EP3686581A1 - Verfahren zur bewertung der stabilität eines separators - Google Patents

Verfahren zur bewertung der stabilität eines separators Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3686581A1
EP3686581A1 EP19774539.1A EP19774539A EP3686581A1 EP 3686581 A1 EP3686581 A1 EP 3686581A1 EP 19774539 A EP19774539 A EP 19774539A EP 3686581 A1 EP3686581 A1 EP 3686581A1
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
separator
stability
sample
elongation
evaluating
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EP19774539.1A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3686581A4 (de
EP3686581B1 (de
Inventor
Hyun-Sup LEE
Yeon-Soo Kim
Sang-Eun Kim
Dong-Wook SUNG
Dae-Sung Jang
Myung-Han Lee
Je-An Lee
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LG Energy Solution Ltd
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LG Chem Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
    • G01N25/72—Investigating presence of flaws
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
    • G01N3/18—Performing tests at high or low temperatures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/403—Manufacturing processes of separators, membranes or diaphragms
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/411—Organic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/431—Inorganic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
    • H01M50/451—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising layers of only organic material and layers containing inorganic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/022—Environment of the test
    • G01N2203/0222—Temperature
    • G01N2203/0226—High temperature; Heating means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to a method for evaluating the stability of a separator. Particularly, the present disclosure relates to a method for evaluating the stability of a separator which can predict the safety of a separator against explosion before a nail test of a battery.
  • lithium secondary batteries developed in the early 1990's have been spotlighted, since they have a higher operating voltage and significantly higher energy density as compared to conventional batteries, such as Ni-MH, Ni-Cd and sulfuric acid-lead batteries using an aqueous electrolyte.
  • conventional batteries such as Ni-MH, Ni-Cd and sulfuric acid-lead batteries using an aqueous electrolyte.
  • such a lithium ion battery uses an organic electrolyte, and thus has safety-related problems, such as ignition and explosion, and shows difficulty in manufacture.
  • a lithium ion polymer battery improves the above-mentioned shortcomings of a lithium ion battery, and thus is given many attentions as one of the next-generation batteries.
  • a lithium ion polymer battery has relatively low capacity as compared to a lithium ion battery, and particularly shows insufficient discharge capacity at low temperature.
  • electrochemical devices Although such electrochemical devices have been produced from many production companies, safety characteristics thereof show different signs. Evaluation and securement of safety of such electrochemical devices are very important. The most important consideration is that electrochemical devices should not damage users upon their malfunction. For this purpose, safety standards strictly control ignition and smoke emission in electrochemical devices. With regard to safety characteristics of electrochemical devices, there is great concern about explosion when an electrochemical device is overheated to cause thermal runaway or perforation of a separator.
  • the present disclosure is directed to providing a method for evaluating the stability of a separator which can predict safety against explosion through simple evaluation of rheological properties.
  • three is provided a method for evaluating the stability of a separator, including the steps of:
  • the method for evaluating the stability of a separator as defined in the first embodiment wherein the stability-passing separator and the stability-failing separator are evaluated as passing and failing a nail penetration test, respectively, when the nail penetration test is carried out by using secondary batteries including the same separators, and the nail penetration test is performed by fully charging the secondary batteries at 25°C under a voltage of 4.25V, penetrating a nail having a diameter of 3 mm through the center of each battery, and evaluating a battery as failing the nail penetration test, when it causes ignition, and a battery as passing the nail penetration test when it causes no ignition.
  • the separator includes: a porous polymer substrate separator; an organic/inorganic composite separator which has a porous coating layer disposed on at least one surface of the porous polymer substrate, and including a plurality of inorganic particles and a binder polymer disposed partially or totally on the surface of the inorganic particles to connect and fix the inorganic particles with each other; or a mixed separator thereof.
  • the breaking temperature of the separator is determined by measuring the temperature at which point a separator sample having a width of 6.1 mm is broken or elongated within a temperature ranging from 25°C to 350°C at a warming rate of 5°C/min under a load of 0.005N, by using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).
