EP3414362A1 - Vorrichtung und verfahren zur elektrochemischen nutzung von kohlenstoffdioxid - Google Patents
Vorrichtung und verfahren zur elektrochemischen nutzung von kohlenstoffdioxidInfo
- Publication number
- EP3414362A1 EP3414362A1 EP17724515.6A EP17724515A EP3414362A1 EP 3414362 A1 EP3414362 A1 EP 3414362A1 EP 17724515 A EP17724515 A EP 17724515A EP 3414362 A1 EP3414362 A1 EP 3414362A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- membrane
- cathode
- carbon dioxide
- anode
- electrolyzer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
- C25B3/20—Processes
- C25B3/25—Reduction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/23—Carbon monoxide or syngas
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
- C25B13/02—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by shape or form
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
- C25B15/083—Separating products
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
- C25B3/01—Products
- C25B3/03—Acyclic or carbocyclic hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
- C25B3/01—Products
- C25B3/07—Oxygen containing compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and an electrolyzer for the electrochemical use of carbon dioxide.
- One of the currently envisaged solutions is the conversion of electrical energy into value products, which can serve, in particular, as platform chemicals or synthesis gas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
- One possible technique for converting electrical energy into value products is electrolysis.
- a further optimization of the electrolytic cell to Unterbin ⁇ tion of the formation of hydrogen may be the choice of a geeig ⁇ Neten cathode material, which must then demonstrate the highest possible overvoltage for the formation of hydrogen.
- metals are disadvantageously often toxic or lead to negative environmental influences.
- the metals in question include cadmium,
- the object of the invention is therefore to provide an electrolysis cell and a method for operating an electrolysis cell, in which the hydrogen formation is suppressed and the
- Electrolysis cell can be operated energy efficient.
- An electrolyser according to the invention for the electrochemical use of carbon dioxide least comprises an electric ⁇ lysezelle, wherein the electrolytic cell comprises an anode compartment having an anode and a cathode chamber with a cathode. Between the anode compartment and the cathode compartment, a first cation-permeable membrane is arranged. The anode is directly adjacent to the first membrane in the anode compartment. Between the first th membrane and the cathode according to the invention a second anion-selective membrane is arranged and the second membrane is at least partially, but not completely immediacy immediacy ⁇ bar to the first membrane.
- Electrolysers for the electrochemical use of carbon dioxide the following steps are performed. First, it ⁇ follows the provision of an electrolyzer with an anode space with an anode and a cathode space with a cathode.
- a first cation-permeable membrane is arranged between the anode compartment and the cathode compartment.
- the anode directly adjoins the first membrane and a second anode-selective membrane is disposed between the first membrane and the cathode.
- the decomposing carbon dioxide to a product at the cathode in the cathode chamber takes place subsequent ⁇ chd.
- Unreacted carbon dioxide is transported simultaneously as carbonate or hydrogen carbonate from the cathode, through the second membrane.
- hydrogen ions are transported from the anode through the first membrane.
- the hydrogen ions and the carbonate or bicarbonate react to form carbon dioxide and water.
- the released carbon dioxide can then be released via Flusskanä ⁇ le or pores between the first and second membrane.
- the anion-selective membrane advantageously reduces the evolution of hydrogen at the cathode.
- the anion-selective membrane typically comprises covalently bonded quaternary amines (NR 4 + ) such that hydrogen ions can not traverse the anion-selective membrane.
- the inventive method and the electrolyzer according to the invention advantageously allows the release of unreacted carbon dioxide and thus prevents the entry of the carbon dioxide into the anode space and thus also a mixing of the resulting oxygen in the anode space with the carbon dioxide.
- the electrolyzer In the electrolyzer according to the invention only water and carbon dioxide is used.
- the use of a conductive salt or a base can be advantageously avoided.
- water is broken down into protons and oxygen.
