EP2747118B1 - Kathode für einen Erzeuger elektromagnetischer Wellen mit gegenseitig verschiebbaren Teilen - Google Patents

Kathode für einen Erzeuger elektromagnetischer Wellen mit gegenseitig verschiebbaren Teilen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2747118B1
EP2747118B1 EP13195691.4A EP13195691A EP2747118B1 EP 2747118 B1 EP2747118 B1 EP 2747118B1 EP 13195691 A EP13195691 A EP 13195691A EP 2747118 B1 EP2747118 B1 EP 2747118B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
cathode
emission
regions
emission region
anode
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EP13195691.4A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2747118A1 (de
Inventor
Jean-Pierre Brasile
Dominique Fasse
Anne-Sophie Chauchat
Patrick Sirot
Dominique Jousse
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Thales SA
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Thales SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/02—Electrodes; Magnetic control means; Screens
    • H01J23/04—Cathodes
    • H01J23/05—Cathodes having a cylindrical emissive surface, e.g. cathodes for magnetrons
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/50—Magnetrons, i.e. tubes with a magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field
    • H01J25/52—Magnetrons, i.e. tubes with a magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field with an electron space having a shape that does not prevent any electron from moving completely around the cathode or guide electrode
    • H01J25/58—Magnetrons, i.e. tubes with a magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field with an electron space having a shape that does not prevent any electron from moving completely around the cathode or guide electrode having a number of resonators; having a composite resonator, e.g. a helix
    • H01J25/587—Multi-cavity magnetrons
    • H01J25/593—Rising-sun magnetrons

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a cathode for an electromagnetic wave generating device, of the type comprising a plurality of emission regions electrically connected to each other so that they are substantially at the same electrical potential, each transmission region being adapted to emit electrons when subjected to an electric field of intensity greater than a threshold value.
  • Cathodes of this type are known and are used in generation devices such as magnetrons, klystrons, or MILOs (for "Magnetically Insulated
  • the known generation devices generally do not have a great flexibility of operation, in that they are not adapted to vary the frequency of the waves generated over a broad frequency spectrum, nor to emit a wave which is at once high power and long duration, because of the risk of forming a short circuit between the anode and the cathode in the interaction space.
  • Transmission equipment for example microwave weapons, adapted to emit both low-power continuous waves and short pulses of high power, for example in view of electronic warfare. Due to their very wide operating range, these devices require the use of several generation devices to power them.
  • An object of the invention is therefore to improve the compactness of transmission equipment. Another objective is to increase the operating flexibility of generation devices.
  • the subject of the invention is a cathode of the aforementioned type, in which the transmission regions comprise a plurality of first transmission regions and at least one second transmission region, the or each second transmission region being mobile with respect to each first transmission region between a deployed position, wherein the second transmission region is away from each first transmission region , and a retracted position, wherein the second transmitting region is adjacent to one of the first transmitting regions.
  • the invention also relates to a device for generating electromagnetic waves, comprising an anode, a first cathode and an electrical supply circuit of the first cathode, the anode and the first cathode being separated from one of the another by an interaction space, the first cathode being a cathode as defined above.
  • the generating device 10 comprises a microwave tube 12 and at least one, in the example shown a plurality of waveguide (s) 14.
  • the microwave tube 12 comprises a first cathode 16, a second cathode 18, an anode 20, and a circuit 21 ( Figure 2 ) of the power supply of the cathodes 16, 18.
  • the cathodes 16, 18 are separated from the anode 20 by an interaction space 22.
  • the supply circuit 21 of the cathodes is adapted to carry each cathode, respectively 16, 18, to an electrical potential, respectively V 1 , V 2 , lower than the electrical potential V 0 of the anode 20 when the tube 12 is supplied with electrical energy, so that there is a potential difference between the anode 20 and each cathode, respectively 16, 18. This difference in potential generates an electric field E inside the interaction space 22, oriented from the anode 20 to the cathodes 16, 18.
  • the microwave tube 12 also comprises a focusser 76 for focusing electrons emitted by the cathodes 16, 18 inside the interaction space 22.
  • the focusser 76 is adapted to generate a magnetic field B at its center. inside the interaction space 22.
  • the electric fields E and magnetic B are oriented perpendicularly to each other. They each respect the synchronism conditions imposed by the geometry of the tube 12. They are adapted to each other to give the electrons emitted by the cathodes 16, 18 a cycloidal movement in the interaction space 22.
  • the first cathode 16 is adapted to emit first electrons in the interaction space 22, to the anode 20, under the effect of the electric field E, provided that this electric field has an intensity greater than a first threshold value E 1 .
  • the first cathode 16 is in particular adapted to continuously emit electrons over a period greater than 1 ⁇ s when it is subjected to the electric field E.
  • the first cathode 16 is advantageously, as shown in FIG. Figure 2 an electron emitting microtip field emission cathode.
  • Such cathodes are known, for example from FR-A-2,734,076 .
