US4461811A - Stabilized ferritic stainless steel with improved brazeability - Google Patents
Stabilized ferritic stainless steel with improved brazeability Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4461811A US4461811A US06/402,386 US40238682A US4461811A US 4461811 A US4461811 A US 4461811A US 40238682 A US40238682 A US 40238682A US 4461811 A US4461811 A US 4461811A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- titanium
- steel
- ferritic stainless
- stainless steel
- brazing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/26—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with niobium or tantalum
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/28—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with titanium or zirconium
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12903—Cu-base component
- Y10T428/12917—Next to Fe-base component
- Y10T428/12924—Fe-base has 0.01-1.7% carbon [i.e., steel]
Definitions
- the invention relates to stabilized ferritic stainless steels and is particularly useful for ferritic stainless steel articles which are joined by brazing.
- Ferritic stainless steels possess excellent mechanical properties and oxidation and general corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures. These steels are ideal for use as the structural members of heat exchangers, exhaust systems, chemical process vessels and the like which are exposed to high temperatures and stresses and corrosive environments. Fabrication of these articles frequently requires the joining of the ferritic stainless steel with either itself or with another dissimilar metal at sufficiently high temperatures for the joining method to be effective. Also, generally speaking, the steel must be joined in a temperature range exceeding the anticipated service temperature. Brazing is a widely practiced method of joining metals involving the temperatures of from 800° F. to the 2000° F.-2100° F. range which are above the melting point of the brazing filler material but below the melting point of the base metal being joined.
- the temperature of the brazing filler material When the temperature of the brazing filler material is about the melting point, it becomes molten and wets the surface of the steel, and then flows by capillary action to fll a joint. Bonding results from the intimate contact produced by the dissolution of a small amount of the base metal in the molten filler metal.
- Ferritic stainless steels to be joined at high temperatures contain low levels of carbon and small amounts of stabilizing elements for combining with carbon and nitrogen to maintain the ferritic phase and to maintain the oxidation and corrosion resistance of the steel.
- Stabilizing elements such as titanium, niobium or tantalum react with the carbon and nitrogen to prevent the formation and precipitation of chromium carbides and nitrides at grain boundaries and the simultaneous depletion of chromium in the surrounding areas. Stabilizing elements must be added in amounts exceeding the theoretical requirement to assure complete stabilization of carbon and nitrogen.
- Titanium is the preferred stabilizing element because of its very strong affinity for carbon and nitrogen, its low atomic weight and its availability.
- Other stabilizing agents including niobium and tantalum are not favored because they are more expensive and less effective on a weight basis than titanium and also because they are accompanied by a tendency toward weld cracking problems.
- brazing operations are not aided by increased temperatures or by increased brazing times because the high temperature range is beginning to affect the grain size of the steel and prolonged time tends to increase film resistance. For these reasons, brazing with copper is impossible and brazing with nickel base metals is not consistent enough to be of practical value from a quality assurance viewpoint.
- copper clad ferritic stainless steels are used in brazing applications when the brazing temperature is to reach 2000° F.-2100° F. In this process, the copper cladding is brazed rather than the steel.
- the present invention relates to a stabilized ferritic stainless steel composition which is wettable by conventional brazing materials used at temperatures of from 2000° F.-2100° F. in furnace brazing practices.
- a ferritic stainless steel consists essentially of, by weight, 10.5% to 13.5% chromium, up to 0.1% carbon, up to 0.5% nitrogen, up to about 0.12% titanium and at least one other stabilizing element from the group consisting of niobium and tantalum in accordance with the relationship: ##EQU2##
- niobium, tantalum and titanium in accordance with this stabilization relationship are sufficient to effectively stabilize the interstitial elements in the steel without forming a non-wettable surface film.
- the niobium and tantalum are present as additions to the melt. Titanium may be present in the scrap feed or added to the melt. The titanium is responsible for the nature of the film which becomes non-wettable when titanium is present in amounts greater than about 0.12%. Greater amounts of titanium could be tolerated and the effect of titanium on wettability could be neutralized if titanium compounds stable at brazing temperatures such as TiO 2 , TiS and TiN are permitted to form. However, oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen have an undesirable effect on other steel qualities and generally they will be kept as low as possible.