- the protons can migrate from the anode through the cation-selective membrane into the space between the first and the second membrane, in particular permeate via the cation-selective membrane.
- the carbon dioxide is converted to a product at the cathode, in particular carbon monoxide, formic acid or ethylene.
- Unreacted carbon dioxide with the hydroxide ions may migrate from the klassri- gen phase through the anion selective membrane as hydrogen carbonate or carbonate in the ⁇ or permeate.
- the first and second membranes are saturated with water.
- the hydrogen carbonate or carbonate and the hydrogen ions can react to form carbon dioxide and water.
- the carbon dioxide is then advantageously passed through flow channels or porous structures from the gap from the electrolyzer.
- further Ent ⁇ lastungsötechnischen between the flow channels and / or the interior of the porous structure and the outer surface of the cathode may be provided to ensure a return of the carbon dioxide and water.
- anion-selective membranes commercially avai ⁇ che membranes can be used.
- these include the Selemiom AMV from AGC Chemicals, the Neosepta from Tokuyama or the Fumasep FAß from Fuma GmbH.
- positive charges in particular quaternary amines NR 4 + immobili ⁇ Siert.
- the total charge of the membrane is counterbalanced by mobile counterions dissolved in the aqueous phase, in particular by hydroxide ions.
- These anion-selective membrane advantageously prevents hydrogen ions are transported to the Ka ⁇ Thode.
- the choice of Ka ⁇ method material can then be very flexible.
- the cathode materials can then be selected depending on the desired product of value.
- the second membrane is at least partially directly adjacent to the cathode.
- the cathode is connected to the anion-selective membrane via macropores to utilize the inner surface of the cathode.
- the macropores typically have a diameter of at least one micrometer.
- the binding of the cathode to the anion-selective membrane laboration may take more advantageous before ⁇ manner over an anion-selective polymer.
- Preferably carried out the connection by means of a solution of the same polymer which penetrates in the preparation in a portion of the diaphragm side cathode pores.
- the surface of the cathode is wetted with a solution of the membrane ⁇ material and then pressed onto the second membrane.
- the liquid phase includes ionic components, in particular hydroxide ions and hydrogen carbonate which are ge at the cathode forms ⁇ and are mobile in the anion-selective membrane so that the membrane sievorteilhaft can be trans- ported.
- ionic components in particular hydroxide ions and hydrogen carbonate which are ge at the cathode forms ⁇ and are mobile in the anion-selective membrane so that the membrane sievorteilhaft can be trans- ported.
- This allows the connection of the Ka ⁇ method with the anion-selective membrane and thus the reduction of the carbon dioxide. It is important that in the cathode the same ion as in the anion-selective membrane is mobile, in the case of the water in particular
- the connection of the anion-conducting membrane to the cathode is typically carried out by impregnating the membrane side of the cathode with an anion-conducting polymer.
- the anion-selective second membrane at least partially adjoins the cathode directly.
- the applied polymer becomes part of the membrane due to the polymerization.
- a common contact surface is arranged between the first and the second membrane, wherein the size of the contact surface is in the range of at least 80% to 98% of the membrane area of the first membrane.
- first and the second diaphragm touch a large area in order to maintain a high conductivity as possible within the electrolytic cell, and thus the energy requirement of the electrolytic cell as possible nied ⁇ rig, that is, to improve its efficiency.
- the cathode and / or the second membrane comprises relief openings in order to guide the carbon dioxide and the water from the spacer device into the gas-side cathode space.
- the gas-side cathode compartment is located on the anode side facing away from the cathode. From this gas-side cathode space, the starting material carbon dioxide is supplied. Guiding the resulting in the spacer device water and carbon dioxide in the gas-side cathode space advantageously allows a higher conversion of carbon dioxide ⁇ and thus a higher efficiency.
- a spacer device is arranged between the first and second membrane. This spacer ⁇ holding device may comprise mesh, grid or a porous structure.