  • This cathode 16 comprises, in known manner, a conductive substrate 24, for example made of silicon, having an active face 26 on which microtips 28 are arranged.
  • the active face 26 is covered with an insulating layer 30, for example silicon, separating it from a conductive grid 32.
  • the microtips 28 are housed in respective cavities 34 formed in the insulating layer 30. These cavities 34 communicate with the interaction space 22 through corresponding openings provided in the grid 32.
  • the ends of the micropoints 28 opposite the substrate 24 come into contact with each other. outcrop of the outer surface of the grid 32.
  • the size of the cavities 34, and therefore of the microtips, is of the order of one micron in height and in width.
  • the density of microtips 28 is of the order of 10 000 to 100 000 microtips per mm 2 of active face 26. It should be noted that, for reasons of readability of the figures, the proportions have not been respected on the Figure 2 .
  • the microtips 28 are preferably constituted by carbon nanotubes.
  • Means (not shown) of positive biasing of the gate 32 are connected between the substrate 24 and the gate 32. These means are adapted to vary on command the voltage between the substrate 24 the gate 32 between a first value, less than a voltage threshold, in which the flow of electrons emitted by the cathode 16 is zero, and a second value, greater than the threshold voltage, in which the cathode 16 produces a current of electrons.
  • microtips 28 are not uniformly distributed on the active face 26. They are grouped within transmission zones 36 of the cathode 16. These emission zones 36 are distant from each other.
  • the substrate 24 is cylindrical, preferably cylindrical in revolution, and extends along a longitudinal axis Z.
  • the microtips 28 are distributed over the entire periphery of the cylinder.
  • Each emission zone 36 is elongated parallel to the longitudinal axis Z.
  • the first cathode 16 is a thermoelectronic cathode, adapted to emit electrons in the interaction space if and only if the field E is greater than the first threshold value E 1 and the cathode 16 is heated to a temperature greater than a threshold value.
  • the cathode 16 is then made of tungsten, or pyrolytic carbon.
  • the first cathode 16 is in a mixture of tungsten and Sc 2 O 3 , as described in the document ZHAO Jinfeng, Scandia-added Tungsten Dispenser Cathode Fabrication for THz Vacuum Integrated Power Amplifiers, Terahertz Science and Technology December 2011, vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 240-252 ..
  • the first cathode 16 is at a distance D from the anode 20.
  • the second cathode 18 is adapted to emit second electrons in the interaction space 22, intended for the anode 20, under the effect of the electric field E, provided that this electric field has an intensity greater than one second threshold value E 2 .
  • the second threshold value E 2 is preferably different from the first threshold value E 1 .
  • the second threshold value E 2 is strictly greater than the first threshold value E 1 .
  • the second cathode 18 is interposed between the first cathode 16 and the anode 20.
  • the second cathode 18 is tubular and surrounds the first cathode 16.
  • the cathodes 16, 18 are concentric. They are each centered on the longitudinal axis Z.
  • the first electrons emitted by the first cathode 16 must therefore cross the second cathode 18 to reach the anode 20.
  • the second cathode 18 defines, as visible on the Figure 2 , a plurality of windows 40 each interposed between the first cathode 16 and the anode 20. Each window 40 is delimited between two emission regions 42A, 42B of the second cathode 28.
  • Each of said windows 40 is arranged opposite one of the emission zones 36 of the first cathode 16.
  • the number of electrons emitted by the first cathode 16 striking the second cathode 18 is reduced, which allows increase the efficiency of the generating device 10.
  • the second cathode 18 is advantageously a "transparent" cathode.
  • Such cathodes are known, for example from US 2008/0246385 .
  • the second cathode 18 thus comprises a tubular body 44 extending around the axis Z, from a first end 46 of connection to the supply circuit 21 to a second end 48 free.
  • the body 44 is formed of a material having good electrical conductivity, typically copper.
  • a plurality of bars 50 extend parallel to the Z axis from the free end 48, opposite the body 44.
  • Each bar 50 constitutes a transmission region 42A, 42B of the second cathode 18.
  • Each bar 50 is typically made of pyrolytic carbon, tungsten or molybdenum. These materials have in common good electrical and thermal conductivity, little degassing and be rigid, which makes them particularly suitable for producing the bars 50.
  • the pyrolytic carbon having a low density, its use allows to lighten the generation device 10.
  • the bars 50 are regularly distributed around the Z axis. They define between them a cavity 52 for receiving the first cathode 16, centered on the Z axis.
  • the bars 50 are spaced from each other. For each pair of consecutive bars 50, a vacuum 54 is thus left between these bars 50.
  • This vacuum 54 constitutes a window 40 of the second cathode 18. It allows the passage of the electrons emitted by the first cathode 16, as well as the passage of electromagnetic fields to penetrate inside the second cathode 18.
  • the bars 50 have a cylindrical shape of revolution.
  • the bars 50 have any other suitable shape, for example a prism shape. It will be noted that the use of prism-shaped bars 50 makes it possible to lengthen the period during which the second cathode 18 can emit electrons continuously.
