EP4065516A1 - Sekundärpartikel als kathodenaktivmaterial für eine lithium-ionen-batteriezelle - Google Patents
Sekundärpartikel als kathodenaktivmaterial für eine lithium-ionen-batteriezelleInfo
- Publication number
- EP4065516A1 EP4065516A1 EP20810931.4A EP20810931A EP4065516A1 EP 4065516 A1 EP4065516 A1 EP 4065516A1 EP 20810931 A EP20810931 A EP 20810931A EP 4065516 A1 EP4065516 A1 EP 4065516A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- transition metal
- core
- lithium
- secondary particle
- mol
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 89
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- -1 transition metal salt Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel(2+) Chemical compound [Ni+2] VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001453 nickel ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002815 nickel Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940095064 tartrate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003623 transition metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001428 transition metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011257 shell material Substances 0.000 description 46
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 24
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 23
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 15
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 7
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052810 boron oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007771 core particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001887 electron backscatter diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013467 fragmentation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006062 fragmentation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 2
- URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(5+);oxygen(2-) Chemical group [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nb+5].[Nb+5] URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910015853 MSO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002969 egg yolk Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000016507 interphase Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010884 ion-beam technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002821 niobium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000484 niobium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009993 protective function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006557 surface reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
- C01P2002/54—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants one element only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/50—Agglomerated particles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/62—Submicrometer sized, i.e. from 0.1-1 micrometer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/64—Nanometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 nanometer
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a secondary particle as cathode active material for a lithium-ion battery cell and a method for its production, a cathode for a lithium-ion battery cell which contains said cathode active material and a lithium-ion battery containing this cathode.
- the cathode active material is typically made up of so-called secondary particles, which in turn are made up of smaller primary particles.
- the primary particles represent the smallest unit. They usually have a layer-like crystalline structure in which transition metal oxide layers alternate with lithium layers.
- This layer structure results in a pronounced anisotropy of the properties, in particular lithium diffusion and the mechanical properties, such as rigidity.
- the properties in particular lithium diffusion and the mechanical properties, such as rigidity.
- this anisotropy since this increases the distance between the layers.
- This anisotropy is characterized by an opposing change in the crystal lattice parameters a, b on the one hand and c on the other hand, with c extending orthogonally to the layers.
- the crystal lattice contracts along a and b while it expands along c. This behavior leads to significant mechanical stresses in the primary particles themselves but also at the interfaces between individual primary particles.
- the volume changes caused by repeated electrochemical cycling lead to a mechanical separation between the primary particles, which can lead to the formation of cracks and ultimately to the fragmentation of the secondary particles.
- the primary particles lose contact with one another on the one hand, which leads to an increase in internal resistance, on the other hand the effective surface of the material increases, which leads to more undesirable side reactions with the electrolyte.
- SEI solid electrolyte interphase
- the SEI has a protective function that protects the underlying active material from further undesirable reactions. If, as described above, cracking or fragmentation of the secondary particles occurs and thus an increase in the active surface area, SEI is increasingly formed, as a result of which lithium is irreversibly bound and the capacity decreases.
- the available capacity of the cathode active material is largely determined by the nickel content.
- a known possibility of counteracting this degradation mechanism is the chemical doping of the active material, e.g. with aluminum, for the targeted stabilization of the crystal lattice during charging and discharging.
- DE 102017217250 A1 describes such a cathode active material.
- DE102017215 146 A1 Another possibility is described in DE102017215 146 A1, in which the secondary particle in the core has a different composition with regard to the transition metals contained than in the shell.
- DE 102006049098 A1 describes lithium transition metal oxides with special compositions of the various transition metals, which should lead to more stable secondary particles.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a secondary particle as cathode active material with which it is possible to provide a lithium-ion battery cell with high capacity and low capacity and performance losses, and thus a longer service life.