- the cathode comprises at least one of the elements silver, copper, lead, indium, tin or zinc.
- the choice of the cathode material depends especially on the ge ⁇ desired value of the product Kohlenstoffdioxidzerlegung.
- the use of a silver cathode produces carbon monoxide.
- ethylene is produced and with the use of a lead cathode, formic acid is produced.
- Electrolysis cell the free choice of the cathode material suc ⁇ conditions and simultaneously the production of unwanted hydrogen are prevented at the cathode.
- the cathode is then ⁇ at typically as a gas diffusion electrode trained det.
- a gas diffusion electrode is understood as meaning a well-electronically conductive, porous catalyst structure which is partially wetted by the adjacent membrane material, remaining pore spaces being open towards the gas side.
- the unreacted and therefore released again ⁇ carbon dioxide is fed as educt back into the electroly- se.
- the efficiency of the electrolysis is increased because as much carbon dioxide is reacted.
- the electrolyzer is operated with pure water.
- pure water in this case water is called, which has a conductivity of less than 1 mS / cm. , Is avoided by advantageous that salts, in particular hydrogen carbonates, precipitated in the electrolytic cell and so ⁇ with a shortened lifetime of the electrolysis cell administrat ⁇ ren.
- Fig. 1 is an electrolytic cell with an anion-selective
- Fig. 2 shows a spacer for the electrolysis cell with an anion-selective membrane.
- the electrolytic cell 1 comprises a cathode chamber 14 and egg ⁇ nen anode compartment 13.
- the cathode compartment 14 is separated from the anode compartment 13 via a spacer device 11.
- a cation-selective membrane 3 is arranged in the anode compartment 13 .
- An anode 4 directly adjoins this.
- An anion-selective membrane 2 is arranged in the cathode space 14.
- the cathode 5 adjoins.
- the cathode 5 is connected to the on ⁇ ion-selective membrane 2 through an anion-selective polymer.
- a spacer 11 is arranged between the anion-selective membrane 2 and the cation-selective membrane.
- the membranes touch 90% over the contact surfaces.
- the electrolytic cell 1 is supplied with voltage, so that electrolysis can take place.
- carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide. This typically happens at a silver cathode ⁇ .
- the anion-selective membrane 2 and in the cation-selective membrane 3 water is present.
- positive charge in particular a proton, can move. This is due to the concentration profile of the hydrogen ion 7 in the anode compartment 13 shown.
- Quaternary amines NR 4 + are typically immobilized on the anion-selective membrane 2 on the other hand, resulting in egg ⁇ ner surface charge with a positive charge.
- negatively charged hydroxide ions in particular can move through this membrane. This is illustrated by the concentration profile of the hydroxide 6.
- Negative charges may be present within the Anio ⁇ NEN-selective membrane 2 in the form of bicarbonate or carbonate and transported (in concentration profile not shown).
- the carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide at the cathode 5, which comprises silver.
- water is decomposed into protons and oxygen in the anode compartment 13.
- the oxygen can leave the anode compartment.
- the protons can migrate via the cation-selective membrane 3 into the gap between bars 8 of the grid of the spacer 11. Unreacted carbon dioxide can with
- Hydroxide ions react to carbonate or bicarbonate and migrate through the anion-selective membrane.
- the bicarbonate or carbonate and the hydrogen ions may then react in the space within the lattice structure 8 to carbon dioxide and water.
- the carbon dioxide can thus be released from the electrolytic cell again, currency ⁇ rend the water can diffuse back into the two membranes.
- the formation of hydrogen at the cathode is advantageously avoided, since the proton can not cross the anion-selective membrane due to its positive charge.
- anion-selective membranes that are commercially available are used.
- the anion-selec tive membrane ⁇ 2 fixedly connected to the cathode 5 the anion-selective membrane 2 and the cathode 5 are fixedly connected to each other through an anion-selective polymer 12th This anion-selective polymer 12 not completely wetted the cathode 5, so that the gas space through openings or pores remain through which the carbon dioxide can dif ⁇ substantiate. From the cathode 5 are using the inner surface of the cathode 5 through the macropores
- the cathode 5 is typically designed as a gas diffusion electrode.