  • DMA dynamic mechanical analysis
  • the shrinkage of the separator is determined by determining the shrinkage of a separator sample having a width of 6.1 mm within a temperature ranging from 25°C to 350°C at a warming rate of 5°C/min under a load of 0.005N by using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and the shrinkage is calculated according to the formula of [(initial length of separator sample) - (minimum length of separator sample) / (initial length of separator sample) x 100].
  • DMA dynamic mechanical analysis
  • the breaking load and elongation at break of the separator are determined by measuring the load and elongation upon the generation of break by using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), when a separator sample having a width of 6.1 mm and a length of 10 mm is subjected to a load increased from 0.002N at a rate of 0.001N/min at a temperature of 200°C.
  • DMA dynamic mechanical analysis
  • significant factors of rheological properties which affect the safety of a separator are derived in order to select separators having excellent safety against explosion, thereby predicting the stability of a separator simply and rapidly.
  • the method for evaluating the stability of a separator provides results matched with a nail test of secondary batteries including the same separator. Thus, there is no need for assembling a secondary battery additionally to evaluate the stability.
  • a separator for a secondary battery uses a porous polymer substrate.
  • a porous polymer substrate For example, in the case of a conventional polyolefin-based porous polymer substrate, its viscosity is decreased at low temperature and the porous polymer substrate shows liquid-like behaviors. Then, the separator applied to a battery is damaged in a nail test (nail penetration test), which causes significant degradation of the safety of the secondary battery against explosion.
  • a method for evaluating the stability of a separator including the steps of:
  • the separator may include a porous polymer substrate separator, an organic/inorganic composite separator which has a porous coating layer disposed on at least one surface of the porous polymer substrate, or a mixed separator thereof.
  • the polymer forming the porous polymer substrate is not particularly limited, as long as it shows the above-described melt characteristics.
  • Non-limiting examples of the polymer include polyolefin and modified polyolefin, which are used alone or in combination.
  • they may be incorporated to a single layer to form a porous polymer substrate, or they may be a composite layer having two or more layers in which each layer includes a different polymer. In the latter case, at least one layer of the composite layer may include a mixture of two or more polymers.
  • the polyolefin may include a polyolefin-based polymer, such as polyethylene including high-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene or ultrahigh-molecular weight polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polypentene, or the like, and such polyolefin-based polymers may be used alone or in combination.
  • a polyolefin-based polymer such as polyethylene including high-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene or ultrahigh-molecular weight polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polypentene, or the like, and such polyolefin-based polymers may be used alone or in combination.
  • the modified polyolefin may be a copolymer of an olefin (e.g. ethylene, propylene, or the like) with a C2-C20 alpha-olefin.
  • the alpha-olefin may be at least one selected from the group consisting of 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-octadecene and 1-eicosene, or a structure containing at least one of vinyl group, ketone group, ester group and acid group in the polymer chain.
  • the content of alpha-olefin may be about 0.5-10 wt%, preferably about 1-5 wt%, but is not limited thereto.
  • the polyethylene may be an ultrahigh-molecular weight polyethylene; polyethylene other than high-molecular weight polyethylene; or an ultrahigh-molecular weight polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight of 600,000 or more (e.g. 600,000-3,000,000).
  • the ultrahigh-molecular weight polyethylene may be an ethylene homopolymer or a copolymer thereof containing a small amount of alpha-olefin.
  • the alpha-olefin may have any one branch selected from a vinyl group, ketone group, methyl group, ester group and an acid group, or may have two or more such branches.
  • the polyethylene other than high-molecular weight polyethylene may be at least one selected from high-density polyethylene, medium-density polyethylene, branched low-density polyethylene and linear low-density polyethylene.
  • the polypropylene may be propylene homopolymer or a copolymer thereof containing an alpha-olefin.
  • the alpha-olefin is the same as described above.
  • the polymer may be a blend of polyethylene with polypropylene, wherein polypropylene may be present in an amount of 5 wt% or less based on the total polymer.
  • polyethylene and polypropylene are the same as described above.
  • the porous polymer substrate may be formed of polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyester, polyacetal, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyetherether ketone, polyether sulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, or polyethylene naphthalene, alone or in combination, besides the above-mentioned polyolefins.