- the present invention provides, according to a first aspect, a secondary particle as a cathode active material for a lithium-ion battery cell, which has a core and a shell which surrounds the core, the core and the shell comprising agglomerated primary particles which have a layer-like, crystalline structure in which transition metal oxide layers and lithium layers alternate.
- the primary particles are arranged in the secondary particle in such a way that the secondary particle has a higher anisotropy in the shell than in the core.
- the degradation processes mentioned at the outset can be reduced, whereby in addition to a higher achievable capacity, for example by increasing the nickel content, in particular a longer service life of the lithium-ion battery cell resulting from the improved mechanical integrity of the secondary particle can be achieved.
- Another advantage is the high-speed charging capability of a corresponding lithium-ion battery cell.
- the higher anisotropy in the shell of the secondary particle results in improved diffusion of the lithium ions in the material.
- the combination of more isotropic properties in the core and more anisotropic properties in the shell apparently ensures a high lithium flux.
- the term “isotropic” means that the primary particles with their crystallographic orientations are essentially uniformly distributed over all spatial directions, so that there is no development of a preferred direction in the material of mechanical properties and / or lithium-ion diffusion properties .
- a corresponding expression would exist if one of the properties mentioned in one or more directions is at least 15% more pronounced than in at least one other direction.
- anisotropic means that the primary particles with their crystallographic orientations are oriented in such a way that a preferential direction in the material has mechanical properties and / or lithium-ion diffusion properties.
- a corresponding expression would exist if one of the mentioned properties is at least 15% more pronounced in one or more directions than in at least one other direction.
- anisotropy when the preferred direction of at least one of the properties mentioned is directed radially outward over the circumference of the secondary particle from the interior of the particle, or vice versa, from the surface of the secondary particle radially inward. In these cases, it may well be that the preferred directions over the entire secondary particle, viewed vectorially, cancel each other out.
- the preferred direction does not necessarily mean an absolute spatial direction (x, y or z), rather radially inward and outward as well as circumferential directions are also included in the term “preferred direction”.
- core and shell are to be understood in the context of the present invention as areas within the secondary particle, the core area being surrounded by the shell area, like the yolk in an egg by the protein.
- the core area is defined by the higher isotropy compared to the shell material surrounding it, that is, wherever an area of higher isotropy in the secondary particle is surrounded by material of lower isotropy, this area represents the core or one of the cores.
- the core therefore does not necessarily have to be in the spatial center of the secondary particle, as the general understanding of the term “core” might imply.
- the terms “core” and “shell” include that the transition from core to shell, i.e. the transition from an isotropic to an anisotropic material, also extends continuously, for example over the radius of a secondary particle from the interior of the particle to the outside can.
- the requirement of the present invention with regard to the higher anisotropy in the shell is thus already met when there is an isotropic region within the secondary particle which is surrounded by anisotropic material.
- the invention also includes the fact that the secondary particle contains more than one core, and the corresponding isotropic regions in a matrix made of anisotropic material are included. In this case, the matrix represents the shell.
- the shape of the core is not particularly limited.
- the core can be spherical, ellipsoidal, polyhedral or star-shaped.
- Mixed phases of isotropic and anisotropic regions, both in the core and in the shell, are also encompassed by the present invention.
- the core can consist of a mixed phase, while the shell is mainly composed of anisotropic material, or the shell consists of a mixed phase, while the core is composed of isotropic material.
- a homogeneous, spherical arrangement of isotropic material centered in relation to the secondary particle is to be preferred as the core, since this means that both the lithium diffusion and the effect of the mechanical stresses are optimal.
- the shape of the secondary particle and the arrangement of the isotropic region or regions therein are not particularly restricted either. However, it is preferred that the core and shell are arranged concentrically. It is further preferred that the diameter of the isotropic region in the core ( ⁇ k) has a maximum of 0.8 times the diameter of the shell (c ⁇ a ).
- the shape of the primary particles is not particularly limited either.
