EP2851646B1 - Échangeur thermique pour un moteur à combustion - Google Patents

Échangeur thermique pour un moteur à combustion Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2851646B1
EP2851646B1 EP14193543.7A EP14193543A EP2851646B1 EP 2851646 B1 EP2851646 B1 EP 2851646B1 EP 14193543 A EP14193543 A EP 14193543A EP 2851646 B1 EP2851646 B1 EP 2851646B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
steel
ferritic
exhaust gas
ferritic steel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP14193543.7A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2851646A2 (fr
EP2851646A3 (fr
Inventor
Grünenwald Bernd
Wolfgang KNÖDLER
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Mahle Behr GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Mahle Behr GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Application filed by Mahle Behr GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Mahle Behr GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP2851646A2 publication Critical patent/EP2851646A2/fr
Publication of EP2851646A3 publication Critical patent/EP2851646A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2851646B1 publication Critical patent/EP2851646B1/fr
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/08—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of metal
    • F28F21/081—Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys
    • F28F21/082—Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys from steel or ferrous alloys
    • F28F21/083—Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys from steel or ferrous alloys from stainless steel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
    • F02M26/23—Layout, e.g. schematics
    • F02M26/25—Layout, e.g. schematics with coolers having bypasses
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
    • F02M26/29—Constructional details of the coolers, e.g. pipes, plates, ribs, insulation or materials
    • F02M26/32—Liquid-cooled heat exchangers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D9/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D9/0031—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one heat-exchange medium being formed by paired plates touching each other
    • F28D9/0043—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one heat-exchange medium being formed by paired plates touching each other the plates having openings therein for circulation of at least one heat-exchange medium from one conduit to another
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/02—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
    • F02M26/04—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines with a single turbocharger
    • F02M26/05—High pressure loops, i.e. wherein recirculated exhaust gas is taken out from the exhaust system upstream of the turbine and reintroduced into the intake system downstream of the compressor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/02—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
    • F02M26/04—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines with a single turbocharger
    • F02M26/06—Low pressure loops, i.e. wherein recirculated exhaust gas is taken out from the exhaust downstream of the turbocharger turbine and reintroduced into the intake system upstream of the compressor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/11—Manufacture or assembly of EGR systems; Materials or coatings specially adapted for EGR systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2250/00—Arrangements for modifying the flow of the heat exchange media, e.g. flow guiding means; Particular flow patterns
    • F28F2250/10—Particular pattern of flow of the heat exchange media
    • F28F2250/104—Particular pattern of flow of the heat exchange media with parallel flow
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/001—Casings in the form of plate-like arrangements; Frames enclosing a heat exchange core

