ES2169145T3 - Procedimiento y aparato para colar fleje metalico e inyector utilizado para ello. - Google Patents
Procedimiento y aparato para colar fleje metalico e inyector utilizado para ello.Info
- Publication number
- ES2169145T3 ES2169145T3 ES95929685T ES95929685T ES2169145T3 ES 2169145 T3 ES2169145 T3 ES 2169145T3 ES 95929685 T ES95929685 T ES 95929685T ES 95929685 T ES95929685 T ES 95929685T ES 2169145 T3 ES2169145 T3 ES 2169145T3
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- separation agent
- liquid separation
- molding
- imperfections
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
- B22D11/0637—Accessories therefor
- B22D11/064—Accessories therefor for supplying molten metal
- B22D11/0642—Nozzles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
- B22D11/0605—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars formed by two belts, e.g. Hazelett-process
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
- B22D11/0637—Accessories therefor
- B22D11/064—Accessories therefor for supplying molten metal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
- B22D11/0637—Accessories therefor
- B22D11/0665—Accessories therefor for treating the casting surfaces, e.g. calibrating, cleaning, dressing, preheating
- B22D11/0668—Accessories therefor for treating the casting surfaces, e.g. calibrating, cleaning, dressing, preheating for dressing, coating or lubricating
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Strip Materials And Filament Materials (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
- Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Cleaning And De-Greasing Of Metallic Materials By Chemical Methods (AREA)
- Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
SE PRESENTA UN PROCESO Y UN APARATO PARA EL MOLDEADO CONTINUO DE UNA BANDA DE METAL EN EL CUAL UNA CAPA DE AGENTE DE SEPARACION LIQUIDO, Y CUALQUIER DETRITUS SOLIDO CONTENIDO EN LA MISMA, SE SEPARA COMPLETAMENTE DE LA SUPERFICIE DE MOLDEADO DE UNA CORREA GIRATORIA DESPUES DEL CONTACTO CON EL METAL, Y EN EL CUAL SE APLICA UNA NUEVA CAPA DE AGENTE DE SEPARACION LIQUIDO A LA SUPERFICIE DE MOLDEADO POSTERIORMENTE Y ANTES DEL CONTACTO RENOVADO CON EL METAL FUNDIDO. LA ELIMINACION DEL AGENTE DE SEPARACION USADO Y LA APLICACION DEL FRESCO AYUDA A EVITAR LA FORMACION DE IMPERFECCIONES Y DEFECTOS SUPERFICIALES SOBRE EL PRODUCTO DE LA BANDA DE METAL FUNDIDO. LAS IMPERFECCIONES Y DEFECTOS TAMBIEN PUEDEN MINIMIZARSE UTILIZANDO UN INYECTOR QUE TENGA UNA PUNTA FLEXIBLE UTILIZADA PARA INYECTAR EL METAL FUNDIDO SOBRE LA SUPERFICIE DE MOLDEADO Y PREFERIBLEMENTE UNO O MAS SEPARADORES PARA CREAR UN HUECO ENTRE LA PUNTA Y LA SUPERFICIE DE MOLDEADO MISMA. EL SEPARADOR ES PREFERIBLEMENTE UNA PANTALLA DE HEBRAS DE ALAMBRE ORIENTADAS PARA MINIMIZAR EL DESGARRO DE LA NUEVA CAPA DE AGENTE DE SEPARACION LIQUIDO APLICADA A LA SUPERFICIE DE MOLDEADO. EVITANDO EL DESGARRO DE LA NUEVA CAPA DE AGENTE DE SEPARACION LIQUIDO, SE MINIMIZAN LAS IMPERFECCIONES SUPERFICIALES DEL PRODUCTO DE MOLDEADO. LA INVENCION TAMBIEN SE REFIERE AL INYECTOR DE METAL FUNDIDO QUE TIENE UNA PUNTA FLEXIBLE Y OPCIONALMENTE ESTA PROVISTO DE ELEMENTOS SEPARADORES.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002128398A CA2128398C (en) | 1994-07-19 | 1994-07-19 | Process and apparatus for casting metal strip and injector used therefor |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ES2169145T3 true ES2169145T3 (es) | 2002-07-01 |
Family
ID=4154035