  • the polymer forming the porous polymer substrate predetermined Z average molecular weight, melt index (MI) and branch content so that the porous polymer substrate may have the above-described improved rheological properties.
  • the polymer may have a Z average molecular weight (M z ) of 500,000-2,000,000, 600,000-1,800,000, or 800,000-1,300,000.
  • the porous polymer substrate has a thickness of 1-100 ⁇ m, particularly 5-50 ⁇ m.
  • the pore size and porosity may be 0.01-50 ⁇ m and 10-95%, respectively.
  • the organic/inorganic composite separator may further include a porous coating layer formed on at least one surface of the porous polymer substrate, and including a plurality of inorganic particles and a binder polymer positioned on the whole or a part of the surface of the inorganic particles to connect the inorganic particles with each other and fix them.
  • the binder polymer used for forming the porous coating layer may be one used currently for forming a porous coating layer in the art. Particularly, a polymer having a glass transition temperature (T g ) of -200 to 200°C may be used. This is because such a polymer can improve the mechanical properties, such as flexibility and elasticity, of the finally formed porous coating layer.
  • T g glass transition temperature
  • Such a binder polymer functions as a binder which connects and stably fixes the inorganic particles with each other, and thus contributes to prevention of degradation of mechanical properties of a separator having a porous coating layer.
  • the binder polymer it is not essentially required for the binder polymer to have ion conductivity.
  • a binder polymer having a dielectric constant as high as possible may be used.
  • the binder polymer may have a dielectric constant ranging from 1.0 to 100 (measured at a frequency of 1 kHz), particularly 10 or more.
  • the binder polymer may be characterized in that it is gelled upon the impregnation with a liquid electrolyte and thus shows a high degree of swelling.
  • the binder polymer has a solubility parameter (i.e., Hildebrand solubility parameter) of 15-45 MPa 1/2 or 15-25 MPa 1/2 and 30-45 MPa 1/2 . Therefore, hydrophilic polymers having many polar groups may be used more frequently as compared to hydrophobic polymers, such as polyolefins.
  • the solubility parameter is less than 15 MPa 1/2 and more than 45 MPa 1/2 , it is difficult for the binder polymer to be swelled with a conventional liquid electrolyte for a battery.
  • Non-limiting examples of the binder polymer include but are not limited to: polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-trichloro ethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, polybutyl acrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate, polyethylene oxide, polyarylate, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, cyanoethylpullulan, cyanoethylpolyvinylalchol, cyanoethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl sucrose, pullulan and carboxymethyl cellulose.
  • the weight ratio of the inorganic particles to the binder polymer may be 50:50-99:1, particularly 70:30-95:5.
  • the weight ratio of the inorganic particles to the binder polymer satisfies the above-defined range, the problem of a decrease in pore size and porosity of the resultant coating layer caused by an increased content of the binder polymer may be solved, and also the problem of degradation of peeling resistance of the resultant coating layer caused by a decreased content of binder polymer may be solved.
  • the separator according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may further include other additives as ingredients of the porous coating layer, besides the inorganic particles and binder polymer.
  • the inorganic particles may be inorganic particles having a dielectric constant of 5 or more, particularly 10 or more, inorganic particles having lithium ion transportability or a mixture thereof.
  • the inorganic particles having a dielectric constant of 5 or more may include any one selected from the group consisting of BaTiO 3 , Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 (PZT), Pb 1-x La x Zr 1-y Ti y O 3 (PLZT), Pb(Mg 3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 PbTiO 3 (PMN-PT), hafnia (HfO 2 ), SrTiO 3 , SnO 2 , CeO 2 , MgO, NiO, CaO, ZnO, ZrO 2 , Y 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 , AIO(OH), Al 2 O 3 .H 2 O, TiO 2 , SiC, or a mixture of two or more of them.
  • PZT Pb 1-x La x Zr 1-y Ti y O 3
  • PMN-PT Pb(Mg 3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 PbTiO 3
  • HfO 2 hafnia
  • 'inorganic particles having lithium ion transportability' refers to inorganic particles containing a lithium element and transporting lithium, not storing lithium.