  • the end 56 of the bars 50 opposite the body 44 is left free.
  • a link member of the bars 50 others typically a ring, connects said ends 56, so as to reinforce the second cathode 18.
  • the second cathode 18 is typically a field emission cathode.
  • the second cathode 18 is advantageously adapted to emit electrons in the interaction space 22 with a current density greater than 10 A / cm 2 .
  • the second cathode 18 is at a distance d from the anode 20.
  • the anode 20 is tubular. It has an inner surface 60, and an outer surface 62, opposite to the inner surface 60. It is formed of a conductive material, typically steel, graphite or copper.
  • the inner surface 60 delimits a plurality of resonant cavities 63, 64. These resonant cavities 63, 64 are adapted to amplify an electromagnetic wave formed by the circulation of the electrons emitted by the cathodes 16, 18 into the interaction space 22.
  • the anode 20 delimits at least one, in the example shown a plurality, orifice (s) through 65 opening into the inner surface 60 and the outer surface 62.
  • the anode 20 is preferably, as shown, coaxial with the first cathode 16.
  • the microwave tube 12 is of the magnetron type.
  • the anode 20 is disposed radially around the cathodes 16, 18, and the cavities 63, 64 are distributed around the periphery of the anode 20.
  • the anode 20 comprises a cylindrical body 66 and a plurality of fins 68 each extending radially towards the cathode 20.
  • the cylindrical body 66 delimits the outer surface 62 and a portion of the inner surface 60.
  • Each fin 68 protrudes from the cylindrical body 66 inwardly of the anode 20 and defines a portion of the inner surface 60.
  • Each fin 68 is oriented longitudinally.
  • Each cavity 63, 64 is symmetrical relative to a median longitudinal plane of the cavity 63, 64.
  • This median longitudinal plane includes the longitudinal axis Z.
  • Each cavity 63, 64 opens into a substantially cylindrical central space 70 extending in the center of the anode 20.
  • the central space 70 extends longitudinally.
  • the cathodes 16, 18 are arranged substantially in the center of the central space 70.
  • the remainder of the central space 70 constitutes the interaction space 22.
  • the plurality of resonant cavities 63, 64 comprises a plurality of large resonant cavities 63 and small resonant cavities 64, alternately arranged around each other around the central space 70.
  • the radial section of each small resonant cavity 64 is smaller than the radial section of each large resonant cavity 63.
  • Each large cavity 63 is delimited by two fins 68 and the cylindrical body 66.
  • Each small cavity 64 is delimited inside a fin 68 by a radial orifice opening into the central space 70.
  • the anode 20 thus presents a configuration of the type "rising sun” (in English “rising sun”). This configuration makes it possible to limit the risk of oscillations on parasitic frequencies, and thus to increase the efficiency of the device 10.
  • each large cavity 63 constitutes a resonant output cavity
  • each small resonant cavity 64 constitutes an intermediate resonant cavity.
  • the cavities 63, 64 are arranged such that the number of intermediate cavities 64 arranged between two consecutive output cavities 63 is equal for each pair of consecutive output cavities 63.
  • Each through orifice 65 opens into an outlet cavity 63 respectively.
  • No through hole 65 opens into one of the intermediate cavities 64.
  • the outlet cavities 63 are identical to each other and the intermediate cavities 64 are identical to each other.
  • all the resonant cavities are outlet cavities 63.
  • a transmission zone 42A, 42B of the second cathode 18 is disposed substantially opposite said output cavity 63.
  • said transmission zone 42A, 42B is not strictly aligned with the outlet cavity 63, but is offset from an upstream side of the median longitudinal plane of the cavity 63.
  • upstream is to be understood with reference to a direction of flow of the electrons in the interaction space 22, as this will be detailed later.
  • a transmission zone 42A, 42B of the second cathode 18 is disposed substantially opposite each cavity 63, 64 of the anode 20.
  • the anode 20 also comprises two rings (not shown) for longitudinal closure of the cavities 63, 64. Each ring thus delimits a longitudinal end of the anode 20.
  • the respective positions of the cathodes 16, 18 on the one hand and the anode 20 on the other hand are reversed, that is to say that the cathodes 16, 18 are arranged radially. around the anode 20.
  • the microwave tube 12 is of the MILO type.
  • the interaction space 22, as well as the resonant cavities 63, 64, are kept under vacuum.
  • the focusser 76 typically comprises an electromagnet extending around the anode 20, in particular two electromagnets each extending around the anode 20 and arranged longitudinally on either side of the waveguides 14.
  • the focusser 76 is powered by a power supply 78 of the generation device 10.
  • the third power supply 78 is adapted to deliver a current I to the focusser 76.
  • Each waveguide 14 is disposed opposite a through orifice 65 of the anode 20, and extends from the outer surface 62 of the anode 20 towards the outside of the generation device 10.
  • the supply circuit 21 is adapted to establish a significant potential difference, that is to say greater than 10%, between the cathodes 16, 18, and to supply the cathodes 16, 18 selectively in DC voltage or in voltage impulse.