- the primary particles in the anisotropic shell preferably have an aspect ratio of at least 1.4, that is to say that the primary particles are elongated. This favors the radial alignment in the shell, the primary particles being longer in the radial direction than in the circumferential direction.
- the particle sizes of both the primary particle and the secondary particle are not particularly limited. Suitable and therefore preferred particle diameters for the primary particles are in a range of 50-500 nm (largest semi-axis with an ellipsoidal shape).
- the primary particles in the isotropic core area are preferably smaller than those in the anisotropic area in the shell.
- the preferred particle diameter of the secondary particle is in a range of 5-40 ⁇ m (largest semiaxis in the case of an ellipsoidal shape).
- the primary particles in the core with their crystallographic orientations are equally distributed over all spatial directions, so that an isotropic area is created, and the primary particles in the shell with their crystallographic orientations are arranged in such a way that an anisotropic area is created in which the transition metal oxide layers are oriented radially outward away from the core.
- the primary particles have a preferred diffusion direction parallel to the transition metal oxide layers of their crystal structure. Due to the orientation of the primary particles in the secondary particle, so that the preferred diffusion directions run radially to the secondary particle structure, i.e. due to the anisotropic radial alignment in the shell, the lithium ions can theoretically penetrate into the interior of the secondary particle particularly quickly during discharge. As soon as the isotropic core area is reached, they are distributed homogeneously in the material due to the lack of a preferred direction in the core. The same is true for the reverse process, i.e. delithiation during the loading process.
- Such a structure of the secondary particle thus supports both rapid lithium-ion diffusion and a uniform expression of the mechanical properties with regard to the spherical or ellipsoidal nature of the secondary particle.
- the requirement “isotropic” means that the crystallographic orientations of the primary particles, as illustrated in FIG. 1, are evenly distributed over all spatial directions with a standard deviation of 0 to 40% relative to the mean value.
- anisotropic means that, if one approximately assumes that there is a coordinate origin in the center of a secondary particle (e.g. spherical coordinates or ellipsoidal coordinates), the orientations of the basal planes (ab plane) of the crystallographic unit cell of the primary particles within which the transition metal oxide layers are plane-parallel and are oriented radially in relation to the center of the secondary particle.
- the deviation from the radial orientation can be approximately described by a standard deviation.
- Fig. 2 illustrates an exemplary alignment distribution. The deviation from the radial orientation of the ab plane is indicated on the abscissa, i.e.
- the term anisotropy is used if the standard deviation here is between 0% and 50% of the abscissa segment.
- the radial orientation in the shell thus describes an orientation of the a-b planes of the unit cell along the radius of the secondary particle.
- the transition metal oxide layers comprise nickel ions.
- Nickel ions make a significant contribution to the high capacity of the battery cell.
- the proportion of nickel ions in the transition metal oxide layers is more preferably at least 50 mol%, preferably at least 65 mol%, more preferably at least 80 mol%, even more preferably at least 85 mol% and most preferably at least 90 mol -%, based on all transition metal ions contained in the transition metal oxide layers.
- a high nickel content leads to a higher capacity, but also to a strengthening of the anisotropic properties in the crystallographic unit cell of the primary particles, especially when changing the lattice parameters a, b and c of the unit cell when charging and discharging the lithium ions -Battery as illustrated in Figs. 5a and 5b, which leads to an increase in the accumulation of mechanical stresses.
- the exact composition of the transition metal oxide, in particular with regard to further transition metals present in addition to nickel, is not particularly restricted.
- the known NMC active material is preferred, where N stands for nickel, M for manganese and C for cobalt.
- a particularly preferred composition of the transition metal oxide can be given by the empirical formula Ni x Mn y Co z 0 2 , where x is in the range from 0.33-0.95, y and z are each in the range from 0.01-0.33 and x + y + z is 1.