  • Non-limiting examples of the inorganic particles having lithium ion transportability include lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ), lithium titanium phosphate (Li x Ti y (PO 4 ) 3 , 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 3), lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (Li x Al y Ti z (PO 4 ) 3 , 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 3), (LiAlTiP) x O y -based glass (1 ⁇ x ⁇ 4, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 13) such as 14Li 2 O-9Al 2 O 3 -38TiO 2 -39P 2 O 5 , lithium lanthanum titanate (Li x La y TiO 3 , 0 ⁇
  • the inorganic particles may have an average particle diameter of 0.05-3 ⁇ m, particularly 0.1-2.7 ⁇ m, and more particularly 0.5-2.5 ⁇ m.
  • the porous coating layer may have a thickness of 1-10 ⁇ m, particularly 1.5-6 ⁇ m.
  • the porous coating layer preferably has a porosity of 35-65%, but is not limited thereto.
  • the elongation properties of the separator are determined by using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).
  • the elongation properties of the separator may be determined by the standard method using a dynamic mechanical analyzer, particularly Q800 DMA system available from TA Instruments (US).
  • the elongation properties are the breaking temperature and shrinkage of the separator, and the stability standards are defined as a breaking temperature of 200°C or higher and a shrinkage of 59% or less, or the elongation properties are the breaking load and elongation at break of the separator, and the stability standards are defined as a breaking load of 0.02N or more and an elongation at break of 1% or more.
  • the elongation properties are the breaking temperature and shrinkage of the separator, and the stability standards are defined as a breaking temperature of 200°C or higher and a shrinkage of 59% or less, will be explained.
  • the breaking temperature of the separator may be defined as the temperature at which point a separator sample having a width of 6.1 mm is broken or elongated within a temperature ranging from 25°C to 350°C at a warming rate of 5°C/min under a load of 0.005N, by using the DMA system in a tension mode.
  • the length of the sample may be controlled suitably according to the test system.
  • the sample may have a length of 8-20 mm, particularly 10-11 mm, and more particularly 10.3 mm.
  • the thickness of the sample may be controlled suitably according to the test system.
  • the sample may have a thickness of 20 ⁇ m or less, particularly 7-20 ⁇ m.
  • the temperature at which point the separator sample is elongated may be determined by the temperature at which point the deformation of the separator sample is increased by 10% or more in the positive (+) direction within a temperature change of 5°C in a graph (see, FIG. 2 ) illustrating deformation as a function of temperature in dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).
  • DMA dynamic mechanical analysis
  • the shrinkage of the separator is determined by determining the shrinkage of a separator sample having a width of 6.1 mm within a temperature ranging from 25°C to 350°C at a warming rate of 5°C/min under a load of 0.005N by using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and the shrinkage may be calculated according to the formula of [(initial length of separator sample) - (minimum length of separator sample) / (initial length of separator sample) x 100].
  • DMA dynamic mechanical analysis
  • the shortest length may be the length right before the separator sample is broken or elongated.
  • the determined values are compared with the stability standards defined by a breaking temperature of 200°C or higher and a shrinkage of 59% or less.
  • the separator when a separator satisfies a breaking temperature of 200°C or higher and a shrinkage of 59% or less at the same time, it can be stated that the separator is hardly deformed even under heat generated by a contact between a positive electrode and a negative electrode, the separator has a low shrinkage so that a void or space that may be generated in a battery due to a change in volume of the separator is small sufficient to prevent generation of excessive heat or explosion, and thus it is possible to ensure stability of the separator and that of the battery.
  • a separator is defined as a stability-passing separator when the determined values satisfy the stability standards, and a separator is defined as a stability-failing separator when the determined values do not satisfy the stability standards.
  • the elongation properties are the breaking load and elongation at break of the separator, and the stability standards are defined as a breaking load of 0.02N or more and an elongation at break of 1% or more, will be explained.
  • the breaking load and elongation at break of the separator may be determined by measuring the load and elongation upon the generation of break by using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), when a separator sample having a width of 6.1 mm and a length of 10 mm is subjected to a load increased from 0.002N at a rate of 0.001N/min at a temperature of 200°C.