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a heat exchanger for an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Heat exchangers for cooling recirculated exhaust gas are known from the prior art.
  • the problem of exhaust gas cooling is the high chemical aggressiveness of the exhaust gas and the low pH value of its condensates.
  • exhaust gas heat exchangers made of austenitic steels with high corrosion resistance have existed.
  • Such steels generate high material costs and often additional follow-up costs due to the more complex processing steps.
  • austenitic steels are usually poor heat conductors, so that heat exchangers with a given cooling capacity are relatively large and heavy.
  • a heat exchanger according to the preamble of claim 1 is from the laid-open specification DE 103 03 680 A1 famous.
  • the regularly better thermal output of ferritic steels compared to austenitic steels is used to a particular extent in that the ferritic part of the heat exchanger is in contact with the fluid. Due to the higher thermal conductivity of the ferritic steel, a compact, material, weight and cost saving design of a heat exchanger for exhaust gas cooling is made possible overall.
  • the fluid is particularly preferably a recirculated exhaust gas or exhaust gas-air mixture from the internal combustion engine, the fluid temperature in the first connection area being more than 300 ° C., in particular more than 500 ° C., in the usual operating mode. This reduces the risk of acid condensate condensation from the exhaust gas in the area of the entire heat exchanger.
  • the ferritic part of the heat exchanger essentially corresponds to the first connection area and is welded to the exchanger area.
  • the temperatures are particularly high in the first connection area, which is why ferritic steels can be used relatively easily.
  • ferritic steels usually have a lower coefficient of thermal expansion than austenitic steels, which is why the combination of a ferritic connection area with a subsequent austenitic exchanger area is particularly favorable with regard to material stresses caused by expansion.
  • the first connection area preferably has a widening of a passage cross section in the direction of the exchanger area.
  • an adjustable flap can preferably be arranged in the connection area. The flap can distribute the exhaust gas to a cooled area or a bypass duct, for example.
  • a further part of the heat exchanger consists of a further ferritic steel.
  • ferritic steels with different corrosion resistance and mechanical properties, which is regularly reflected in the material price.
  • the various parts of a heat exchanger can consist of different ferritic steels in order to optimize costs.
  • the heat exchanger comprises a plurality of disk elements connected to one another in a stack-like manner.
  • a heat exchanger is particularly suitable as an exhaust gas heat exchanger.
  • a rib element made of ferritic steel is advantageously arranged between the disk elements. Corrosion of the finned elements, due to their design, does not usually entail the risk of coolant breakthrough into the fluid area, which would otherwise lead to engine damage due to water hammer. For this reason, rib elements that can be used separately are particularly predestined to be made from ferritic steel.
  • Such a rib element can be arranged in the fluid to be cooled and / or in the coolant. If a rib element is arranged both in the fluid and in the coolant, these rib elements regularly differ in their design.
  • a housing which surrounds the disk elements and consists of ferritic steel. Corrosion of the housing caused by a long service life would not lead to a connection between the coolant and the exhaust gas, which would reduce the risk of engine damage.
  • Such a housing represents a component of considerable size, in which considerable cost can be saved by using ferritic steel. If a sufficiently corrosion-resistant ferritic steel is used, however, the disk elements can also preferably consist of ferritic steel, which serves for heat conduction and thus the overall exchanger performance for a given size.
  • a further part of the heat exchanger is generally preferably made of an austenitic steel, as a result of which a material with a high corrosion resistance is used at least at critical points.
  • the austenitic steel is preferably a steel from the group 1.4301 and 1.4404. These material designations correspond to the standard DIN EN 100 88-2, to which reference is made for all numbered material designations mentioned in the context of the present invention.
  • the part made of ferritic steel with the part made of austenitic steel is particularly preferably connected directly to one another in a materially bonded manner by welding or soldering.
  • a particularly secure connection is ensured by such a material connection, in particular by direct or autogenous welding or by soldering.
  • Tests have shown that at least the ferritic and austenitic steels preferred for heat exchanger construction can generally be connected to one another in a materially bonded manner without any problems, in particular can be welded, soldered or glued.
  • the ferritic steel is preferably a steel from group 1.4016.
  • Suitable higher alloyed ferritic steels with at least 12% Cr content are preferred from the group 1.4000, 1.4002 and 1.4113.
  • Higher alloy and stabilized steels are preferred from the group 1.4509, 1.4513, 1.4512 and 1.4520.
  • the coolant is gaseous, in particular air.
  • Such exchangers do not harbor the risk of water hammer in the event of corrosion and have particularly high requirements with regard to the heat conduction of the materials in order to achieve a suitable cooling capacity.
  • the use of ferritic steels is therefore suitable.
  • a heat exchanger according to the invention can be arranged in a low-pressure branch after an exhaust gas turbine (low-pressure EGR). In this arrangement, lower mechanical loads and temperature differences occur. Alternatively, however, a heat exchanger can also be arranged in a high-pressure branch upstream of an exhaust gas turbine.
  • the fluid is, in particular, a recirculated exhaust gas or exhaust gas-air mixture of the internal combustion engine, the fluid temperature in the section being more than 300 ° C., in particular more than 500 ° C., in the usual operating mode.
  • the first connection area has a widening of a passage cross section in the direction of the exchanger area.
  • an adjustable flap is arranged in the connection area.
  • the exchanger area has an exchanger housing through which the coolant can flow.
  • the rib element is arranged in the fluid to be cooled.
  • the rib element is arranged in the coolant.
  • the austenitic steel is a steel from the group 1.4301 and 1.4404, designations according to DIN EN 100 88-2.
  • the coolant is gaseous, in particular air.
  • the heat exchanger is arranged in a low-pressure branch after an exhaust gas turbine.
  • the heat exchanger is arranged in a high-pressure branch in front of an exhaust gas turbine.
  • the exhaust gas heat exchanger after Fig. 1 is constructed according to the principle of a tube bundle exchanger. It has a first connection area 1 for supply of the exhaust gas (or exhaust gas-air mixture), an exchanger area 2 in which the main part of the heat exchange takes place and a second connection area 3 for discharging the exhaust gas.
  • a control flap 6, which can be driven by means of an actuator 4 via a mechanism 5, is rotatably mounted, by means of which the exhaust gas flow can be adjustably deflected between a bypass duct 7 and a bundle of heat exchanger tubes 8.