- the transition metal oxide can contain other elements for doping (i.e. in traces), such as Mg, Al, B, GA, P, GE, V, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ti, Cr, Sn, Sr, In, W, Zr, Nb and Si.
- composition of the transition metal oxide in the core and in the shell can furthermore be the same or different, preferably it is the same.
- this additionally has a coating.
- the coating serves as a barrier for the active material to protect it from external influences (electrolyte, dissolution, degradation in general).
- the coating should be able to let lithium ions pass through and it should be electrically conductive.
- the coating preferably has an internal stress. Applying a layer with internal stress, in particular compressive internal stress, counteracts the cracking of the surface and further crack propagation in the event of mechanical stress or damage.
- the mechanical load can be of an intrinsic nature (volume change during cycling) as well as an extrinsic nature (electrode production, impact, friction, temperature change).
- composition of the coating is not particularly limited.
- a preferred example of an applied coating is aluminum oxide.
- a native coating that is, a layer that arises during the manufacturing process itself, for example by phase separation at an elevated temperature, for example during the calcination of the precursor material of the secondary particles, is preferred.
- the present invention provides a cathode for a lithium ion battery cell which has a cathode active material which contains the secondary particle according to the invention or one of the preferred secondary particles.
- a cathode active material which contains the secondary particle according to the invention or one of the preferred secondary particles.
- the present invention provides a lithium-ion battery which contains at least one cathode according to the invention.
- the advantages of such a lithium-ion battery are again analogous to the advantages already mentioned above in the context of the first aspect of the present invention.
- the present invention finally provides a method for producing secondary particles as cathode active material for a lithium-ion battery cell, the method comprising the following steps:
- Performing a second precipitation reaction comprising adding a base to the aqueous suspension and obtaining a second precipitate
- a secondary particle according to the invention can be obtained with the method according to the invention.
- the different areas of the core and shell of the secondary particle can be obtained by a two-stage precipitation reaction.
- the subsequent isotropic core is produced in the precipitation reaction, or a precursor material thereof with the first precipitate.
- the second precipitation reaction further material forms around the first precipitate, the later anisotropic shell.
- the precipitated particles of the first precipitate continue to grow and form the second precipitate after the second precipitation reaction has ended.
- the decisive factor for the fact that the additional material of the growing particles accumulates during the formation of the second precipitate in such a way that the anisotropic regions according to the invention arise in the shell of the secondary particle is the implementation of the second precipitation reaction in the presence of the surface-active substance. This creates a preferred direction in the crystal formation.
- the at least one surface-active substance comprises one or more organic salts from the group consisting of citrate, oxalate and tartrate. Particularly pronounced anisotropic areas can be obtained with these salts.
- transition metal salts used depend on the composition and stoichiometry desired in the secondary particle.
- the type of salts is also not restricted. Sulfates are preferred because they are generally readily soluble.
- both the at least one transition metal salt used in the first precipitation reaction and the at least one transition metal salt used in the second precipitation reaction comprise a nickel salt, the proportion of nickel in the transition metal salts provided for the core and shell being at least 50 mol -%, preferably at least 65 mol%, more preferably at least 80 mol%, even more preferably at least 85 mol% and most preferably at least 90 mol%, based on all transition metals contained in the transition metal salts used in each case.
- This nickel content will be found analogously in the finished secondary particle.
- the aqueous solution for the first precipitation reaction and also the suspension for the second precipitation reaction, which apart from the first precipitate also represents an aqueous solution, are preferably basic and more preferably contain sodium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide with a concentration in the range of preferably 0.5-3 mol / l.
- the first and / or the second precipitation reaction is or are preferably carried out by adding a highly concentrated base, preferably ammonium hydroxide, ammonia or sodium hydroxide, to the solution or to the suspension with stirring.
- a highly concentrated base preferably ammonium hydroxide, ammonia or sodium hydroxide
- the first precipitate can optionally be cleaned and dried before the second precipitation reaction is carried out with it.