  • DMA dynamic mechanical analysis
  • FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating deformation and static load during a break-off test of a separator.
  • the load and elongation at break mean those at the point where a separator having a predetermined dimension is not deformed any longer but is broken while the load applied thereto is increased to cause deformation of the length of the separator.
  • the length of the sample may be controlled suitably according to the test system.
  • the sample may have a length of 8-20 mm, particularly 10-11 mm, and more particularly 10.3 mm.
  • the thickness of the sample may be controlled suitably according to the test system.
  • the sample may have a thickness of 20 ⁇ m or less, particularly 7-20 ⁇ m.
  • the determined values are compared with the stability standards defined by a breaking load of 0.02N or more and an elongation at break of 1% or more.
  • a separator is defined as a stability-passing separator when the determined values satisfy the stability standards, and a separator is defined as a stability-failing separator when the determined values do not satisfy the stability standards.
  • the stability-passing separator and the stability-failing separator are evaluated as passing and failing a nail penetration test, respectively, when the nail penetration test is carried out by using secondary batteries including the same separators.
  • a positive electrode In a nail penetration test, a positive electrode is in contact with a negative electrode to cause exothermal reaction and the heat emission temperature at that time is significantly high. Therefore, since the method for evaluating the stability of a separator simulates such thermal environment generated in an actual nail penetration test to the highest degree, it is expected that a battery using a separator judged from the evaluation as one causing no break and having a low shrinkage at high temperature will be evaluated as having the same stability in a nail penetration test.
  • the method for evaluating the stability of a separator provides results matched with the results of a nail penetration test for a secondary battery including the separator, it is possible to predict the stability of a secondary battery merely by evaluating rheological properties of a separator, while eliminating an additional test including assemblage of a secondary battery.
  • the nail penetration test is performed by fully charging the secondary batteries at 25°C under a voltage of 4.25V, penetrating a nail having a diameter of 3 mm through the center of each battery, and evaluating a battery as failing the nail penetration test, when it causes ignition, and a battery as passing the nail penetration test when it causes no ignition.
  • the secondary battery may be obtained by using a conventional cathode and anode, inserting a separator between the both electrodes to form an electrode assembly, introducing the electrode assembly to a battery casing, and injecting an electrolyte thereto.
  • the cathode and anode are not particularly limited, and may be obtained by allowing electrode active materials to be bound to an electrode current collector through a method generally known in the art.
  • the electrode active materials include conventional cathode active materials that may be used for the cathodes for conventional electrochemical devices. Particularly, lithium manganese oxides, lithium cobalt oxides, lithium nickel oxides, lithium iron oxides or lithium composite oxides containing a combination thereof are used preferably.
  • Non-limiting examples of an anode active material include conventional anode active materials that may be used for the anodes for conventional electrochemical devices.
  • lithium-intercalating materials such as lithium metal or lithium alloys, carbon, petroleum coke, activated carbon, graphite or other carbonaceous materials
  • a cathode current collector include foil made of aluminum, nickel or a combination thereof.
  • an anode current collector include foil made of copper, gold, nickel, nickel alloys or a combination thereof.
  • the electrolyte that may be used in the electrochemical device according to the present disclosure is a salt having a structure of A + B - , wherein A + includes an alkali metal cation such as Li + , Na + , K + or a combination thereof, and B - includes an anion such as PF 6 - , BF 4 - , Cl - , Br - , I - , ClO 4 - , AsF 6 - , CH 3 CO 2 - , CF 3 SO 3 - , N(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 - , C(CF 2 SO 2 ) 3 - or a combination thereof, the salt being dissolved or dissociated in an organic solvent including propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane,
  • Injection of the electrolyte may be carried out in an adequate step during the process for manufacturing a battery depending on the manufacturing process of a final product and properties required for a final product. In other words, injection of the electrolyte may be carried out before the assemblage of a battery or in the final step of the assemblage of a battery.
  • a polyethylene porous membrane having the physical properties as shown in the following Table 1 was prepared as a separator according to Sample A.
  • anode mixture 97.6 parts by weight of artificial graphite and natural graphite (weight ratio 90:10) functioning as anode active materials, 1.2 parts by weight of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and 1.2 parts by weight of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) functioning as a binder were mixed to obtain an anode mixture.