  • the bypass channel 7 and the exchanger tubes 8 are welded to one another by means of head elements 9, an exchanger housing through which liquid coolant can flow through a housing jacket 10 by welding to the head elements 9.
  • an exchanger housing through which liquid coolant can flow through a housing jacket 10 by welding to the head elements 9.
  • two connecting pieces 11 are provided for the passage of the liquid coolant through the exchanger housing.
  • the housing jacket 10 also expediently consists of this steel.
  • the exchanger tubes 8, the head elements 9 and the second connection area 3 can also consist of a ferritic steel. Due to the higher risk of condensation in the relatively cool area of the gas outlet, the second connection area 3 is preferably made of a ferritic steel of a stainless and stabilized quality, in particular 1.4512 or 1.4509.
  • the exchanger tubes 8 and / or the bypass channel 7 and / or the head elements 9 are, in the case in which they are made of ferritic steel, preferably made of stainless and stabilized quality (in particular 1.4512 and / or 1.4509).
  • external add-on parts such as retaining plates etc. can be made of ferritic steel.
  • the heat exchanger of the exemplary embodiment according to the invention ( Fig. 2 ) is designed as a disc heat exchanger.
  • a number of disk elements 104 are arranged in an outer housing 101, which has a first connection area 102 for connecting a feed for the exhaust gas and a second connection area 103 for connecting a discharge for the exhaust gas.
  • the housing 101 also includes an end cover 105, on which there are connections 106, 107 for connecting supply lines and discharge lines of a coolant.
  • the disk elements 104 and areas of the housing 101 and cover 105 together form the exchanger area of the heat exchanger.
  • Each of the disk elements 104 is made up of two disks 104a, 104b, a ribbed element 108 being provided between the disks 104a, 104b.
  • the respective upper disk 104a has a socket-like bulge 104c which adjoins the edge of an opening in the lower disk of the subsequent disk element.
  • the individual stubs 104c of the disk elements are aligned with one another and with the connections 106, 107 of the cover 105.
  • the disk element 104 furthest away from the cover has a lower disk 104b which has no openings.
  • a cavity through which the liquid coolant can flow is formed by the number of gaps between each upper disk 104a and lower disk 104b, the edge-side boundaries of the cavities being formed by welding the bent edges 104d of the disks 104a, 104b together.
  • the coolant flows in each of the disk elements between the one connection piece assigned to the connection 106 and the other connection piece assigned to the connection 107.
  • the ribbing 108 around which the coolant flows ensures an additionally improved heat exchange between the coolant and the disks, with turbulence in the coolant being generated in particular.
  • the intermediate space between two adjacent disk elements 104 which is defined primarily by the height of the connecting pieces 104c, is open on the end face of the disk elements to the connection areas 102, 103 of the housing 101 of the heat exchanger.
  • the exhaust gas flows through these intermediate spaces, being cooled on the large-area disk elements 104 which are cooled by the coolant.
  • the longitudinal edge regions 104d of the disk elements 104 are bent over and in some areas lie flat against the inner wall of the housing 101 (see in particular Fig. 3 ).
  • the plate elements 104 are welded or soldered as flat as possible to the inner wall of the housing 101, so that the housing 101 experiences a sufficient cooling capacity.
  • the housing 101 is made of a ferritic steel. In the event of corrosion of the housing part 101, there would be no leakage of liquid coolant into the exhaust gas, which is why the use of the cheaper material is possible here in the interests of a cost-risk assessment.
  • the disk stack 104 and also the cover 105 can consist of a ferritic steel. Since these elements separate the exhaust gas and the liquid coolant, the ferritic steel is preferably a particularly corrosion-resistant type, such as 1.4000, 1.4002 or 1.4113 or a high-quality ferritic steel such as 1.4513 or 1.4520.
  • rib elements 109 can also be arranged between the disk elements 104 around which the exhaust gas flows and thus provide an enlarged exchange surface.
  • These rib elements 109 can also consist of ferritic steel.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Exhaust-Gas Circulating Devices (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Echangeur de chaleur pour un moteur à combustion interne, ledit échangeur de chaleur comprenant une première zone de raccordement (1, 102) servant à l'arrivée d'un fluide à refroidir, où le fluide se compose au moins en partie de gaz d'échappement du moteur à combustion interne,
    une seconde zone de raccordement (3, 103) servant à l'évacuation du fluide, et
    une zone d'échangeur (2, 101, 104, 105) disposée entre la première et la seconde zone de raccordement par rapport à un trajet d'écoulement du fluide,
    où la zone (2, 101, 104, 105) de l'échangeur peut être baignée par un liquide de refroidissement,
    où l'échangeur de chaleur comprend une pluralité d'éléments (104) formant des plaques, lesdits éléments étant assemblés les uns avec les autres en formant une pile, et où il est prévu un carter (101) contenant les éléments (104) formant des plaques, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins une partie de l'échangeur de chaleur se compose d'un acier ferritique,
    où le carter (101) se compose de l'acier ferritique, où une autre partie de l'échangeur de chaleur se compose d'un autre acier ferritique.
  2. Echangeur de chaleur selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la partie ferritique est en contact avec le fluide.
  3. Echangeur de chaleur selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'une partie ferritique de l'échangeur de chaleur correspond pratiquement à la première zone de raccordement (1, 102) et peut être assemblée par continuité de matière, en particulier soudée, brasée, collée, etc., avec la zone (2, 101, 104, 105) de l'échangeur.
  4. Echangeur de chaleur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'un élément à ailette (108, 109) servant à l'augmentation d'un contact thermique est disposé entre les éléments (104) formant des plaques, où l'élément à ailette (108, 109) se compose de l'acier ferritique.
  5. Echangeur de chaleur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'une autre partie de l'échangeur de chaleur se compose d'un acier austénitique.
  6. Echangeur de chaleur selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que la partie en acier ferritique et la partie en acier austénitique sont directement assemblées l'une à l'autre, par continuité de matière, en particulier soudées, brasées, collées, etc.
  7. Echangeur de chaleur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'acier ferritique est un acier du groupe 1.4016.
  8. Echangeur de chaleur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'acier ferritique est un acier du groupe 1.4000, 1.4002 et 1.4113.
  9. Echangeur de chaleur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'acier ferritique est un acier du groupe 1.4513 et 1.4520.
EP14193543.7A 2005-11-18 2006-10-26 Échangeur thermique pour un moteur à combustion Active EP2851646B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102005055481A DE102005055481A1 (de) 2005-11-18 2005-11-18 Wärmetauscher für einen Verbrennungsmotor
EP06828871.1A EP1977185B1 (fr) 2005-11-18 2006-10-26 Échangeur de chaleur pour moteur à combustion interne
PCT/EP2006/010343 WO2007057099A1 (fr) 2005-11-18 2006-10-26 Échangeur de chaleur pour moteur à combustion interne