- the precursor particles are preferably mixed with a lithium compound such as LiOH or U2CO3. This is done, for example, in a ball mill.
- a further compound e.g. boron oxide, B2O3, is preferably added in this step to support the crystallization, especially for a stronger development of the preferred direction.
- the calcination is preferably carried out under an oxygen atmosphere.
- the calcination takes place at a temperature of particularly preferably 700-850 ° C.
- the duration of the calcination is preferably 4-20 hours.
- a coating of the surface of the secondary particles can be applied in a subsequent process step in order to obtain a secondary particle with a coating according to the preferred embodiment described above.
- the coating is obtained by applying a native layer to the active material by phase separation during the calcination step.
- a native layer is niobium oxide as a native coating material.
- a niobium salt is preferably included in the transition metal salts used.
- Nb-doped NMC precursor material Nb: NMC (OH) 2 obtained in this way, the formation of NMC active material and segregation of niobium oxide (Nb 2 O 5 ) on the surface of the active material particles occur during calcination under an oxygen atmosphere.
- FIG. 1 shows a diagram illustrating an isotropic distribution
- FIG. 2 shows a diagram illustrating an anisotropic distribution
- FIG. 3 is a 2-dimensional representation of the crystalline layer structure of a lithium transition metal oxide compound
- Fig. 4 is a 3-dimensional representation of the crystal structure of a lithium transition metal oxide compound
- Fig. 5a, 5b illustrate the anisotropic change in volume of the unit cell during the charging and discharging process
- FIG. 6 illustrates a primary particle, a secondary particle and a cut-open secondary particle of an embodiment
- FIG. 9 illustrates a cross section through a secondary particle with a coating according to an embodiment
- FIG. 10 shows the secondary particle from FIG. 9 in a 3-dimensional representation.
- the isotropic and anisotropic areas (core and shell) of the secondary particle 10 are mathematically quantified in the respective diagrams with the mean value m and the standard deviation o.
- the crystallographic orientations of the primary particles in the isotropic region are distinguished according to FIG. 1 in that all orientations have the same probability occur. Assuming that the deviation from the uniform distribution is normally distributed, we are talking about an isotropic range, provided that the standard deviation is 0 - 40% relative to the mean value.
- anisotropy is in the shell the crystallographic orientations of the primary particles relative to the origin are aligned radially.
- the deviation from the radial orientation can be approximately described by a standard deviation.
- anisotropy is used when the standard deviation is between 0% and 50% of the abscissa section.
- FIGS. 3 and 4 the transition metal oxide layers are shown, between each of which there is a layer of lithium ions. Therefore, these illustrations show the discharged state of the corresponding lithium-ion battery cell.
- the transition metal oxide layers lie in the basal planes, i.e. in the a-b plane of the crystallographic unit cell and the c-axis is perpendicular to the layers. If lithium is now “withdrawn” from the layers during the charging process, for example in the direction of the arrow in FIG. 4, the distance between the layers increases due to the lack of attractive positive charge of the lithium ions. The c-axis of the unit cell becomes longer.
- FIGS. 5a and 5b This effect and in particular the extent of this effect as a function of the nickel content present in the transition metal oxide is illustrated in FIGS. 5a and 5b. While in a unit cell with a nickel content of less than 80% the lattice parameters change during charging and discharging along a and b by about 2%, and along c by about 4%, the change in the c-direction can be at a nickel content of over 80% can easily be 7%. This represents an extremely inhomogeneous change in the lattice parameters and leads to a strong accumulation of mechanical stress.
- a primary particle 1, a secondary particle 10 and a cut-open secondary particle 10 are shown from left to right.
- the material in the core 2 as well as that in the shell 3 is, as mentioned, made up of the primary particles 1.
- the primary particle 1 has a layer-like monocrystalline structure.
- Many agglomerated primary particles 1 form the secondary particle 10 7 shows the cross section of an idealized secondary particle 10 of an embodiment, the diameter dn of the core 2 and the diameter dKa of the shell 3 being shown.