  • the anode mixture was dispersed in ion exchange water functioning as a solvent to obtain anode mixture slurry.
  • the slurry was coated on both surfaces of copper foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m, followed by drying and compression, to obtain an anode.
  • a non-aqueous electrolyte was prepared by dissolving LiPF 6 in an organic solvent containing ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) mixed at a ratio of 3:3:4 (volume ratio) to a concentration of 1.0M.
  • EC ethylene carbonate
  • PC propylene carbonate
  • DEC diethyl carbonate
  • a polyethylene porous membrane having the physical properties as shown in the following Table 1 was prepared as a separator according to Sample B.
  • a secondary battery according to Sample B was obtained in the same manner as Sample A, except that the separator according to Sample B was used as a separator.
  • a polyethylene porous membrane having the physical properties as shown in the following Table 1 was prepared as a separator according to Sample C.
  • a secondary battery according to Sample C was obtained in the same manner as Sample A, except that the separator according to Sample C was used as a separator.
  • a polyethylene porous membrane having the physical properties as shown in the following Table 1 was prepared as a separator according to Sample D.
  • a secondary battery according to Sample D was obtained in the same manner as Sample A, except that the separator according to Sample D was used as a separator.
  • a polyethylene porous membrane having the physical properties as shown in the following Table 1 was prepared as a separator according to Sample E.
  • a secondary battery according to Sample E was obtained in the same manner as Sample A, except that the separator according to Sample E was used as a separator.
  • a polyethylene porous membrane having an organic/inorganic porous coating layer was prepared as a separator according to Sample F.
  • a secondary battery according to Sample F was obtained in the same manner as Sample A, except that the separator according to Sample F was used as a separator.
  • the separator according to Sample F was obtained as follows.
  • PVDF-HFP polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene
  • the resultant slurry was coated on both surfaces of the separator according to Sample A through a dip coating process and the coating thickness was controlled to about 4 ⁇ m. In this manner, a separator having porous coating layers on both surfaces thereof was obtained.
  • a polyethylene porous membrane having the physical properties as shown in the following Table 1 was prepared as a separator according to Sample G.
  • a secondary battery according to Sample G was obtained in the same manner as Sample A, except that the separator according to Sample G was used as a separator.
  • a polyethylene porous membrane having an organic/inorganic porous coating layer was prepared as a separator according to Sample H, wherein the separator according to Sample C was used as the polyethylene porous membrane.
  • a secondary battery according to Sample H was obtained in the same manner as Sample A, except that the separator according to Sample H was used as a separator.
  • the separator according to Sample H was obtained as follows.
  • PVDF-HFP polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene
  • the resultant slurry was coated on both surfaces of the separator according to Sample C through a dip coating process and the coating thickness was controlled to about 4 ⁇ m. In this manner, a separator having porous coating layers on both surfaces thereof was obtained.
  • a polyethylene porous membrane having the physical properties as shown in the following Table 1 was prepared as a separator according to Sample I.
  • a secondary battery according to Sample I was obtained in the same manner as Sample A, except that the separator according to Sample I was used as a separator.
  • a polyethylene porous membrane having the physical properties as shown in the following Table 1 was prepared as a separator according to Sample J.
  • a secondary battery according to Sample J was obtained in the same manner as Sample A, except that the separator according to Sample J was used as a separator.
  • a polyethylene porous membrane having the physical properties as shown in the following Table 1 was prepared as a separator according to Sample K.
  • a secondary battery according to Sample K was obtained in the same manner as Sample A, except that the separator according to Sample K was used as a separator.
  • a polyethylene porous membrane having the physical properties as shown in the following Table 1 was prepared as a separator according to Sample L.
  • a secondary battery according to Sample L was obtained in the same manner as Sample A, except that the separator according to Sample L was used as a separator.
