EP2743962A2 - Hyperfrequenzwellengenerator und entsprechendes Wellenerzeugungsverfahren - Google Patents

Hyperfrequenzwellengenerator und entsprechendes Wellenerzeugungsverfahren Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2743962A2
EP2743962A2 EP13194816.8A EP13194816A EP2743962A2 EP 2743962 A2 EP2743962 A2 EP 2743962A2 EP 13194816 A EP13194816 A EP 13194816A EP 2743962 A2 EP2743962 A2 EP 2743962A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
axis
cathode
anode
tube
generator
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP13194816.8A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2743962A3 (de
Inventor
Jean-Pierre Brasile
Anne-Sophie Chauchat
Dominique Jousse
Patrick Sirot
Dominique Fasse
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Thales SA
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Thales SA
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Thales SA filed Critical Thales SA
Publication of EP2743962A2 publication Critical patent/EP2743962A2/de
Publication of EP2743962A3 publication Critical patent/EP2743962A3/de
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/50—Magnetrons, i.e. tubes with a magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field
    • H01J25/52—Magnetrons, i.e. tubes with a magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field with an electron space having a shape that does not prevent any electron from moving completely around the cathode or guide electrode
    • H01J25/58—Magnetrons, i.e. tubes with a magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field with an electron space having a shape that does not prevent any electron from moving completely around the cathode or guide electrode having a number of resonators; having a composite resonator, e.g. a helix
    • H01J25/587—Multi-cavity magnetrons

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a microwave generator comprising a microwave generator, comprising a microwave generation tube extending along a longitudinal axis, comprising a cathode extending along the axis, an anode s' extending along the axis and radially surrounding the cathode, a cavity delimited by the cathode and the anode, and a voltage source for establishing a potential difference between the cathode and the anode, the cathode being adapted to emit electrons to inside the cavity when the tube is supplied with electrical energy.
  • the invention also relates to the method of generating microwave waves using the generator.
  • Microwave wave generators are known and are used in different systems, such as radar systems or electromagnetic weapons.
  • Electromagnetic weapons preferentially require high powers.
  • the known generators do not allow the emission of electromagnetic waves over long periods of time and are slow to start, which does not allow to use them to emit close pulses.
  • the result is poor coupling between the target and the generator, which reduces the efficiency of the generator.
  • coupling is meant an interaction between the frequencies of the target and the generator. The more important this interaction is, the better the coupling.
  • a microwave generator comprising a microwave generation tube extending along a longitudinal axis.
  • the tube includes an axially extending cathode, an anode extending axially and radially surrounding the cathode, a cavity defined by the cathode and the anode, and a voltage source for establishing a potential difference. between the cathode and the anode, the cathode being adapted to emit electrons inside the cavity when the tube is supplied with electrical energy.
  • the section of the cavity transversely to the axis varies along the axis.
  • the invention also relates to a method for generating an electromagnetic wave having a plurality of frequencies by means of a generator as described above, the generator comprising an electromagnetic wave source connected to the tube.
  • the process comprises the successive steps supplying the tube with electrical energy and emitting an electromagnetic wave from the source (14) to the tube (12).
  • the microwave wave generator 10 shown in FIG. figure 1 , comprises a microwave generation tube 12 called tube 12 in the following.
  • the generator 10 also comprises a source 14 of electromagnetic waves, different from the tube 12 and a plurality of extractors 16 of electromagnetic waves out of the tube 12.
  • the tube 12 comprises a cathode 18.
  • the cathode 18 is a truncated cone of revolution about a longitudinal axis L perpendicular to the plane of the figure 1 , the cathode 18 extending between a first base 20 and a second base 22.
  • the first base 20 is a disk having a first ray radius R C1 .
  • the second base 22 is a disc having as radius a second radius R C2 .
  • the first radius R C1 is greater than the second radius R C2.
  • the bases 20 and 22 are, in addition, in transverse planes perpendicular to the axis L.
  • the cathode 18 is delimited by a lateral wall 24 converging towards the axis L of the first base 20 towards the second base 22 along the axis L, ie from the left to the right on the figure 2 .
  • the wall 24 of the cathode 18 is characterized by a first average transverse distance d T1moy from the wall 24 to the axis L.