- the titanium is preferably present in an amount up 0.01% by weight and, most preferably, up to 0.005%.
- the steel may also contain up to 0.1% aluminum, up to 1.25% molybdenum, up to 1 % manganese and up to 1% silicon to enhance its mechanical and corrosion properties.
- Articles of this composition are wettable by fillers such as copper, nickel and their alloys and can be successfully furnace brazed according to conventional practices.
- titanium is tolerated in controlled amounts up to 0.12% to prevent weld cracking while maintaining reasonable wettability during brazing operations. Larger amounts of titanium render the steel unbrazeable for practical purposes.
- the test generally consisted of placing a brazing filler material on each specimen and heating the specimens and filler materials to the melting point of the filler material.
- the wettability of the specimens were evaluated according to the parameter "d 2 /h", where "d” is the average diameter of the drop in inches which formed on the surface of the specimen and "h” is the height of the drop in inches, wettability being proportional to the area covered by the drop and inversely proportional to the height of the drop.
- the furnace was evacuated cold, heated to 1050° F., held at a vacuum of one micron or less while heating to 1200° F., pressurized with dry hydrogen (having a dew point of less than -80° F.) to a pressure of 300,000 microns and heated to the brazing temperature.
- dry hydrogen having a dew point of less than -80° F.
- the wettability ratings (d 2 /h) of the specimens are shown in Table II.
- the letter "C" indicates that the specimen was completely wetted.
- the wettability of the laboratory melted compositions can be compared with each other and with the prior art compositions of Heats A and B to determine the adverse effects of titanium.
- the prior art compositions are clearly non-wettable.
- the stabilized compositions of Heats 1-4 and 14-16 contain up to 0.005 of titanium and exhibit superior wettability under all atmospheres.
- the effect of increasing amounts of titanium is most clearly shown by the compositions of Heats 5-7.
- the composition of Heat 5 contains 0.008 wt % titanium and has superior wettability characteristics under all atmospheres.
- the composition of Heat 6 contains 0.11 wt % titanium and has improved wettability characteristics under inert gas and vacuum atmospheres, however the adverse effect of titanium is evident in a reducing atmosphere.
- Heats 7-13 contain large amounts of titanium and have no better wettability characteristics than do the prior art compositions.
- Specimens A and B are the commercial steels and illustrate the problem where the filler material does not wet the surface beyond the periphery of the molten drop.
- specimens 7, 8, 9 and 10 are also not wetted by the filler material.
- Specimens 1, 2, 3 and 4 are completely wetted by the oxygen-free copper.
- Specimens 5 and 6, although containing increasing titanium concentrations of 0.008% and 0.11% respectively, are clearly wetted by the copper beyond the periphery of the molten drop.
- the prior art compositions were not tested but they would have a rating approximating those of Heats 7 and 9 respectively in view of their titanium contents.
- the compositions of Heats 3, 5 and 14-16 all contain less than 0.01 wt % titanium and have superior wettability characteristics.
- the composition of Heat 6 contains 0.11 wt % titanium and has superior wettability characteristics in comparison to the other compositions containing 0.18 wt % (Heat 12) or more titanium (Heat 7 and 9).