  • the supply circuit 21 comprises a DC voltage supply 100, a pulse voltage supply 102, and an electrical circuit 104 electrically connecting the power supplies 100, 102 to the cathodes 16, 18.
  • the DC voltage supply 100 is adapted to generate a stable high voltage, preferably between 50 and 100kV. It is typically constituted by a stabilized mains supply.
  • the pulse voltage supply 102 is for example a Marx generator. It is electrically connected to the DC voltage supply 100 by a first switch 110 for controlling the power supply of the power supply 102 via the power supply 100.
  • the switch 110 is adapted to switch between a closed configuration, in which it electrically connects an output of the DC power supply 100 to an input of the pulse power supply 102, and an open configuration, in which the output of the DC power supply continues. 100 and the input of the pulse supply 102 are electrically isolated from each other
  • the electrical circuit 104 comprises a first electrical connection 112 electrically connecting the DC supply 102 to the cathodes 16, 18, a second electrical connection 114 electrically connecting the pulse supply 102 to the cathodes 16, 18, a second control switch 116 of the first electrical connection 112, and a voltage shifting module 118 of the second cathode 18 with respect to the first cathode 16.
  • the second switch 116 is specific to the first electrical connection 112. It is adapted to switch between a closed configuration, in which it electrically connects the DC supply 100 to the cathodes 16, 18, and an open configuration, in which it electrically isolates the continuous supply 100 of the cathodes 16, 18.
  • the voltage shifting module 118 is common to the first and second electrical connections 112, 114. It comprises a voltage consuming member 120, interposed between the cathode 18 and the power supplies 100, 102, and a bypass circuit 122. organ 120.
  • the member 120 is adapted to consume a voltage substantially equal to the product of the potential difference between the first cathode 16 and the anode 20 by the ratio d / D.
  • the member 120 is typically a resistor.
  • the short-circuit 122 includes a third switch 124, for selectively opening or closing the short-circuit 122.
  • the generation device 10 also comprises a module 80 for controlling the supply circuit 21 and the supply 78.
  • This control module 80 is programmed to control the supply circuit 21, in particular the power supplies 100, 102 and the switches 110, 116, 124, and the power supply 78 according to several modes of operation of the generating device 10. These operating modes are summarized in the table presented in FIG. Figure 5 .
  • the control module 80 is programmed to drive the supply circuit 21 in a first mode of operation (Mode 1) of the generation device 10, so that it carries the electrical potential V 1 of the first cathode 16 to a first reference potential V 1.1 , and the electric potential V 2 of the second cathode 18 to a second reference potential V 2.1 .
  • control module 80 is programmed to control the DC supply 100 so that it generates an electrical voltage at the first electrical potential V1, 1 , to control the closing of the second switch 116, and to control the opening of the first and third switches 110, 124.
  • the first reference potential V 1.1 is lower than the electrical potential V 0 of the anode 20.
  • the first reference potential V 1.1 is lower than a first potential W 1 for transmitting the first cathode 16. , below which the first cathode 16 emits first electrons, and greater than a second transmission potential W 2 of the second cathode 18, below which the first cathode 16 emits first electrons.
  • the first transmission potential W 1 is equal to V 0 -D ⁇ E 1.
  • the second transmission potential W 2 is equal to V 0 -d ⁇ E 2 .
  • the second setpoint potential V 2.1 is lower than the electrical potential V 0 of the anode 20, and greater than the first setpoint potential V 1.1 .
  • the second setpoint potential V 2.1 is adapted to minimize the disturbance induced by the second cathode 18 on the electric field created in the interaction space 22 by the first cathode 16 raised to the first setpoint potential V 1 , 1 .
  • the second setpoint potential V 2.1 is adapted so that the electric field created in the interaction space 22 by the first cathode 16 is brought to the first setpoint potential V1.1 in the absence the second cathode 18 is substantially equal to the electric field created in the interaction space 22 by the first cathode 16 brought to the first reference potential V 1.1 in the presence of the second cathode 18 brought to the second reference potential V 2 , 1 .
  • the second setpoint potential V 2.1 is substantially equal to V 0 - V 0 - V 1 , 1 D ⁇ d .
  • substantially equal is meant that the potential V 2.1 is 90% and 110% of the above value.
  • the control module 80 is programmed to drive the supply circuit 21 in the first operating mode (Mode 1) so as to maintain the first cathode 16 at the first setpoint potential V 1.1 for more than 1 ⁇ s.
  • the control module 80 is also programmed to control the power supply circuit 21, in particular the power supplies 100, 102 and the switches 110, 116, 124, as well as the power supply 78, in a second mode of operation (Mode 2). the generating device 10, so as to cyclically vary the electric potential V 1 of the first cathode 16 between the potential V 0 and a third setpoint potential V 1,2 , which is strictly lower than the first reference potential V 1,1 , keeping the ratios (V 0 -V 1 ) / (V 0 -V 2 ) and (V 0 -V 1 ) / 1 substantially constant.
