-15 1991-03-15 Ｐｗｍコンバ―タの制御方法及び装置
JP5090091 1991-03-15

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FI921113A FI921113A (fi) 1992-09-16
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US5446646A (en) 1995-08-29
JPH04285472A (ja) 1992-10-09
DE4208114C2 (de) 1995-01-05
FI921113A (fi) 1992-09-16
KR960010147B1 (ko) 1996-07-26
FI921113A0 (fi) 1992-03-13
KR920019053A (ko) 1992-10-22
DE4208114A1 (de) 1992-09-17
JP2760666B2 (ja) 1998-06-04

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