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
Description
__________________________________________________________________________ Stabil- ization No. C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Al Mo Cu N.sub.2 Ti Nb Ta Ratio __________________________________________________________________________ 1 0.020 0.49 0.006 0.006 0.42 11.20 0.052 0.009 0.010 0.029 0.020 0.005 0.46 NA 1.63 2 0.019 0.51 0.005 0.006 0.40 10.81 0.036 0.006 0.010 0.023 0.022 0.002 0.47 NA 1.69 3 0.019 0.50 0.006 0.006 0.38 10.74 0.038 0.011 0.010 0.023 0.022 0.002 0.47 NA 1.62 4 0.022 0.51 0.006 0.006 0.38 10.78 0.036 0.006 0.010 0.023 0.022 0.002 0.50 NA 1.70 5 0.024 0.46 0.029 0.008 0.48 10.84 0.031 0.005 0.047 0.037 0.020 0.008 1.00 NA 3.18 6 0.023 0.46 0.029 0.007 0.49 10.82 0.031 0.003 0.047 0.037 0.019 0.11 1.00 NA 3.98 7 0.022 0.46 0.029 0.006 0.50 10.84 0.031 0.007 0.047 0.037 0.020 0.32 1.00 NA 5.34 8 0.025 0.44 0.029 0.006 0.49 11.17 0.013 0.009 0.051 0.031 0.019 0.28 0.72 NA 3.95 9 0.025 0.44 0.029 0.006 0.48 11.19 0.013 0.009 0.051 0.031 0.018 0.48 0.73 NA 5.30 10 0.024 0.44 0.029 0.006 0.48 11.19 0.012 0.012 0.051 0.031 0.018 0.68 0.72 NA 6.66 11 0.023 0.47 0.034 0.004 0.42 15.64 0.29 0.020 0.043 0.015 0.014 0.25 0.010 0.90 3.53 12 0.024 0.47 0.034 0.004 0.44 15.09 0.29 0.018 0.043 0.029 0.017 0.18 0.010 1.68 4.09 13 0.024 0.47 0.034 0.004 0.46 15.10 0.23 0.010 0.037 0.072 0.018 0.16 0.010 2.56 5.35 14 0.015 0.37 0.042 0.003 0.38 10.98 0.050 0.017 0.047 0.066 0.017 0.004 <0.010 0.46 1.07 15 0.016 0.37 0.040 0.003 0.39 10.98 0.049 0.011 0.045 0.067 0.016 0.004 <0.010 0.70 1.60 16 0.017 0.34 0.037 0.002 0.40 10.98 0.052 0.008 0.045 0.067 0.016 0.004 <0.010 1.80 3.92 A 0.015 0.28 0.019 0.001 0.40 11.07 0.12 0.020 0.024 0.074 0.016 0.29 0.0016 NA 2.53 B 0.014 0.35 0.017 0.002 0.56 11.28 0.20 0.022 0.030 0.080 0.013 0.40 0.0015 NA 3.97 __________________________________________________________________________ NA = Residual Only
TABLE II ______________________________________ DRY N.sub.2 DRY H.sub.2 No. ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE Vacuum ______________________________________ 1 C 4.292 C 2 C 4.836 C 3 C 5.559 C 4 C 4.930 C 5 2.040 0.721 22.003 6 1.836 0.182 9.840 7 0.286 0.174 0.296 8 0.304 0.199 0.325 9 0.253 0.187 0.256 10 0.228 0.171 0.178 11 -- -- 0.573 12 -- -- 0.579 13 -- -- 0.568 14 -- -- 30.502 15 -- -- 24.807 16 -- -- C A 0.896 0.207 0.586 B 0.361 0.219 0.254 ______________________________________
TABLE III ______________________________________ Heat d.sup.2 /h ______________________________________ 1 -- 2 -- 3 C 4 -- 5 C 6 35.917 7 5.329 8 -- 9 2.888 10 2.188 11 -- 12 4.929 13 -- 14 C 15 C 16 C A -- B -- ______________________________________
Claims (17)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/402,386 US4461811A (en) | 1980-08-08 | 1982-07-27 | Stabilized ferritic stainless steel with improved brazeability |
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US17632480A | 1980-08-08 | 1980-08-08 | |
US06/402,386 US4461811A (en) | 1980-08-08 | 1982-07-27 | Stabilized ferritic stainless steel with improved brazeability |
Related Parent Applications (1)
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US17632480A Continuation | 1980-08-08 | 1980-08-08 |
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Cited By (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4561888A (en) * | 1982-11-02 | 1985-12-31 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho | Welding wire for use in submerged arc welding of Cr-Mo steels |
DE3726072A1 (en) * | 1987-08-06 | 1989-02-16 | Thyssen Edelstahlwerke Ag | Soldering method |
US4834808A (en) * | 1987-09-08 | 1989-05-30 | Allegheny Ludlum Corporation | Producing a weldable, ferritic stainless steel strip |