  • control module 80 is programmed to control the closing of the first switch 110, to control the opening of the second and third switches 116, 124, and to drive the pulse supply 102 so that it generates an electrical voltage varying cyclically between the potential V 0 and the third reference potential V 1,2 .
  • the third setpoint potential V 1.2 is greater than the second transmission potential W 2 .
  • the control module 80 is furthermore programmed to control the power supply circuit 21, in particular the power supplies 100, 102 and the switches 110, 116, 124, in a third mode of operation (Mode 3) of the generation device 10. , so that it cyclically varies the potential V 2 of the second cathode 18 between the potential V 0 , and a fourth setpoint potential V 2.2 strictly less than the third setpoint potential V 1.2 , the potential V 1 of the first cathode 16 being at all times substantially equal to the potential V 2 of the second cathode 18, that is to say included 90% and 110% of the potential V 2 .
  • control module 80 is programmed to control the closing of the first and third switches 110, 124, to control the opening of the second switch 116, and to drive the pulse supply 102 so that it generates a varying voltage cyclically between the potential V 0 and the fourth set potential V 2.2 .
  • the fourth electrical reference potential V 2,2 is lower than the second transmission potential W 2 .
  • the control module 80 is finally programmed to control the power supply 78 in the third mode of operation (Mode 3) so that the ratio (V 0 -V 2 ) / 1 is kept substantially constant.
  • the generation device 10 further comprises a control interface 82.
  • This interface 82 comprises means 84 for selecting an operating mode of the generation device 10, and means 86 for sending a mode initiation instruction. of operation selected at the control module 80.
  • the control interface 82 is typically intended to interface with a computer system.
  • the selection means 84 comprise input / output ports known to those skilled in the art.
  • the generation device 10 is stopped.
  • the first and second cathodes 16, 18 are at the same potential as the anode 20, and the longitudinal magnetic field B is zero.
  • the generation device 10 is switched into the first mode of operation.
  • the generation device 10 being previously stopping, this switching corresponds to a start of the generation device 10 in the first operating mode.
  • the first mode of operation is selected by means of the control interface 82, which sends a command to start the first mode of operation to the control module 80.
  • the control module 80 receiving said instruction of launching the first operating mode, sends a continues feeding set 100 to generate an electrical voltage to the first reference potential V 1.1, closes the second switch 116, and opens switches 110, 124. It also starts the supply 78, with the aim of injecting a current I into the focusser 76, adapted so that the focusser 76 generates a longitudinal magnetic field B of intensity adapted to maintain the microwave tube 12 in oscillating mode.
  • the conditions that must for this purpose verify the longitudinal magnetic field B are known to those skilled in the art.
  • the first cathode 16 is thus brought to the first reference potential V 1.1
  • the second cathode 18 is brought to the second reference potential V 2.1 .
  • This potential difference generates a radial electric field E directed from the anode 20 to the cathodes 16, 18.
  • This radial electric field E has an intensity greater than the first threshold value E 1 but lower than the second threshold value E 2 . Under the effect of this electric field E, each emission zone 36 of the first cathode 16 emits first electrons in the interaction space 22.
  • Each emission zone 36 being disposed facing a window 40 of the second cathode 18, the first electrons are slightly impeded by the second cathode 18 to reach the interaction space 22.
  • the first electrons Under the combined effect of the radial electric field E and the longitudinal magnetic field B, the first electrons turn around the cathodes 16, 18 in the interaction space 22, by grouping in packets.
  • the direction of rotation of the first electrons is determined in a known manner by the orientation of the electric field E and the magnetic field B.
  • This displacement of the first electrons generates a radiofrequency electromagnetic wave in the microwave tube 12.
  • This wave is amplified thanks to the resonant cavities 63, 64 and is captured to be used, for example to power a microwave weapon antenna, thanks to the waveguides 14.
  • This first step succeeds a second switching step of the generation device 10 in the second mode of operation.
  • the second mode of operation is selected by means of the control interface 82, which sends a command to start the second mode of operation to the control module 80.
  • the control module 80 receiving said instruction of launching the second mode of operation, closes the first switch 110, opens the second switch 116, and communicates an instruction to the pulse supply 102, instructing it to generate a cyclically varying voltage between the potential V 0 and the third potential of setpoint V 1.2 .
  • the control module 80 also communicates a new setpoint to the power supply 78, instructing it to vary the current I while maintaining the ratio 1 / (V 0 -V 1 ) constant.
  • the potential V 1 of the first cathode 16 thus varies cyclically between the potential V 0 and the third reference potential V 1.2, and the potential V 2 of the second cathode 18 also vary cyclically, the ratio (V 0 -V 1 ) / (V 0 -V 2 ) remaining substantially constant.
  • the radial electric field E takes a variable intensity, varying between a maximum intensity, greater than the first threshold value E 1 and less than the second threshold value E 2 , and a minimum intensity, substantially zero.