Related Parent Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP06828871.1A Division EP1977185B1 (fr) 2005-11-18 2006-10-26 Échangeur de chaleur pour moteur à combustion interne
EP06828871.1A Division-Into EP1977185B1 (fr) 2005-11-18 2006-10-26 Échangeur de chaleur pour moteur à combustion interne

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2851646A2 EP2851646A2 (fr) 2015-03-25
EP2851646A3 EP2851646A3 (fr) 2015-04-08
EP2851646B1 true EP2851646B1 (fr) 2021-07-28

Family

ID=37872389

Family Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP06828871.1A Not-in-force EP1977185B1 (fr) 2005-11-18 2006-10-26 Échangeur de chaleur pour moteur à combustion interne
EP14193540.3A Withdrawn EP2851645A3 (fr) 2005-11-18 2006-10-26 Échangeur thermique pour un moteur à combustion
EP14193543.7A Active EP2851646B1 (fr) 2005-11-18 2006-10-26 Échangeur thermique pour un moteur à combustion

Family Applications Before (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP06828871.1A Not-in-force EP1977185B1 (fr) 2005-11-18 2006-10-26 Échangeur de chaleur pour moteur à combustion interne
EP14193540.3A Withdrawn EP2851645A3 (fr) 2005-11-18 2006-10-26 Échangeur thermique pour un moteur à combustion

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US7882827B2 (fr)
EP (3) EP1977185B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2009516122A (fr)
CN (1) CN101313192B (fr)
DE (1) DE102005055481A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2007057099A1 (fr)

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EP2851646A2 (fr) 2015-03-25
WO2007057099A1 (fr) 2007-05-24
CN101313192A (zh) 2008-11-26
CN101313192B (zh) 2010-09-01
JP2009516122A (ja) 2009-04-16
EP1977185B1 (fr) 2017-12-13
US7882827B2 (en) 2011-02-08
EP2851645A3 (fr) 2015-04-08
EP2851646A3 (fr) 2015-04-08
EP1977185A1 (fr) 2008-10-08
DE102005055481A1 (de) 2007-05-24
EP2851645A2 (fr) 2015-03-25
US20080271722A1 (en) 2008-11-06

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