US5051234A (en) * | 1989-05-20 | 1991-09-24 | Tohoku Special Steel Works Limited | High corrosion-resistant electromagnetic stainless steels |
US5405573A (en) * | 1991-09-20 | 1995-04-11 | General Electric Company | Diamond pellets and saw blade segments made therewith |
US5462611A (en) * | 1993-04-27 | 1995-10-31 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Ferritic stainless steel excellent in high temperature oxidation resistance and scale adhesion |
US5685923A (en) * | 1994-12-28 | 1997-11-11 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Ferritic stainless steel bellows |
US20100150770A1 (en) * | 2006-05-09 | 2010-06-17 | Nobuhiko Hiraide | Stainless Steel Excellent in Corrosion Resistance, Ferritic Stainless Steel Excellent in Resistance to Crevice Corrosion and Formability, and Ferritic Stainless Stee Excellent in Resistance to Crevice Corrosion |
WO2010089185A1 (en) | 2009-02-03 | 2010-08-12 | Valeo Termico S.A. | Gas heat exchanger, in particular for engine exhaust gases |
EP2224030A1 (en) * | 2007-12-28 | 2010-09-01 | Nippon Steel & Sumikin Stainless Steel Corporation | Ferric stainless steel having excellent brazeability |
US20110033731A1 (en) * | 2008-05-12 | 2011-02-10 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Ferritic stainless steel |
US20110176953A1 (en) * | 2008-10-24 | 2011-07-21 | Nobuhiko Hiraide | Ferritic stainless steel sheet for egr coolers |
US8246767B1 (en) | 2005-09-15 | 2012-08-21 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Heat treated 9 Cr-1 Mo steel material for high temperature application |
WO2013053654A1 (en) | 2011-10-05 | 2013-04-18 | Valeo Termico, S.A. | Solder material for stainless steel components, particularly for the furnace soldering of heat exchangers for gases |
EP2851646A3 (en) * | 2005-11-18 | 2015-04-08 | MAHLE Behr GmbH & Co. KG | Heat exchanger for a combustion engine |
Citations (7)
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GB638110A (en) * | 1947-12-13 | 1950-05-31 | Birmingham Small Arms Co Ltd | Improvements in and relating to alloy steels |
US2891859A (en) * | 1957-04-26 | 1959-06-23 | Carpenter Steel Co | Alloy steel |
US2965479A (en) * | 1959-01-26 | 1960-12-20 | Universal Cyclops Steel Corp | Non-ridging stainless steels |
US3250611A (en) * | 1963-04-10 | 1966-05-10 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Corrosion-resisting steel and method of processing |
US3373015A (en) * | 1965-03-16 | 1968-03-12 | Armco Steel Corp | Stainless steel and product |
US3997373A (en) * | 1975-01-13 | 1976-12-14 | Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Inc. | Ferritic stainless steel having high anisotropy |
US4222771A (en) * | 1973-02-28 | 1980-09-16 | Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | High chromium steel of mixed structure containing ferrite for high temperature use |
-
1982
- 1982-07-27 US US06/402,386 patent/US4461811A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB638110A (en) * | 1947-12-13 | 1950-05-31 | Birmingham Small Arms Co Ltd | Improvements in and relating to alloy steels |
US2891859A (en) * | 1957-04-26 | 1959-06-23 | Carpenter Steel Co | Alloy steel |
US2965479A (en) * | 1959-01-26 | 1960-12-20 | Universal Cyclops Steel Corp | Non-ridging stainless steels |
US3250611A (en) * | 1963-04-10 | 1966-05-10 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Corrosion-resisting steel and method of processing |
US3373015A (en) * | 1965-03-16 | 1968-03-12 | Armco Steel Corp | Stainless steel and product |
US4222771A (en) * | 1973-02-28 | 1980-09-16 | Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | High chromium steel of mixed structure containing ferrite for high temperature use |