  • a mean transverse distance is defined as the arithmetic mean of the transverse distances of a point of the wall 24 to the axis L for each transverse plane perpendicular to the axis L when this point exists in the transverse plane considered.
  • the first average transverse distance d T1moy evolves linearly from the first radius R C1 to the second radius R C2 .
  • the cathode 18 comprises a material capable of emitting electrons under the effect of an electric field, while having a good conductivity, such as copper or pyrolytic carbon.
  • the tube 12 also comprises an anode 26.
  • the anode 26 also extends along the axis L and radially surrounds the cathode 18.
  • the anode 26 and the cathode 18 thus delimit between them a cavity 28.
  • the anode 26 is of cylindrical shape and comprises a body 30, oriented along the axis L and a certain number of fins (four on the figure 1 ) 32 extending radially from the body 30 to the cathode 18.
  • the term "cylindrical” is to be understood in the broad sense and covers both cylinders of revolution that cylinders square, hexagonal, or other.
  • the fins 32 are equidistributed angularly around the axis L.
  • the fins 32 also have the same shape.
  • a fin 32 is derived from a neighboring fin 32 by a rotation of an angle about the axis L (90 ° on the figure 1 ).
  • the fins 32 delimit with the body 30 a plurality of cavities 38, 40 resonating each opening into a substantially cylindrical central space 42 extending in the center of the anode 26.
  • the cavities 38, 40 and the central space 42 together constitute the cavity 28.
  • the cathode 18 is disposed in the center of the central space 42.
  • the plurality of cavities 38, 40 comprises a plurality of large cavities 38 and small cavities 40.
  • each small cavity 40 is smaller than the cross section of each large cavity 38.
  • small cavities 40 and large cavities 38 all have the same longitudinal length along the axis L.
  • the tube 12 has a number of large cavities 38 (four on the figure 1 ) and small cavities 40 (four on the figure 1 ).
  • the large cavities 38 and the small cavities 40 are alternately arranged around each other around the cathode 18. As the cavity 28 is traversed radially around the axis L, it appears that each large cavity 38 is surrounded by two small cavities 40 .
  • each large cavity 38 is equidistant from the two small cavities 40 which are adjacent to it.
  • Each large cavity 38 is delimited by two fins 32 and by the body 30.
  • Each small cavity 40 is delimited inside a fin 32 by a radial opening opening facing the cathode 18. The small cavities 40 do not open into the outer surface 36 of the anode 26.
  • the anode 26 thus has a configuration of the type “rising sun” (also referred to as “rising sun”). This configuration makes it possible to limit the risk of occurrence of oscillations on parasitic frequencies, and to increase the efficiency of the tube 12.
  • the cavities 38, 40 are all identical to each other. This variant is particularly advantageous when the number of cavities 38, 40 is reduced (typically six cavities), because then the risk of occurrence of oscillations on parasitic frequencies is greatly reduced.
  • the inner surface 34 of the anode 26 is characterized by a second average cross T2moy distance d from the inner surface 34 to the axis L.
  • the second mean transverse distance d T2moy is constant and equal to the anode radius noted R A.
  • the ratio between the first distance d T1moy and the second distance d T2moy varies according to the transverse plane considered. More precisely, in this case, this variation is decreasing along the longitudinal axis L. In this case, the variation is linear.
  • the anode 26 is made of a conductive material, typically steel, graphite or copper.
  • the tube 12 further comprises a plurality of extraction orifices 44 for the output from the tube 12 of an electromagnetic wave generated in the tube 12.
  • each extraction orifice 44 connects the cavity 28 to an extractor 16.
  • the anode 26 is thus provided with three extraction orifices 44.
  • the tube 12 also comprises a feed orifice 46 for feeding the cavity 28 of the tube 12 by means of an electromagnetic wave generated by the source 14.
  • Each orifice 44, 46 is through and opens into the inner 34 and outer 36 surfaces of the anode 26.
  • each orifice 44, 46 is constituted by a portion of a large cavity 38.
  • the tube 12 comprises a voltage source 47 establishing a potential difference between the cathode 18 and the anode 26.
  • the cathode 18 is connected to an electric potential of the voltage source 47 lower than the electric potential of the voltage source 47 to which the anode 26 is connected.
  • the tube 12 also comprises a focusser 48 adapted to generate a magnetic field inside the cavity 28, the magnetic field being along the longitudinal axis L.