  • each emission zone 36 of the first cathode 16 emits first electrons in the interaction space 22. As described above, these first electrons generate a radiofrequency wave in the microwave tube 12 while moving in the interaction space 22.
  • the emission of first electrons stops.
  • the duration of the cycles of variation of the first potential V 1 is adapted so that the electric field E goes back under the first threshold value E 1 when the electromagnetic energy accumulated in the interaction space 22 reaches a trigger threshold d a short circuit between the first cathode 16 and the anode 20.
  • This second mode of operation thus allows the emission of waves of higher power than in the first mode of operation.
  • the transmission time must however be reduced accordingly.
  • This second step succeeds a third step of switching the generation device 10 in the third mode of operation.
  • the third mode of operation is selected by means of the control interface 82, which sends a command to start the third mode of operation to the control module 80.
  • the control module 80 receiving said instruction of launching the third mode of operation, closes the third switch 124, and communicates a new setpoint to the pulse supply 102, instructing it to generate a cyclically varying electrical voltage between the potential V 0 and the fourth set potential V 2.2 ⁇
  • the control module 80 also communicates a new setpoint to the power supply 78, instructing it to vary the current I while maintaining the ratio l / (V 0 -V 2 ) constant.
  • the potentials V 1 and V 2 of the cathodes 16, 18 thus both vary cyclically between the potential V 0 and the fourth reference potential V 2.2 , said potentials V 1 , V 2 remaining substantially equal to each other .
  • the radial electric field E takes a variable intensity, varying between a maximum intensity greater than the second threshold value E 2 , and a minimum intensity, substantially zero.
  • each emission region 42A, 42B of the second cathode 18 emits second electrons into the interaction space 22. As previously described, these second electrons generate a radiofrequency wave in the microwave tube 12 while moving in the interaction space 22.
  • each transmission region 42A, 42B Due to the punctuality of each transmission region 42A, 42B, the second emitted electrons are already distributed in packets, which makes it possible to accelerate the generation of the radiofrequency wave.
  • the first and second cathodes 16, 18 being substantially at the same potential, there is no electric field between the two.
  • the first cathode 16 is therefore permanently subjected to an electric field of zero intensity, so that it does not emit an electron.
  • the emission of second electrons stops.
  • the duration of the cycles of variation of the second potential V 2 is adapted so that the electric field E goes back under the second threshold value E 2 when the electromagnetic energy accumulated in the interaction space 22 reaches a trigger threshold d a short circuit between the second cathode 16 and the anode 20.
  • This third mode of operation thus makes it possible to emit waves of higher power than in the second mode of operation.
  • the transmission time must however be reduced accordingly.
  • the generation device 10 is stopped.
  • the control module 80 controls the stopping of the supply circuit 21 and the supply 78.
  • Each cathode 16, 18 is stabilized at a potential substantially equal to the potential V 0 of the anode 20, and the longitudinal magnetic field B takes a zero value.
  • the generation device 10 With the generation device 10 described above, it is possible to combine a large number of different modes of operation within the same compact generation device. In particular it is possible, by means of the generation device, to emit waves of low power over long periods as well as waves of high power over short periods of time. This generation device is thus particularly suitable for supplying microwave weapons.
  • the generation device 10 is connected to a source (not shown) for supplying the interaction space 22 in the electromagnetic wave via one of the waveguides 14. particular adapted to emit an electromagnetic wave with a frequency and / or a predetermined phase.
  • This source is typically a magnetron or a klystron.
  • the generation device 10 is then started in the first mode of operation, the source supplying the interaction space 22. Under the effect of the electromagnetic wave emitted by the source, the wave generated by the generation device 10 sits on the frequency and the phase of said electromagnetic wave.
  • the source is stopped.
  • the generation device 10 is then switched to the second mode of operation and then, optionally, in the third mode of operation.
  • the wave generated by the generation device 10 retains the frequency and the phase of the wave previously transmitted in the interaction space 22.
  • the transmission regions 42A, 42B of the second cathode 18 comprise, according to the invention, a plurality of first transmission regions 42A and a plurality of second transmission regions 42B, each second transmission region 42B being mobile with respect to each first transmission region 42A between a deployed position, wherein the second transmission region 42B is away from each first transmission region 42A, and a retracted position, wherein the second region of transmission emission 42B is adjacent to one of the first transmission regions 42A.
  • the transmission regions 42A, 42B are constituted by the first 42A and second 42B transmission regions, the number of first transmission regions 42A being equal to the number of second transmission regions 42B.
  • the second cathode 18 is cylindrical in revolution and is formed of two parts 90, 92 rotatable relative to each other about the longitudinal axis Z between a first configuration of the cathode 18, shown on the Figure 7 , and a second configuration of the cathode 18, shown on the Figure 8 .
  • the second cathode 18 also comprises an actuator (not shown) for driving a first 90 of the two parts 90, 92 in rotation relative to the second piece 92.
  • the two parts 90, 92 are connected to the power supply circuit 21 so as to be carried substantially at the same electrical potential.
