ES2055058T3 - Proceso para el acabado por satinado durable libre de formaldehidos de textiles de algodon con acidos policarboxilicos. - Google Patents
Proceso para el acabado por satinado durable libre de formaldehidos de textiles de algodon con acidos policarboxilicos.Info
- Publication number
- ES2055058T3 ES2055058T3 ES89306020T ES89306020T ES2055058T3 ES 2055058 T3 ES2055058 T3 ES 2055058T3 ES 89306020 T ES89306020 T ES 89306020T ES 89306020 T ES89306020 T ES 89306020T ES 2055058 T3 ES2055058 T3 ES 2055058T3
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- polycarboxylic acids
- acids
- durable
- formaldehydes
- catalysts
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 title abstract 3
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 title abstract 3
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 title abstract 3
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- -1 alkali metal salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000001447 alkali salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 229940061720 alpha hydroxy acid Drugs 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000001280 alpha hydroxy acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 159000000032 aromatic acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical class [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004900 laundering Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920000137 polyphosphoric acid Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000037303 wrinkles Effects 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M7/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made of other substances with subsequent freeing of the treated goods from the treating medium, e.g. swelling, e.g. polyolefins
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M13/10—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing oxygen
- D06M13/184—Carboxylic acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof
- D06M13/192—Polycarboxylic acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M13/10—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing oxygen
- D06M13/184—Carboxylic acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof
- D06M13/203—Unsaturated carboxylic acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M13/10—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing oxygen
- D06M13/184—Carboxylic acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof
- D06M13/203—Unsaturated carboxylic acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof
- D06M13/2035—Aromatic acids
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
- Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
Abstract
SE DESCRIBEN CATALIZADORES PARA LA ESTERIFICACION Y ENTRECRUZAMIENTO RAPIDOS DE CELULOSA FIBROSA EN FORMA TEXTIL POR ACIDO POLICARBOXILICOS A TEMPERATURAS ELEVADAS. LOS CATALIZADORES SON SALES ACIDAS O DEBILMENTE BASICAS ELEGIDAS DE SALES DE METALES ALCALINOS DE ACIDOS FOSFOROSO, HIPOFOSFOROSO Y FOSFORICO. ACIDOS POLICARBOXILICOS ADECUADOS SON ACIDOS SATURADOS, NO SATURADOS Y AROMATICOS, ASI COMO (ALFA)-HIDROXIACIDOS. LOS TEXTILES ASI TRATADOS TIENEN ALTOS NIVELES DE RESISTENCIA A PLEGADO Y PROPIEDADES DE SECADO SUAVE DURABLES PARA REPETIR EL LAVADO EN DETERGENTES ALCALINOS, Y NO CONTIENEN O LIBERAN FORMALDEHIDO.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/207,461 US4820307A (en) | 1988-06-16 | 1988-06-16 | Catalysts and processes for formaldehyde-free durable press finishing of cotton textiles with polycarboxylic acids |
| US07/335,346 US4936865A (en) | 1988-06-16 | 1989-04-10 | Catalysts and processes for formaldehyde-free durable press finishing of cotton textiles with polycarboxylic acids |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ES2055058T3 true ES2055058T3 (es) | 1994-08-16 |
Family
ID=26902250
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES89306020T Expired - Lifetime ES2055058T3 (es) | 1988-06-16 | 1989-06-14 | Proceso para el acabado por satinado durable libre de formaldehidos de textiles de algodon con acidos policarboxilicos. |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4936865A (es) |
| EP (1) | EP0354648B1 (es) |
| JP (1) | JPH0726321B2 (es) |
| KR (1) | KR930005933B1 (es) |
| AT (1) | ATE106472T1 (es) |
| AU (1) | AU3845989A (es) |
| DE (1) | DE68915640T2 (es) |
| ES (1) | ES2055058T3 (es) |
| MX (1) | MX168920B (es) |