US3997373A (en) * | 1975-01-13 | 1976-12-14 | Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Inc. | Ferritic stainless steel having high anisotropy |
Cited By (23)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4561888A (en) * | 1982-11-02 | 1985-12-31 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho | Welding wire for use in submerged arc welding of Cr-Mo steels |
DE3726072A1 (en) * | 1987-08-06 | 1989-02-16 | Thyssen Edelstahlwerke Ag | Soldering method |
US4834808A (en) * | 1987-09-08 | 1989-05-30 | Allegheny Ludlum Corporation | Producing a weldable, ferritic stainless steel strip |
US5051234A (en) * | 1989-05-20 | 1991-09-24 | Tohoku Special Steel Works Limited | High corrosion-resistant electromagnetic stainless steels |
US5405573A (en) * | 1991-09-20 | 1995-04-11 | General Electric Company | Diamond pellets and saw blade segments made therewith |
US5462611A (en) * | 1993-04-27 | 1995-10-31 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Ferritic stainless steel excellent in high temperature oxidation resistance and scale adhesion |
US5685923A (en) * | 1994-12-28 | 1997-11-11 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Ferritic stainless steel bellows |
US8317944B1 (en) | 2005-09-15 | 2012-11-27 | U.S. Department Of Energy | 9 Cr— 1 Mo steel material for high temperature application |
US8246767B1 (en) | 2005-09-15 | 2012-08-21 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Heat treated 9 Cr-1 Mo steel material for high temperature application |
EP1977185B1 (en) * | 2005-11-18 | 2017-12-13 | MAHLE Behr GmbH & Co. KG | Heat exchanger for a combustion engine |
EP2851645A3 (en) * | 2005-11-18 | 2015-04-08 | MAHLE Behr GmbH & Co. KG | Heat exchanger for a combustion engine |
EP2851646A3 (en) * | 2005-11-18 | 2015-04-08 | MAHLE Behr GmbH & Co. KG | Heat exchanger for a combustion engine |
US8470237B2 (en) | 2006-05-09 | 2013-06-25 | Nippon Steel & Sumikin Stainless Steel Corporation | Stainless steel excellent in corrosion resistance, ferritic stainless steel excellent in resistance to crevice corrosion and formability, and ferritic stainless steel excellent in resistance to crevice corrosion |
US20100150770A1 (en) * | 2006-05-09 | 2010-06-17 | Nobuhiko Hiraide | Stainless Steel Excellent in Corrosion Resistance, Ferritic Stainless Steel Excellent in Resistance to Crevice Corrosion and Formability, and Ferritic Stainless Stee Excellent in Resistance to Crevice Corrosion |
EP2224030A4 (en) * | 2007-12-28 | 2010-12-22 | Nippon Steel & Sumikin Sst | Ferric stainless steel having excellent brazeability |
US20100272594A1 (en) * | 2007-12-28 | 2010-10-28 | Nobuhiko Hiraide | Ferritic stainless steel with excellent brazeability |
EP2224030A1 (en) * | 2007-12-28 | 2010-09-01 | Nippon Steel & Sumikin Stainless Steel Corporation | Ferric stainless steel having excellent brazeability |
US20110033731A1 (en) * | 2008-05-12 | 2011-02-10 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Ferritic stainless steel |
US9249475B2 (en) | 2008-05-12 | 2016-02-02 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Ferritic stainless steel |
US20110176953A1 (en) * | 2008-10-24 | 2011-07-21 | Nobuhiko Hiraide | Ferritic stainless steel sheet for egr coolers |
WO2010089185A1 (en) | 2009-02-03 | 2010-08-12 | Valeo Termico S.A. | Gas heat exchanger, in particular for engine exhaust gases |
WO2013053654A1 (en) | 2011-10-05 | 2013-04-18 | Valeo Termico, S.A. | Solder material for stainless steel components, particularly for the furnace soldering of heat exchangers for gases |
EP2763813A1 (en) * | 2011-10-05 | 2014-08-13 | Valeo Termico S.A. | Solder material for stainless steel components, particularly for the furnace soldering of heat exchangers for gases |
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