  • the first transmission regions 42A are carried by the first part 90, and the second emission regions 42B are carried by the second part 92.
  • each second emission region 42B is in the deployed position and, when the cathode 18 is in the second configuration, each second emission region 42B is in the retracted position.
  • each transmit region 42A, 42B is evenly distributed along the circumference of the second cathode 18.
  • each transmit region 42A, 42B is equidistant from the other two regions of emission 42A, 42B of which it is the closest.
  • the transmission regions 42A, 42B are grouped into pairs of adjacent emission regions 42A, 42B.
  • each transmission region 42A, 42B is adjacent to another transmission region 42A, 42B and remote from the other transmission regions 42A, 42B.
  • the number of windows 40 is halved, because of the absence of window 40 between the adjacent transmission regions 42A, 42B.
  • the remaining windows 40 are larger than in the first configuration, which makes it possible to promote the passage of the first electrons when the first cathode 16 emits.
  • each pair of adjacent emission regions 42A, 42B is equivalent to a single emission sector of the cathode 18.
  • the microwave tube 12 is a magnetron
  • the body 44 of the cathode 18 is formed of two cylinders 94, 96 oriented longitudinally and fitted into one another.
  • the inner cylinder 94 belongs to the first part 90.
  • the outer cylinder 96 belongs to the second part 92.
  • the inner cylinder 94 is integral with three of the six bars 50 of the cathode 18. These are regularly distributed along the circumference of the inner cylinder 94. In other words, they are arranged at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. Said bars 50 are fixed relative to each other.
  • the outer cylinder 96 is integral with the three remaining bars 50. These are regularly distributed along the circumference of the outer cylinder 96. In other words, they are arranged at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. Said bars 50 are fixed relative to each other.
  • each of the bars 50 integral with the inner cylinder 94 and the bars 50 integral with the outer cylinder 96 are substantially equidistant from the longitudinal axis Z.
  • each of the bars 50 integral with the inner cylinder 94 is carried by a protrusion 98 projecting radially. outwardly from the outer peripheral surface of the inner cylinder 94.
  • each of the bars 50 integral with the outer cylinder 96 is carried by a protrusion projecting radially inwardly from the inner surface of the outer cylinder 96 .
  • This variant is generalizable to a case where the second cathode 18 comprises N parts each carrying P / N emission regions 42A, 42B, where P is the total number of emission regions 42A, 42B of the second cathode 18, said parts being rotatable relative to one another about the longitudinal axis Z between a first configuration of the second cathode 18, in which all the emission regions 42A, 42B are spaced apart from each other, and a second configuration of the second cathode 18, wherein at least two of the transmit regions 42A, 42B are adjacent.
  • This cathode 18 makes it possible to increase the efficiency of the generation device 10 when it is in the first or second mode of operation, by reducing the interactions between the first electrons and the second cathode 18.
  • this cathode 18 further increases the flexibility of the generation device 10 by making it possible to generate waves, when the generation device 10 is in the third mode of operation over a wide range of frequencies.
  • the values of expressed potentials in particular the values of the emission potentials W 1 , W 2 , and the value of the second setpoint potential V 2.1, are built on a approximation that the electric field would be substantially constant throughout the interaction space 22.
  • Those skilled in the art will be able to adjust these values by means of routine tests so that they correspond more accurately to the reality of the distribution of the electric field in the interaction space 22.

Landscapes

  • Microwave Tubes (AREA)

Claims (15)

  1. Kathode (18) für eine Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung elektromagnetischer Wellen, welche mehrere Emissionsbereiche (42A, 42B) aufweist, die elektrisch miteinander verbunden sind, so dass sie sich im Wesentlichen auf dem gleichen elektrischen Potential befinden, wobei jeder Emissionsbereich (42A, 42B) zum Emittieren von Elektronen ausgelegt ist, wenn er einem elektrischen Feld mit einer Stärke ausgesetzt ist, welche höher als ein Schwellenwert (E1) ist,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    dass die Emissionsbereiche (42A, 42B) mehrere erste Emissionsbereiche (42A) und mindestens einen zweiten Emissionsbereich (42 B) aufweisen, wobei der oder jeder zweite Emissionsbereich (42) beweglich gegenüber jedem ersten Emissionsbereich (42A) ist, und zwar zwischen einer ausgefahrenen Position, in der der zweite Emissionsbereich (42B) von jedem ersten Emissionsbereich (42A) beabstandet ist, und einer eingefahrenen Position, in der der zweite Emissionsbereich (42 B) einem der ersten Emissionsbereiche (42A) benachbart ist.
  2. Kathode (18) nach Anspruch 1,
    wobei die ersten Emissionsbereiche (42A) relativ zueinander fixiert sind.
  3. Kathode (18) nach Anspruch 2,
    wobei die ersten Emissionsbereiche (42A) äquidistant voneinander beabstandet sind.