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
ES95929685T Expired - Lifetime ES2169145T3 (es) | 1994-07-19 | 1995-07-18 | Procedimiento y aparato para colar fleje metalico e inyector utilizado para ello. |
ES98121104T Expired - Lifetime ES2191246T3 (es) | 1994-07-19 | 1995-07-18 | Procedimiento y aparato para colar fleje metalico e inyector utilizado para ello. |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
ES98121104T Expired - Lifetime ES2191246T3 (es) | 1994-07-19 | 1995-07-18 | Procedimiento y aparato para colar fleje metalico e inyector utilizado para ello. |
Country Status (13)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US5636681A (es) |
EP (2) | EP0908255B1 (es) |
JP (2) | JP3717518B2 (es) |
KR (1) | KR100365981B1 (es) |
CN (1) | CN1054791C (es) |
AU (2) | AU688111B2 (es) |
BR (1) | BR9508305A (es) |
CA (2) | CA2128398C (es) |
DE (2) | DE69525628T2 (es) |
ES (2) | ES2169145T3 (es) |
IN (1) | IN192817B (es) |
NO (2) | NO322273B1 (es) |
WO (1) | WO1996002339A1 (es) |
Families Citing this family (30)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19848174A1 (de) * | 1998-10-20 | 2000-05-04 | Bwg Bergwerk Walzwerk | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Reinigen von Walzen und/oder Rollen in Bandgießanlagen, Walzwerken und/oder Bandprozeßlinien, insbesondere Dressierwerken o. dgl. Nachwalzwerken |
US20020184970A1 (en) * | 2001-12-13 | 2002-12-12 | Wickersham Charles E. | Sptutter targets and methods of manufacturing same to reduce particulate emission during sputtering |
WO2001086282A1 (en) | 2000-05-11 | 2001-11-15 | Tosoh Smd, Inc. | Cleanliness evaluation in sputter targets using phase |
US6755236B1 (en) * | 2000-08-07 | 2004-06-29 | Alcan International Limited | Belt-cooling and guiding means for continuous belt casting of metal strip |
US6470959B1 (en) | 2000-09-18 | 2002-10-29 | Alcan International Limited | Control of heat flux in continuous metal casters |
JP3867769B2 (ja) * | 2001-03-26 | 2007-01-10 | 徹一 茂木 | 板状金属素材の製造方法および装置 |
WO2002081767A2 (en) * | 2001-04-04 | 2002-10-17 | Tosoh Smd, Inc. | A method for determining a critical size of an inclusion in aluminum or aluminum alloy sputtering target |
WO2003014718A2 (en) * | 2001-08-09 | 2003-02-20 | Tosoh Smd, Inc. | Method and apparatus for non-destructive target cleanliness characterization by types of flaws sorted by size and location |
WO2004089593A2 (en) * | 2003-04-02 | 2004-10-21 | Monosol, Llc | Surfactant applicator for solution casting apparatus and method of producing a film |
EP1697069B1 (en) * | 2003-10-03 | 2009-07-15 | Novelis Inc. | Belt casting of non-ferrous and light metals and apparatus therefor |
DE602004010835T2 (de) | 2003-10-03 | 2009-01-02 | Novelis, Inc., Toronto | Oberflächenstrukturierung von giessbändern für stranggussmaschinen |
US20060191664A1 (en) * | 2005-02-25 | 2006-08-31 | John Sulzer | Method of and molten metal feeder for continuous casting |
JP4873626B2 (ja) * | 2006-10-12 | 2012-02-08 | 学校法人常翔学園 | 双ロール式縦型鋳造装置及び複合材料シート製造方法 |
KR100800292B1 (ko) * | 2006-12-29 | 2008-02-04 | 주식회사 포스코 | 박판 주조 장치 |
AU2008100847A4 (en) * | 2007-10-12 | 2008-10-09 | Bluescope Steel Limited | Method of forming textured casting rolls with diamond engraving |
US8122938B2 (en) * | 2009-03-27 | 2012-02-28 | Novelis Inc. | Stationary side dam for continuous casting apparatus |
US8579012B2 (en) * | 2009-03-27 | 2013-11-12 | Novelis Inc. | Continuous casting apparatus for casting strip of variable width |