| PH (1) | PH25255A (es) |
| PT (1) | PT90877B (es) |
| WO (1) | WO1989012714A1 (es) |
Families Citing this family (75)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5190563A (en) * | 1989-11-07 | 1993-03-02 | The Proctor & Gamble Co. | Process for preparing individualized, polycarboxylic acid crosslinked fibers |
| ATE134511T1 (de) * | 1989-11-07 | 1996-03-15 | Procter & Gamble | Absorbierender gegenstand aus individuell durch polycarbonsäuren vernetzten fasern |
| FR2668506B1 (fr) * | 1990-10-30 | 1993-02-12 | Hoechst France | Applications de derives d'acides alkanepolycarboxyliques comme agents de reticulation de la cellulose, nouveaux derives et apprets textiles. |
| US5205836A (en) * | 1990-12-13 | 1993-04-27 | Burlington Industries, Inc. | Formaldehyde-free textile finish |
| US5508370A (en) * | 1991-10-17 | 1996-04-16 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Water-dispersible blocked isocyanates, method of manufacture, and use thereof |
| FR2689529B1 (fr) * | 1992-04-03 | 1995-06-23 | Hoechst France | Procede d'appretage de textiles, bain d'appretage pour textiles utilisant de l'acide phosphinicosuccinique, de l'acide phosphinicobisuccinique ou leurs melanges. |
| US5447537A (en) * | 1992-04-06 | 1995-09-05 | Board Of Supervisors Of Louisiana State University And Agricultural And Mechanical College | Cotton fabrics with improved strength retention |
| EP0572923A1 (de) * | 1992-06-02 | 1993-12-08 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur formaldehydfreien Pflegeleicht-Ausrüstung von cellulosehaltigem Textilgut |
| US5661213A (en) * | 1992-08-06 | 1997-08-26 | Rohm And Haas Company | Curable aqueous composition and use as fiberglass nonwoven binder |
| US5496476A (en) * | 1992-12-21 | 1996-03-05 | Ppg Indutstries, Inc. | Non-formaldehyde durable press finishing for cellulosic textiles with phosphonoalkylpolycarboxylic acid |
| US5496477A (en) * | 1992-12-21 | 1996-03-05 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Non-formaldehyde durable press finishing for cellulosic textiles with phosphinocarboxylic acid |
| US5296269A (en) * | 1993-03-03 | 1994-03-22 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois | Process for increasing the crease resistance of silk textiles |
| US5695528A (en) * | 1994-07-13 | 1997-12-09 | Nippon Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd. | Treating agent for cellulosic textile material and process for treating cellulosic textile material |
| US5427587A (en) * | 1993-10-22 | 1995-06-27 | Rohm And Haas Company | Method for strengthening cellulosic substrates |
| JPH07258966A (ja) * | 1994-03-17 | 1995-10-09 | Shikibo Ltd | セルロース繊維布及びその製造方法 |
| GB9615613D0 (en) * | 1996-07-25 | 1996-09-04 | Unilever Plc | Fabric treatment composition |
| US5981739A (en) | 1996-09-26 | 1999-11-09 | Bp Amoco Corporation | Polyanhydride crosslinked fibrous cellulosic products and process for their preparation |
| AU4356997A (en) * | 1997-06-09 | 1998-12-30 | Procter & Gamble Company, The | Malodor reducing composition containing amber and musk materials |
| US6001343A (en) * | 1997-06-09 | 1999-12-14 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Uncomplexed cyclodextrin compositions for odor and wrinkle control |
| US6656923B1 (en) | 1997-06-09 | 2003-12-02 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Uncomplexed cyclodextrin compositions for odor and wrinkle control |
| EP1051549A1 (en) * | 1998-01-31 | 2000-11-15 | Imperial Chemical Industries Plc | Treatment of fabrics |
| WO1999049124A2 (en) | 1998-03-24 | 1999-09-30 | Avantgarb, Llc | Modified textile and other materials and methods for their preparation |
| AR017716A1 (es) | 1998-04-27 | 2001-09-12 | Procter & Gamble | Articulo de manufactura en la forma de un expendedor atomizador operado no-manualmente |
| FR2781821B1 (fr) * | 1998-07-31 | 2000-11-10 | Clariant France Sa | Procede pour appreter un textile et bains d'appretage |
| US6051034A (en) * | 1998-09-30 | 2000-04-18 | Springs Industries, Inc. | Methods for reducing pilling of towels |
| US6488718B1 (en) | 1998-11-13 | 2002-12-03 | Cotton Incorporated | Methods for reducing the flammability of cellulosic substrates |
| US6491727B1 (en) | 1999-06-09 | 2002-12-10 | Cotton Incorporated | Methods for reducing the flammability of cellulosic substrates |
| US6309565B1 (en) | 1999-09-27 | 2001-10-30 | Akzo Nobel Nv | Formaldehyde-free flame retardant treatment for cellulose-containing materials |