  4. Kathode (18) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    wobei die Emissionsbereiche (42A, 42B) mehrere zweite Emissionsbereiche (42B) aufweisen, wobei die zweiten Emissionsbereiche (42B) relativ zueinander fixiert sind.
  5. Kathode (18) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    wobei die Anzahl der ersten Emissionsbereiche (42A) gleich der Anzahl der zweiten Emissionsbereiche (42B) ist.
  6. Kathode (18) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    wobei jeder Emissionsbereich (42A, 42B) längs einer Ausdehnungsrichtung verlängert ist, wobei die Ausdehnungsrichtungen der Emissionsbereiche (42A, 42B) im Wesentlichen parallel zueinander sind.
  7. Kathode (18) nach Anspruch 6,
    wobei die Emissionsbereiche (42A, 42B) im Wesentlichen äquidistant von einer zu den Ausdehnungsrichtungen parallelen Achse (Z) der Kathode (18) beabstandet sind.
  8. Kathode (18) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    welche zwei konzentrische Teile (90, 92) aufweist, die relativ zueinander um eine Achse (Z) der Kathode (18) drehbar sind, wobei jeder erste Emissionsbereich (42A) mit einem ersten Teil (90) der Teile integral ausgebildet ist, wobei der oder jeder zweite Emissionsbereich (42B) mit dem zweiten Teil (42B) integral ausgebildet ist.
  9. Kathode (18) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    welche einen Aktuator zum Verlagern des oder jedes Emissionsbereichs (42B) zwischen seinen eingefahrenen und ausgefahrenen Positionen aufweist.
  10. Kathode (18) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    bei der dann, wenn der oder jeder zweite Emissionsbereich (42B) in der ausgefahrenen Position ist, jeder Emissionsbereich (42A, 42B) äquidistant von zwei weiteren Emissionsbereichen (42A, 42B) entfernt ist, denen er am nächsten liegt.
  11. Kathode (18) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
    wobei die Emissionsbereiche (42A, 42B) von den ersten Emissionsbereichen (42A) und dem oder jedem zweiten Emissionsbereich (42B) gebildet sind.
  12. Vorrichtung (10) zur Erzeugung von elektromagnetischen Wellen, welche eine Anode (20), eine erste Kathode (18) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche und eine Schaltung (21) zur elektrischen Versorgung der ersten Kathode (18) aufweist, wobei die Anode (20) und die erste Kathode (18) durch einen Interaktionsraum (22) voneinander getrennt sind.
  13. Erzeugungsvorrichtung (10) nach Anspruch 12,
    welche eine zweite Kathode (16) aufweist, wobei die erste Kathode (18) zwischen der zweiten Kathode (16) und der Anode (20) angeordnet ist.
  14. Erzeugungsvorrichtung (10) nach Anspruch 13,
    wobei die erste und zweite Kathode (16, 18) koaxial angeordnet sind.
  15. Erzeugungsvorrichtung (10) nach einem der Ansprüche 12 bis 14,
    wobei die Anode (20) mehrere Resonanzhohlräume (63, 64) aufweist und jeder erste Emissionsbereich (42A) der ersten Kathode (18) im Wesentlichen an einem von den Resonanzhohlräumen (63, 64) angeordnet ist, wobei der oder jeder zweite Emissionsbereich (42B) der ersten Kathode (18) ebenfalls an den Resonanzhohlräumen (63, 64) angeordnet ist, wenn er sich in der ausgefahrenen Position befindet.
EP13195691.4A 2012-12-19 2013-12-04 Kathode für einen Erzeuger elektromagnetischer Wellen mit gegenseitig verschiebbaren Teilen Active EP2747118B1 (de)

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FR1203486A FR2999798B1 (fr) 2012-12-19 2012-12-19 Cathode pour dispositif de generation d'ondes electromagnetiques, comprenant des regions d'emission mobiles les unes par rapport aux autres

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RU2776305C1 (ru) * 2021-11-29 2022-07-18 Акционерное общество "Плутон" Импульсный магнетрон с безнакальным запуском с трехмодульным активным телом в катодном узле

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CN105118764B (zh) * 2015-07-18 2017-09-19 中国人民解放军国防科学技术大学 一种圆片阵列阴极
CN105355525B (zh) * 2015-12-03 2017-05-24 中国人民解放军国防科学技术大学 一种纤维阵列阴极

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NL198661A (de) * 1955-07-06
US5578906A (en) 1995-04-03 1996-11-26 Motorola Field emission device with transient current source
US7893621B2 (en) * 2007-01-24 2011-02-22 Stc.Unm Eggbeater transparent cathode for magnetrons and ubitrons and related methods of generating high power microwaves
FR2970114B1 (fr) * 2010-12-29 2013-04-05 Thales Sa Dispositif de generation d'ondes hyperfrequence ayant une cathode dont chaque extremite est raccordee a une source de tension

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RU2776305C1 (ru) * 2021-11-29 2022-07-18 Акционерное общество "Плутон" Импульсный магнетрон с безнакальным запуском с трехмодульным активным телом в катодном узле

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