DE102010049506A1 (de) * | 2010-10-21 | 2012-04-26 | Deutsche Giessdraht Gmbh | Vorrichtung zum Gießen von kupferhaltigen Werkstoffen |
DE102011010040B3 (de) * | 2011-02-02 | 2012-08-02 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Verfahren und Einrichtung zum Erzeugen eines gegossenen Bandes aus Stahl mit über den Bandquerschnitt und die Bandlänge einstellbaren Werkstoffeigenschaften |
EP2713153A3 (en) | 2012-09-30 | 2016-08-17 | Michelin Recherche et Technique S.A. | Method of applying particulate material along a tire footprint during tire testing on a tire testing surface |
JP2014083784A (ja) * | 2012-10-25 | 2014-05-12 | Apic Yamada Corp | クリーナ装置及びモールド装置 |
JP6170167B2 (ja) | 2012-10-31 | 2017-07-26 | ミシュラン ルシェルシュ エ テクニーク ソシエテ アノニム | タイヤ試験の間のタイヤフットプリントに従った粒子物質を散布する方法および装置 |
CN103862011B (zh) * | 2014-04-02 | 2015-10-28 | 贵州中铝铝业有限公司 | 利用单铸嘴实现铝铸轧机多幅板带输出的方法及铸嘴结构 |
KR101665771B1 (ko) * | 2014-11-04 | 2016-10-13 | 주식회사 포스코 | 쌍롤식 박판 주조기 및 이를 이용한 쌍롤식 박판 주조방법 |
CN104998906A (zh) * | 2015-06-17 | 2015-10-28 | 铜陵市大明玛钢有限责任公司 | 锻钢冷轧辊的表面清洗方法 |
CN108655352A (zh) * | 2017-03-29 | 2018-10-16 | 鞍钢股份有限公司 | 一种铁箔的制备方法 |
JP2019155384A (ja) * | 2018-03-08 | 2019-09-19 | 日立金属株式会社 | 荒引き線の製造方法、荒引き線、および荒引き線の製造装置 |
KR102109259B1 (ko) * | 2018-07-30 | 2020-05-11 | 주식회사 포스코 | 주편냉각유닛 및 이를 포함하는 연속주조장치 |
CN111992682B (zh) * | 2020-08-14 | 2021-06-22 | 洛阳万基铝加工有限公司 | 一种避免铸轧辊边部集聚炭黑脱落压入铸轧板的方法 |
CN116494437B (zh) * | 2023-06-28 | 2023-10-27 | 山东通发实业有限公司 | 一种制备塑料物品的模具的制备装置 |
Family Cites Families (31)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL104695C (es) * | 1955-06-20 | |||
FR1198006A (fr) * | 1958-01-31 | 1959-12-04 | Pechiney Prod Chimiques Sa | Coulée continue des métaux |
CH508433A (de) * | 1970-06-24 | 1971-06-15 | Prolizenz Ag C O Schweiz Kredi | Düse für die Zuführung des geschmolzenen Metalles beim Bandgiessen in Raupenkokille |
US3795269A (en) * | 1972-03-27 | 1974-03-05 | Alcan Res & Dev | Method of and apparatus for casting on moving surfaces |
US4020890A (en) * | 1974-11-01 | 1977-05-03 | Erik Allan Olsson | Method of and apparatus for excluding molten metal from escaping from or penetrating into openings or cavities |
US3976119A (en) * | 1974-11-19 | 1976-08-24 | Southwire Company | Apparaus for applying a fluid coating to a movable endless casting surface |
US4054173A (en) * | 1974-12-23 | 1977-10-18 | Hunter Engineering Co., Inc. | Apparatus for producing completely recrystallized metal sheet |
US4061177A (en) * | 1975-04-15 | 1977-12-06 | Alcan Research And Development Limited | Apparatus and procedure for the belt casting of metal |
US4061178A (en) * | 1975-04-15 | 1977-12-06 | Alcan Research And Development Limited | Continuous casting of metal strip between moving belts |
GB2035881B (en) * | 1978-11-02 | 1982-12-15 | Hunter Eng Co | Molten metal feed tip and method of making it |
US4232804A (en) * | 1978-11-02 | 1980-11-11 | Hunter Engineering Company | Molten metal feed tip |
US4303181A (en) * | 1978-11-02 | 1981-12-01 | Hunter Engineering Company | Continuous caster feed tip |
DE3005677C2 (de) * | 1980-02-15 | 1982-06-24 | Basf Farben + Fasern Ag, 2000 Hamburg | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum elektrostatischen Überziehen von Gegenständen mit Flüssigkeiten |
DE3029223C2 (de) * | 1980-08-01 | 1984-09-27 | Fried. Krupp Gmbh, 4300 Essen | Einlauf für die Metallschmelze in Stranggießvorrichtungen |
US4421154A (en) * | 1981-12-14 | 1983-12-20 | Southwire Company | Fail safe air wipe |