- the spacer device 10 is shown in sections as a lattice structure 8.
- the hatched spots on describe the contact surfaces of the anion-selective membrane 2 and the cation selective membrane 3.
- the white area between the contact surface and the grating structural ⁇ tur 8 denotes flow channels 10 through which the resulting in the intermediate ⁇ space carbon dioxide, the electrolytic cell ver - can let. It is advantageously possible by means of the spacer holder 11 to separate the carbon dioxide and the carbon monoxide from the anode gas oxygen. Furthermore, it is mög ⁇ Lich to use only water to operate the electrolysis cell.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL17724515T PL3414362T3 (pl) | 2016-05-31 | 2017-05-08 | Urządzenie i sposób do elektrochemicznego wykorzystania dwutlenku węgla |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102016209451.3A DE102016209451A1 (de) | 2016-05-31 | 2016-05-31 | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur elektrochemischen Nutzung von Kohlenstoffdioxid |
| PCT/EP2017/060885 WO2017207220A1 (de) | 2016-05-31 | 2017-05-08 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur elektrochemischen nutzung von kohlenstoffdioxid |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3414362A1 true EP3414362A1 (de) | 2018-12-19 |
| EP3414362B1 EP3414362B1 (de) | 2020-03-25 |
Family
ID=58739016
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP17724515.6A Active EP3414362B1 (de) | 2016-05-31 | 2017-05-08 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur elektrochemischen nutzung von kohlenstoffdioxid |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US11193213B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP3414362B1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN109219674B (de) |
| AU (1) | AU2017273604B2 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102016209451A1 (de) |
| DK (1) | DK3414362T3 (de) |
| ES (1) | ES2795037T3 (de) |
| PL (1) | PL3414362T3 (de) |
| SA (1) | SA518400459B1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2017207220A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US12359325B2 (en) | 2016-05-03 | 2025-07-15 | Twelve Benefit Corporation | Membrane electrode assembly for COx reduction |
| JP6784776B2 (ja) | 2016-05-03 | 2020-11-11 | オーパス 12 インコーポレイテッドOpus 12 Incorporated | Co2、coおよび他の化学化合物の電気化学反応のための先進的構造を有するリアクタ |
| DE102016209451A1 (de) | 2016-05-31 | 2017-11-30 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur elektrochemischen Nutzung von Kohlenstoffdioxid |
| EP3966364A4 (de) * | 2019-05-05 | 2024-10-16 | The Governing Council of the University of Toronto | Umwandlung von carbonat in syngas oder -produkte in einer elektrolysezelle |
| EP4065753A1 (de) | 2019-11-25 | 2022-10-05 | Twelve Benefit Corporation | <sup2/>? <sub2/>?x?membranelektrodenanordnung für co-reduktion |
| US12305304B2 (en) | 2022-10-13 | 2025-05-20 | Twelve Benefit Corporation | Interface for carbon oxide electrolyzer bipolar membrane |
| US12378685B2 (en) | 2022-12-22 | 2025-08-05 | Twelve Benefit Corporation | Surface modification of metal catalysts with hydrophobic ligands or ionomers |
Family Cites Families (18)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE69418239T2 (de) | 1993-02-26 | 1999-11-04 | De Nora S.P.A., Mailand/Milano | Elektrolysezelle und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Alkalimetall-Hydroxid und Wasserstoff-Peroxyd |