  • the focusser 48 is formed by two coils Helmholtz configuration arranged parallel to each other, each coil being L-axis and extending in a transverse plane. These coils are arranged axially on each side of the extractors 16. Only a part of one of the two coils is visible on the figure 1 .
  • the tube 12 is a magnetron.
  • the tube 12 is a klystron, a monotron, a gyrotron, an insulated magnetic line oscillator or a virtual cathode oscillator.
  • klystron a monotron
  • gyrotron a gyrotron
  • insulated magnetic line oscillator a gyrotron
  • virtual cathode oscillator a klystron, a monotron, a gyrotron, an insulated magnetic line oscillator or a virtual cathode oscillator.
  • the source 14 of electromagnetic waves comprises an emitter 50 of electromagnetic waves and a supply waveguide 52 of the tube 12 in electromagnetic waves.
  • the transmitter 50 is capable of emitting an electromagnetic wave intended to feed the cavity 28 of the tube 12.
  • the emitter 50 is able to emit an electromagnetic wave towards the tube 12 during a starting phase of the tube 12 .
  • the transmitter 50 is adapted to emit an electromagnetic wave with a frequency and a predetermined phase. Its electromagnetic wave generation power is generally lower than that of the tube 12.
  • the emitter 50 is typically a magnetron or a klystron.
  • the transmitter 50 is connected to the tube 12 via the supply waveguide 52.
  • the supply waveguide 52 is connected to the cavity 28 through the supply port 46.
  • the guide Supply wave waves 52 are thus adapted to supply the cavity 28 with electromagnetic waves, in particular to guide a wave emitted by the emitter 50 to the cavity 28 of the tube 12.
  • the supply waveguide 52 is a hollow metal pipe adapted to transport an electromagnetic wave in a well-defined propagation mode from its source of emission.
  • the supply waveguide 52 is rectangular in cross section.
  • the waveguide 52 is equipped with a shutter of the power supply 54.
  • the shutter device of the power supply 54 is able to be in two configurations: a blocking configuration and a passing configuration.
  • the shutter device of the power supply 54 is able to oppose the supply of the cavity 28 in electromagnetic waves and the extraction of electromagnetic waves from the cavity 28 by the guide of the electromagnetic waves. 52 waves.
  • the feed closure device 54 is able to allow this supply and this extraction.
  • the closure device of the supply 54 is adapted to maintain a substantially zero electric field at the supply orifice 46 of the tube 12 into which the waveguide 52 opens when the device of shutting off the power supply 54 is in the blocking configuration.
  • the generator 10 is provided with three extractors 16, two being placed opposite one another and the third being opposite the waveguide 52.
  • the extractors 16 each comprise an extraction waveguide 56.
  • Each extraction waveguide 56 is typically a hollow metal pipe adapted to carry an electromagnetic wave according to a well-defined propagation mode from its source.
  • the waveguides 56 are rectangular in cross section.
  • Each extraction waveguide 56 is adapted to extract at least a portion of the electromagnetic wave generated by the tube 12 from the cavity 28 and guide it to a downstream system (not shown), such as a antenna system.
  • Each extraction waveguide 56 is equipped with an extraction shutter device 58.
  • the extraction shutter device 58 is capable of being in two configurations: a blocking configuration and a passing configuration .
  • This closure device of the extraction 58 is adapted to selectively oppose the circulation and the extraction of electromagnetic waves in the extraction waveguide 56 which it equips, when it is in the blocking configuration, and to allow this wave flow when in the passing configuration.
  • each closure device of the extraction 58 is adapted to maintain a substantially zero electric field at the extraction orifice 44 of the tube 12 into which the associated extraction waveguide 56 opens, when in the blocking configuration.
  • the extraction orifices 44 are dimensioned so that, when no device for closing the extraction 58 of an extraction waveguide 56 opposes the circulation of electromagnetic waves in the associated waveguide 56, the sum of the powers extracted from the cavity 28 by the extractors 16 and lost by the Joule effect in the anode 26 is equal to or greater than the power supplied to the cavity 28 by the electrical power supply of the tube 12.
  • a method of generating an electromagnetic wave of the generator 10 will now be described, with respect to the generator 10 of the Figures 1 and 2 and the flowchart of the figure 5 .