US4593742A (en) * | 1982-04-28 | 1986-06-10 | Hazelett Strip-Casting Corporation | Apparatus for feeding and continuously casting molten metal with inert gas applied to the moving mold surfaces and to the entering metal |
US4648438A (en) * | 1982-04-28 | 1987-03-10 | Hazelett Strip-Casting Corporation | Method and apparatus for feeding and continuously casting molten metal with inert gas applied to the moving mold surfaces and to the entering metal |
JPS59218244A (ja) * | 1983-05-24 | 1984-12-08 | Fujikura Ltd | 銅の連続鋳造方法 |
NO154487C (no) * | 1983-08-26 | 1987-01-27 | Norsk Hydro As | Anordning for tilfoersel av smeltet metall til en baandstoepemaskin. |
JPS60180647A (ja) * | 1984-02-27 | 1985-09-14 | Nippon Steel Corp | ベルト式連続鋳造機による溶鋼の連続鋳造方法 |
DE3409910A1 (de) * | 1984-03-17 | 1985-04-25 | Fried. Krupp Gmbh, 4300 Essen | Verfahren zum betrieb einer doppelbandstranggiesskokille zum druckgiessen von stahl und mit einer doppelbandstranggiesskokille zusammenwirkende giessduese zur durchfuehrung des verfahrens |
EP0206989A1 (de) * | 1985-06-14 | 1986-12-30 | Schweizerische Aluminium Ag | Asbestfreies Material mit anorganischen Fasern sowie ein Verfahren zur Herstellung des Materials |
JPS6211843A (ja) * | 1985-07-09 | 1987-01-20 | Minolta Camera Co Ltd | 電子写真複写機 |
JPS62110843A (ja) * | 1985-11-07 | 1987-05-21 | Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd | ブロツク式連続鋳造設備 |
DE3760169D1 (en) * | 1986-03-10 | 1989-06-29 | Larex Ag | Sealing means for a nozzle in the casting space of a continuous casting machine with moving belt |
JPH01133649A (ja) * | 1987-11-20 | 1989-05-25 | Nippon Steel Corp | ツインドラム方式の連続鋳造装置 |
JPH0377748A (ja) * | 1989-08-18 | 1991-04-03 | Nippon Steel Corp | 薄板連続鋳造機用のブラシ装置 |
US4972900A (en) * | 1989-10-24 | 1990-11-27 | Hazelett Strip-Casting Corporation | Permeable nozzle method and apparatus for closed feeding of molten metal into twin-belt continuous casting machines |
US5279352A (en) * | 1992-08-18 | 1994-01-18 | Hazelett Strip-Casting Corporation | Electrostatic application of insulative refractory dust or powder to casting belts of continuous casting machines--methods and apparatus |
ATE171092T1 (de) * | 1993-05-18 | 1998-10-15 | Pechiney Rhenalu | Bandgiessanlage für metalle |
JP3932611B2 (ja) * | 1997-07-15 | 2007-06-20 | 石川島播磨重工業株式会社 | トランスファプレスのクロスバー干渉防止装置 |
-
1994
- 1994-07-19 CA CA002128398A patent/CA2128398C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-07-19 CA CA002517447A patent/CA2517447C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-07-22 US US08/278,849 patent/US5636681A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1995
- 1995-06-01 US US08/456,780 patent/US5671800A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-13 IN IN1312DE1995 patent/IN192817B/en unknown
- 1995-07-18 CN CN95194970A patent/CN1054791C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-18 ES ES95929685T patent/ES2169145T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-18 EP EP98121104A patent/EP0908255B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-18 DE DE69525628T patent/DE69525628T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-18 WO PCT/CA1995/000429 patent/WO1996002339A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1995-07-18 EP EP95929685A patent/EP0773845B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-18 DE DE69530235T patent/DE69530235T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-18 AU AU33372/95A patent/AU688111B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1995-07-18 BR BR9508305A patent/BR9508305A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-07-18 KR KR1019970700292A patent/KR100365981B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-07-18 ES ES98121104T patent/ES2191246T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-18 JP JP50454896A patent/JP3717518B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1997