| JP2006219746A (ja) * | 2005-02-14 | 2006-08-24 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 水素製造方法及び装置 |
| EP2245214B1 (de) * | 2008-07-16 | 2014-10-15 | Calera Corporation | Elektrochemisches system und methode zur co2-verwendung |
| CN101649464A (zh) * | 2008-08-11 | 2010-02-17 | 浙江工业大学 | 二氧化碳分解制氧器 |
| DE102009013207A1 (de) * | 2009-03-17 | 2010-09-23 | Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen | Bipolare Membran |
| US9370773B2 (en) | 2010-07-04 | 2016-06-21 | Dioxide Materials, Inc. | Ion-conducting membranes |
| US10047446B2 (en) * | 2010-07-04 | 2018-08-14 | Dioxide Materials, Inc. | Method and system for electrochemical production of formic acid from carbon dioxide |
| US8529758B2 (en) * | 2011-03-22 | 2013-09-10 | Dionex Corporation | CO2-removal device and method |
| ITMI20110500A1 (it) * | 2011-03-29 | 2012-09-30 | Industrie De Nora Spa | Cella per l elettrodialisi depolarizzata di soluzioni saline |
| CN103160851B (zh) | 2011-12-12 | 2015-11-25 | 清华大学 | 膜反应器 |
| US8821709B2 (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2014-09-02 | Liquid Light, Inc. | System and method for oxidizing organic compounds while reducing carbon dioxide |
| CN102912374B (zh) * | 2012-10-24 | 2015-04-22 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种以双极膜为隔膜的电化学还原co2电解池及其应用 |
| CN103191633B (zh) * | 2013-04-09 | 2014-08-13 | 浙江大学 | 一种电动采集提纯二氧化碳的装置与方法 |
| WO2016039999A1 (en) * | 2014-09-08 | 2016-03-17 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Ionic polymer membrane for a carbon dioxide electrolyzer |
| US20160253461A1 (en) * | 2014-10-01 | 2016-09-01 | Xsolis, Llc | System for management and documentation of health care decisions |
| CN105297067B (zh) * | 2015-11-16 | 2018-02-09 | 昆明理工大学 | 一种将二氧化碳电还原为一氧化碳的多室隔膜电解方法和装置 |
| DE102016209447A1 (de) * | 2016-05-31 | 2017-11-30 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur elektrochemischen Nutzung von Kohlenstoffdioxid |
| DE102016209451A1 (de) | 2016-05-31 | 2017-11-30 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur elektrochemischen Nutzung von Kohlenstoffdioxid |
-
2016
- 2016-05-31 DE DE102016209451.3A patent/DE102016209451A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2017
- 2017-05-08 US US16/305,496 patent/US11193213B2/en active Active
- 2017-05-08 CN CN201780034534.8A patent/CN109219674B/zh active Active
- 2017-05-08 WO PCT/EP2017/060885 patent/WO2017207220A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2017-05-08 PL PL17724515T patent/PL3414362T3/pl unknown
- 2017-05-08 EP EP17724515.6A patent/EP3414362B1/de active Active
- 2017-05-08 DK DK17724515.6T patent/DK3414362T3/da active
- 2017-05-08 AU AU2017273604A patent/AU2017273604B2/en active Active
- 2017-05-08 ES ES17724515T patent/ES2795037T3/es active Active
-
2018
- 2018-11-19 SA SA518400459A patent/SA518400459B1/ar unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20200325587A1 (en) | 2020-10-15 |
| US11193213B2 (en) | 2021-12-07 |
| WO2017207220A1 (de) | 2017-12-07 |
| CN109219674A (zh) | 2019-01-15 |
| PL3414362T3 (pl) | 2020-08-24 |
| AU2017273604B2 (en) | 2020-01-02 |
| SA518400459B1 (ar) | 2022-05-08 |
| DE102016209451A1 (de) | 2017-11-30 |
| DK3414362T3 (da) | 2020-06-15 |
| CN109219674B (zh) | 2021-04-23 |
| AU2017273604A1 (en) | 2018-10-25 |
| ES2795037T3 (es) | 2020-11-20 |
| EP3414362B1 (de) | 2020-03-25 |
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