| AU7733900A (en) | 1999-09-28 | 2001-04-30 | University Of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc., The | Polymer-aldehyde additives to improve paper properties |
| US6582476B1 (en) | 1999-12-15 | 2003-06-24 | Unilever Home & Personal Care Usa, Division Of Conopco, Inc. | Durable wrinkle reduction laundry product compositions with improved softness and wrinkle reduction |
| WO2001051496A1 (en) * | 2000-01-14 | 2001-07-19 | Rhodia, Inc. | Crosslinking agents for textile finishing baths |
| EP1138819B1 (en) | 2000-03-31 | 2007-09-12 | Kao Corporation | Fiber product treating agents |
| US20020088581A1 (en) * | 2000-11-14 | 2002-07-11 | Graef Peter A. | Crosslinked cellulosic product formed by extrusion process |
| US6620293B2 (en) * | 2001-04-11 | 2003-09-16 | Rayonier Inc. | Crossed-linked pulp and method of making same |
| US6989035B2 (en) * | 2001-10-18 | 2006-01-24 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Textile finishing composition and methods for using same |
| US7169742B2 (en) * | 2001-10-18 | 2007-01-30 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Process for the manufacture of polycarboxylic acids using phosphorous containing reducing agents |
| US7018422B2 (en) * | 2001-10-18 | 2006-03-28 | Robb Richard Gardner | Shrink resistant and wrinkle free textiles |
| US6841198B2 (en) * | 2001-10-18 | 2005-01-11 | Strike Investments, Llc | Durable press treatment of fabric |
| US7008457B2 (en) * | 2001-10-18 | 2006-03-07 | Mark Robert Sivik | Textile finishing composition and methods for using same |
| US7144431B2 (en) * | 2001-10-18 | 2006-12-05 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Textile finishing composition and methods for using same |
| US20040261191A1 (en) * | 2002-02-22 | 2004-12-30 | Yang Charles Q | Catalyst system and method for preparing flame resistant materials |
| GB0207744D0 (en) * | 2002-04-03 | 2002-05-15 | Unilever Plc | Fabric care composition |
| BR0304221A (pt) * | 2002-04-05 | 2004-07-27 | Novozymes North America Inc | Método para melhorar a resistência a abrasão e/ou força de tração de um material celulósico acabado em prensa durável, composição para tratar materiais celulósicos |
| US7772138B2 (en) | 2002-05-21 | 2010-08-10 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Ion sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same |
| US7074301B2 (en) * | 2002-06-11 | 2006-07-11 | Rayonier Products And Financial Services Company | Chemically cross-linked cellulose fiber and method of making same |
| US7384881B2 (en) * | 2002-08-16 | 2008-06-10 | H.B. Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc. | Aqueous formaldehyde-free composition and fiberglass insulation including the same |
| GB0219281D0 (en) * | 2002-08-19 | 2002-09-25 | Unilever Plc | Fabric care composition |
| US7157389B2 (en) * | 2002-09-20 | 2007-01-02 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Ion triggerable, cationic polymers, a method of making same and items using same |
| US20040058600A1 (en) * | 2002-09-20 | 2004-03-25 | Bunyard W. Clayton | Water-dispersible, cationic polymers, a method of making same and items using same |
| US6960371B2 (en) * | 2002-09-20 | 2005-11-01 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Water-dispersible, cationic polymers, a method of making same and items using same |
| US7101456B2 (en) * | 2002-09-20 | 2006-09-05 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Ion triggerable, cationic polymers, a method of making same and items using same |
| US6994865B2 (en) * | 2002-09-20 | 2006-02-07 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Ion triggerable, cationic polymers, a method of making same and items using same |
| US7141519B2 (en) * | 2002-09-20 | 2006-11-28 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Ion triggerable, cationic polymers, a method of making same and items using same |
| GB0225292D0 (en) * | 2002-10-30 | 2002-12-11 | Unilever Plc | Fabric care composition |
| US20040177935A1 (en) * | 2003-03-14 | 2004-09-16 | Hamed Othman A. | Method for making chemically cross-linked cellulosic fiber in the sheet form |
| US7195695B2 (en) * | 2003-10-02 | 2007-03-27 | Rayonier Products & Financial Services Company | Cross-linked cellulose fibers and method of making same |