- core 2 and shell 3 are made up of practically identical primary particles 1, but differ significantly in their mechanical properties and lithium-ion diffusion properties. As explained above, this has to do with the relative orientation of neighboring primary particles 1 with regard to their lattice parameters.
- the arrows could, for example, represent the c-axis of the unit cell, whereby the isotropic distribution must of course be imagined over the entire space and not just in the plane of the paper.
- the right-hand section in FIG. 7 shows the anisotropic alignment of the preferred directions of the primary particles 1 for lithium-ion diffusion.
- lithium ions get quickly from the outside through the shell 3 to the isotropic core 2 (or vice versa) in which they can then also be distributed quickly and evenly.
- the isotropic core 2 in the secondary particle 10 can be designed or shaped. It does not necessarily always have to be concentric with the shell 3. Different shapes and geometries are also possible, such as polygonal, ellipsoidal with semiaxes of different lengths and star-shaped. Several isotropic cores 2 can also be present in a secondary particle 10, as shown.
- mixed phases can also form.
- there is a mixed phase of isotropic and anisotropic material in the core which is surrounded by a shell 3 of anisotropic material.
- the isotropic core 2 is surrounded by a shell that is made up of the mixed phase.
- FIGS. 9 and 10 An embodiment with coating 4 is shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, the layer thicknesses shown corresponding approximately to the ideal relative ratio.
- the preferred embodiment is characterized in terms of the diameter of Core 2 and shell 3 by the following conditions: the diameter dn of the core 2 is between the diameter of a few primary particles 1 and 0.8 times, preferably 0.5 times the diameter of the secondary particle 10, which in the absence of a coating corresponds to the diameter d Ka corresponds to shell 3.
- the layer thickness t s of the coating 4 is preferably in the range of 0.5 nm and 50 nm, more preferably in the range of 0.5 nm and 5 nm.
- the corresponding salts are dissolved in an aqueous sodium hydroxide / ammonium hydroxide solution in a concentration range between 0.5-3 mol / l and stirred between room temperature and 50 ° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere.
- a highly concentrated base such as ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ammonia (NH3) to initiate the first precipitation reaction.
- the mixture is stirred at an elevated temperature (between 45-95 ° C.) for 0.5-1 hours and at a stirring speed of 50-500 rpm, the pH being controlled in the range 9.5-12.
- the isotropic core particles can be isolated at this point by centrifugation, filtration, washing and drying.
- the formation of the anisotropic outer area, the shell 3, takes place analogously, however, with the addition of surface-active substances, also known by the English terms surfactants or capping agents, which cause a preferred direction in the crystal formation.
- surface-active substances also known by the English terms surfactants or capping agents, which cause a preferred direction in the crystal formation.
- a controlled addition of transition metal salt solution takes place again in a defined concentration range between 0.5 and 3 mol / l at a controlled pH value (9.5-12) a stirring speed of 30-100 rpm and a temperature of room temperature and 50 ° C.
- surface-active substances such as organic salts, in particular citrate, oxalate, tartrate, or other carboxylates with corresponding functional groups are added to this solution.
- These surface-active substances is to selectively occupy individual crystal facets and thereby a preferred direction in the To achieve crystallization. This takes place under controlled conditions, ie depending on the selected composition, parameters such as stirring speed, temperature, duration, pH value can be optimized in individual cases.
- the resulting precursor particles are cleaned (centrifugation, filtration) and dried.
- the precursor particles are mixed with a Li compound (e.g. LiOH or U2CO3).
- a Li compound e.g. LiOH or U2CO3
- a further compound e.g. boron oxide, B2O3
- B2O3 boron oxide
- Known measuring methods can be used to check that the intended alignment of the microstructure, that is to say of the primary particles 1 with regard to their crystallographic orientation, has formed.