- 1997-01-13 NO NO19970137A patent/NO322273B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-11-28 AU AU46097/97A patent/AU706227B2/en not_active Expired
-
2004
- 2004-10-25 NO NO20044583A patent/NO322529B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2005
- 2005-06-14 JP JP2005173610A patent/JP4423238B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
ES2169145T3 (es) | Procedimiento y aparato para colar fleje metalico e inyector utilizado para ello. | |
DK526281A (da) | Slangehylster navnlig poelseskind med et for vanddamp ugennemtraengeligt lag samt fremgangsmaade til fremstilling af og anvendelse af hylsteret | |
IT8448255A0 (it) | Procedimento per la produzione dicarta compressa in rotoli,e apparecchio per la realizzazione di tale procedimento | |
GB1061066A (en) | Improved method of and apparatus for utilizing and refining tobacco | |
DE69723099D1 (de) | Grossballenhandlungsgerät | |
DE69938969D1 (de) | Anen, gewebe und zellen vor schäden, die durch das immunsystem verursacht werden | |
ES2149011T3 (es) | Material de construccion, asi como procedimiento y dispositivo para la fabricacion del material de construccion. | |
ZA811382B (en) | Apparatus and process for the continuous separation of fruit pulp from fruit skins and fruit pips,including the manufacture of wine | |
BRPI0604778A (pt) | processo para tratamento de fissuras em estruturas de concreto | |
ES2219254T3 (es) | Dispositivo para el modelado de productos ceramicos, que comprenden losas, baldosas, azulejos y similares, mediante prensado de polvos. | |
BRPI0713291A2 (pt) | manuseio e tratamento de materiais | |
IT1024283B (it) | Dispositivo per la vulcanizzazione in continuo di cinghie senza fine particolarmente chinghie trape zoidali | |
SE8305241L (sv) | Anordning for tillverkning av metallband | |
ES503829A0 (es) | Procedimiento para la tincion en el curso del proceso de fa-bricacion de materiales fibrosos | |
IT8221059A0 (it) | Procedimento per la separazione delle miscele di idrocarburi aromatici nei singoli componenti. | |
DK0942921T3 (da) | Forögede udbytter af krystalliseret protein ved anvendelse af et fast adsorptionsmateriale | |
MY187716A (en) | A means for performing tayammum | |
IT1286227B1 (it) | Metodo per la produzione di formaggi, in particolare del tipo di mozzarelle e simili | |
SE9500235L (sv) | Separator | |
ES1304763Y (es) | Instrumento de rescate para evitar la caida al vacio de personas | |
IT8247982A0 (it) | Apparecchiatura per la pulizia automatica delle canne per pasta alimentare lunga, e la sostituzione delle canne danneggiate | |
IT1115449B (it) | Congegno elettromeccanico per la estrazione automatica dei turaccioli dalle bottiglie | |
ES507730A0 (es) | Procedimiento para la obtencion de eteres del 3-(4-metil-3-ciclohesen-1-il)-butanol de efecto perfumante. | |
ES1012272Y (es) | Aparato para la eliminacion de la humedad del aire. | |
AR221150A1 (es) | Aparato para la extraccion de sustancias contenidas en pomos,particularmente en pomos de material plastico |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
FG2A | Definitive protection |
Ref document number: 773845 Country of ref document: ES |