| JP2005166176A (ja) * | 2003-12-03 | 2005-06-23 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands Bv | 磁気ディスク用磁気ヘッド |
| EP1632440A1 (en) | 2004-08-26 | 2006-03-08 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Cup made from an insulating paperboard |
| US20060144537A1 (en) | 2004-12-30 | 2006-07-06 | Schwonke Paul A | Paperboard |
| US7381298B2 (en) | 2004-12-30 | 2008-06-03 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Process for making a paperboard from a high consistency slurry containing high levels of crosslinked cellulosic fibers |
| DE102005020494A1 (de) | 2005-04-29 | 2006-11-09 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Tetracarbonsäuren |
| JP2010511800A (ja) | 2006-11-30 | 2010-04-15 | ダウ グローバル テクノロジーズ インコーポレイティド | 防皺性を有する伸縮性布地のためのオレフィンブロック組成物 |
| US20080156857A1 (en) | 2006-12-28 | 2008-07-03 | Weyerhaeuser Co. | Method For Forming A Rim And Edge Seal For An Insulating Cup |
| US8080488B2 (en) * | 2008-03-10 | 2011-12-20 | H. B. Fuller Company | Wound glass filament webs that include formaldehyde-free binder compositions, and methods of making and appliances including the same |
| US9416294B2 (en) | 2012-04-30 | 2016-08-16 | H.B. Fuller Company | Curable epoxide containing formaldehyde-free compositions, articles including the same, and methods of using the same |
| US8791198B2 (en) | 2012-04-30 | 2014-07-29 | H.B. Fuller Company | Curable aqueous composition |
| GB201214819D0 (en) * | 2012-08-20 | 2012-10-03 | Perachem Ltd | Method of treating a material |
| RU2658909C2 (ru) | 2013-02-14 | 2018-06-26 | НАНОПАРЕЙЛ, ЭлЭлСи | Гибридные войлоки из нановолокон, полученных электропрядением |
| US9458297B2 (en) | 2014-06-30 | 2016-10-04 | Weyerhaeuser Nr Company | Modified fiber, methods, and systems |
| CN104358116B (zh) * | 2014-10-14 | 2016-06-15 | 东华大学 | 以尿素作为添加剂的多元羧酸免烫工艺免水洗方法 |
| US10156042B2 (en) | 2015-12-29 | 2018-12-18 | International Paper Company | Modified fiber from shredded pulp sheets, methods, and systems |
| MA44788A (fr) | 2016-04-29 | 2019-03-06 | Nanopareil Llc | Cellulose polymère poreuse préparée par réticulation de cellulose |
| CN109844208B (zh) * | 2016-08-04 | 2021-10-29 | Pvh公司 | 免烫织物和服装及其整理方法 |
| CN111172751A (zh) * | 2018-11-09 | 2020-05-19 | 天津工业大学 | 一种使用丁烷四羧酸/苹果酸和铁铜金属离子对棉织物进行拒水整理的方法 |
| CN112281488B (zh) * | 2020-10-13 | 2022-12-20 | 义乌市中力工贸有限公司 | 一种棉织物抗皱整理剂组合物 |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3526048A (en) * | 1967-06-07 | 1970-09-01 | Us Agriculture | Cellulose fibers cross-linked and esterified with polycarboxylic acids |
| US3575960A (en) * | 1967-07-17 | 1971-04-20 | Stevens & Co Inc J P | Esterification of cellulose with carbonic carboxylic anhydrides |
-
1989
- 1989-04-10 US US07/335,346 patent/US4936865A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-06-14 ES ES89306020T patent/ES2055058T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-06-14 EP EP89306020A patent/EP0354648B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-06-14 DE DE68915640T patent/DE68915640T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-06-14 AT AT89306020T patent/ATE106472T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-06-15 PT PT90877A patent/PT90877B/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-06-16 MX MX016505A patent/MX168920B/es unknown
- 1989-06-16 WO PCT/US1989/002628 patent/WO1989012714A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-06-16 KR KR1019900700321A patent/KR930005933B1/ko not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-06-16 JP JP1507149A patent/JPH0726321B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-06-16 PH PH38811A patent/PH25255A/en unknown
- 1989-06-16 AU AU38459/89A patent/AU3845989A/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO1989012714A1 (en) | 1989-12-28 |
| AU3845989A (en) | 1990-01-12 |
| DE68915640D1 (de) | 1994-07-07 |
| EP0354648A2 (en) | 1990-02-14 |
| MX168920B (es) | 1993-06-14 |
| PT90877A (pt) | 1989-12-29 |
| KR930005933B1 (ko) | 1993-06-29 |
| EP0354648B1 (en) | 1994-06-01 |
| JPH03503072A (ja) | 1991-07-11 |
| JPH0726321B2 (ja) | 1995-03-22 |
| KR900702124A (ko) | 1990-12-05 |
| EP0354648A3 (en) | 1991-07-10 |
| US4936865A (en) | 1990-06-26 |
| PT90877B (pt) | 1994-12-30 |
| DE68915640T2 (de) | 1995-02-09 |
| ATE106472T1 (de) | 1994-06-15 |
| PH25255A (en) | 1991-03-27 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FG2A | Definitive protection |
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