- the crystal orientation is suitably checked by SEM EBSD (Electron Backscatter Diffraction) analysis on cross-sections of secondary particles 10.
- Cross-sections can be produced, for example, by means of a focused ion beam (FIB) and / or ion polishing.
- FIB focused ion beam
- polishing a detailed analysis can be carried out using transmission electron microscopy.
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102019218487.1A DE102019218487A1 (de) | 2019-11-28 | 2019-11-28 | Sekundärpartikel als Kathodenaktivmaterial für eine Lithium-Ionen-Batteriezelle |
| PCT/EP2020/082658 WO2021104984A1 (de) | 2019-11-28 | 2020-11-19 | Sekundärpartikel als kathodenaktivmaterial für eine lithium-ionen-batteriezelle |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| EP4065516A1 true EP4065516A1 (de) | 2022-10-05 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| EP20810931.4A Withdrawn EP4065516A1 (de) | 2019-11-28 | 2020-11-19 | Sekundärpartikel als kathodenaktivmaterial für eine lithium-ionen-batteriezelle |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4065516A1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN114728810A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102019218487A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2021104984A1 (de) |
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| DE102021204702A1 (de) | 2021-05-10 | 2022-11-10 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Sekundärpartikel für eine Kathode einer sekundären Lithium-Batteriezelle sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Solchen |
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| DE102006049098B4 (de) | 2006-10-13 | 2023-11-09 | Toda Kogyo Corp. | Pulverförmige Verbindungen, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung sowie deren Verwendung in Lithium-Sekundärbatterien |
| CN102881886B (zh) * | 2012-09-24 | 2015-03-18 | 中国海洋石油总公司 | 一种高振实密度球形富锂锰基正极材料的合成方法 |
| CN103606704A (zh) * | 2013-11-15 | 2014-02-26 | 江苏天鹏电源有限公司 | 一种能量密度高的锂离子电池 |
| JP6564064B2 (ja) * | 2015-04-30 | 2019-08-21 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | 二次電池用正極活物質、この製造方法及びこれを含む二次電池 |
| KR101913906B1 (ko) * | 2015-06-17 | 2018-10-31 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 이차전지용 양극활물질, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 이차전지 |
| CN106876693A (zh) * | 2015-12-10 | 2017-06-20 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种锂的过渡金属氧化物及其制备和应用 |
| CN108269995B (zh) * | 2016-12-30 | 2022-08-26 | 广东天劲新能源科技股份有限公司 | 晶体结构可调控的三元正极材料的制备方法 |
| DE102017215146A1 (de) | 2017-08-30 | 2019-02-28 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | POSITIVES AKTIVMATERIAL ZUR VERWENDUNG IN EINER SEKUNDÄREN LITHIUM-IONEN-Zelle und -BATTERIE |
| DE102017217250A1 (de) | 2017-09-27 | 2019-03-28 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Stabilisierte Ni-reiche Schichtoxide als Aktivmaterial für positive Elektroden von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien |
| KR20190130932A (ko) * | 2018-05-15 | 2019-11-25 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 리튬이차전지용 양극활물질 및 이를 포함하는 양극을 포함한 리튬이차전지 |
| CN109742337B (zh) * | 2018-12-07 | 2022-03-29 | 北京理工大学 | 一种三元正极材料前驱体及调控三元正极材料前驱体晶面生长的方法 |
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2019
- 2019-11-28 DE DE102019218487.1A patent/DE102019218487A1/de active Pending
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2020
- 2020-11-19 WO PCT/EP2020/082658 patent/WO2021104984A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2020-11-19 EP EP20810931.4A patent/EP4065516A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2020-11-19 CN CN202080081638.6A patent/CN114728810A/zh active Pending
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| DE102019218487A1 (de) | 2021-06-02 |
| WO2021104984A1 (de) | 2021-06-03 |
| CN114728810A (zh) | 2022-07-08 |
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