  • Sample (separator) Air permeability (s/100cc) Porosity (%) Thickness ( ⁇ m) Weight (g/m 2 ) Electrical resistance (ER, ⁇ )
  • Air permeability (s/100cc) Porosity (%) Thickness ( ⁇ m)
  • Electrical resistance (ER, ⁇ ) A 121 48 11 5.0 0.38 B 81 48 11 4.9 0.32 C 150 41 11 5.7 0.42 D 244 45 11 7.0 0.84 E 153 41 11 7.0 0.61 F 115 45 19 10.0 0.40 G 109 46 11 5.0 0.36 H 137 40 19 8.0 0.43 I 202 44 11 6.9 0.78 J 161 46 11 5.2 0.40 K 220 45 11 4.9 0.49 L 180 43 11 5.1 0.44
  • Air permeability' means a period of time during which 100 cc of air permeates through a separator, is expressed by a unit of second/100 cc herein, may be used interchangeably with the term 'transmission', and is represented generally by Gurley value, or the like.
  • the air permeability was determined by the method of ASTM D726-94. Gurley used herein is resistance against air flow and is determined by a Gurley densometer. The Gurley air permeability value described herein is expressed by a time (second), i.e., air permeation time, required for 100 cc of air to pass through a cross section of 1 in 2 under a pressure of 12.2 in H 2 O.
  • 'Porosity means the ratio of volume occupied by pores based on volume of a separator. The porosity was determined according to ASTM D-2873.
  • a separator was cut into a dimension of 1 m (width) x 1 m (length) and weighed.
  • a separator was sufficiently impregnated with an electrolyte containing 1M LiPF 6 in ethylene carbonate (EC)/ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) (1:2, volume ratio), and the prepared separator was used to obtain a coin cell.
  • EC ethylene carbonate
  • EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
  • the obtained coin cell was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 day and the electrical resistance (ER) of the separator was determined by using a method for determining impedance.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating a change in deformation of the separators of Samples A-F as a function of temperature.
  • breaking temperature was evaluated under the following conditions.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the shrinkage and breaking temperature of the separators of Samples A-L.
  • shrinkage was evaluated by the following method.
  • the shrinkage of a separator sample having a width of 6.1 mm was determined within a temperature ranging from 25°C to 350°C at a warming rate of 5°C/min under a load of 0.005N by using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).
  • DMA dynamic mechanical analysis
  • the shrinkage was calculated according to the formula of [(initial length of separator sample) - (minimum length of separator sample) / (initial length of separator sample) x 100].
  • FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the breaking load and elongation at break of the separators of Samples A-L.
  • breaking load and elongation at break were evaluated under the following conditions.
  • a secondary battery including the separator when a separator satisfies the conditions of a breaking temperature of 200°C or higher and a shrinkage of 59% or less in the results of evaluation of breaking temperature and shrinkage of a separator using DMA, a secondary battery including the separator also passes the nail penetration test. On the contrary, when a separator does not satisfy at least one of the conditions of a breaking temperature of 200°C or higher and a shrinkage of 59% or less in the results of evaluation of breaking temperature and shrinkage of a separator, a secondary battery including the separator fails the nail penetration test.
  • a secondary battery including the separator when a separator satisfies the conditions of a breaking load of 0.02N or more and an elongation at break of 1% or more in the results of evaluation of breaking load and elongation at break of a separator using DMA, a secondary battery including the separator also passes the nail penetration test.
  • a separator does not satisfy at least one of the conditions of a breaking load of 0.02N or more and an elongation at break of 1% or more in the results of evaluation of breaking load and elongation at break of a separator, a secondary battery including the separator fails the nail penetration test.
  • FIG. 4 shows the results of evaluation of breaking load and elongation at break.
  • Samples B, J, D, H and F passed the nail penetration test, only Sample F was not broken in the evaluation of breaking load and elongation at break and the remaining Samples B, J, D and H were broken.
  • Samples H, D, J and B show a higher breaking load and elongation at break in the order named. This particularly suggests that Samples H, D, J and B have relatively higher stability in the order named.
  • the method for evaluating the stability of a separator according to the present disclosure can predict the stability of a secondary battery accurately from the results of evaluation of breaking temperature and shrinkage, or breaking load and elongation at break, based on DMA of the separator itself, while avoiding a need for assembling an actual secondary battery and carrying out a nail penetration test.

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