  • the method includes a step 100 of switching the power shutoff device 54 in the pass-through configuration and each output shutter device 58 in the blocking configuration.
  • the tube 12 is at a standstill, that is to say that it is not supplied with electrical energy, the shutter device of the power supply 54 being in the pass-through configuration and each closure device of the extraction 58 is in blocking configuration.
  • the method also comprises a step 102 for feeding the tube 12 with electrical energy.
  • the tube 12 is started, that is to say that it is supplied with electrical energy by the voltage source 47.
  • the cathode 18 is able to emit electrons in the cavity 28, destination of the anode 26, when the tube 12 is supplied with electrical energy.
  • the cathode 18 emits electrons inside the cavity 28.
  • an oriented electric field of the cathode 18 towards the anode 26 is created at the same time.
  • the electrons move inside the cavity 28 (rotation around the cathode 18) , and their displacement generates an electromagnetic wave.
  • This electromagnetic wave resonates in the cavity 28 and the electromagnetic energy contained in the cavity 28 increases progressively.
  • the electromagnetic wave produced in the cavity 28 is a superposition of a plurality of waves at different frequencies since, for each distance between the inner surface 34 of the anode 26 and the wall of the cathode 18, a wave frequency particular is associated.
  • the frequencies present in the wave generated are the set of frequencies between two frequencies: a first frequency f 1 and a second frequency f 2 .
  • the first frequency f 1 corresponds to the frequency that would be generated if the cathode 18 was a cylinder of revolution of axis L and whose base would be the first base 20.
  • the second frequency f 2 corresponds to the frequency that would be generated if the cathode 18 was a cylinder of revolution of axis L and whose base would be the second base 22.
  • the generator 10 is therefore a magnetron operating as an oscillator with a frequency drift between the first frequency f 1 and the second frequency f 2 .
  • the shutter devices of the extraction 58 being in blocking configuration during the start-up phase, the electromagnetic wave generated is kept confined inside the cavity 28.
  • the energy leaks out of the tube 12 are reduced and the electromagnetic energy contained in the cavity 28 increases more rapidly.
  • the duration of the start phase of the tube 12 is thus reduced.
  • the losses being reduced the efficiency of the generator 10 is improved.
  • the method also comprises a step 104 for emitting an electromagnetic wave by the source 14.
  • the source 14 is activated to emit an electromagnetic wave to the tube 12.
  • This wave excites the cavity 28 according to its eigenmode, so that the wave generated by the tube 12 is in phase with the wave emitted by the source 14. It is thus possible to control the phase of the wave generated by the tube 12.
  • This control of the phase of the wave generated by the tube 12 is particularly advantageous because it makes it possible to make a plurality of tubes coherent so as to be able to sum their output powers.
  • the starting phase of the tube 12 is finished.
  • the method also includes a step 106 of switching the power shutoff device 54 in the blocking configuration.
  • the electromagnetic wave generated by the tube 12 can not go up via the waveguide 52 to the source 14, which makes it possible to protect the source 14 and prevent it from being damaged by the wave.
  • a step 108 for extracting the electromagnetic wave generated outside the tube 12 takes place.
  • This step 108 comprises a first substep 110 of switching in the passing configuration of one or more closure devices of the extraction 58, the other devices 58 being maintained in blocking configuration.
  • Step 108 also includes a second substep 112 of switching in the pass-through configuration of at least one of the extraction shutter devices 58 that have been held in the blocking configuration.
  • Such a control mode makes it possible to select the output channels of the electromagnetic wave from the tube 12.
  • the tube 12 is stopped, then the previous steps 110 to 112 are repeated to emit a new electromagnetic wave.
  • an electromagnetic wave which comprises, in the same pulse, several frequencies.
  • the frequencies generated during the pulse depend on the ratio between the first distance from the wall of the cathode 18 with respect to the longitudinal axis L and the second distance from the inner surface 34 of the anode 26 with respect to the L axis
  • the shapes of the cathode 18 and the anode 26 are different, the other elements of the generator 10 being identical.
  • the cathode 18 has the shape of a cylinder of revolution whose axis of revolution is L.
  • the base of the cylinder is a disk of radius R C , the disk being centered on the axis L and lying in a perpendicular transverse plane to the axis L.
  • the first distance d T1moy is constant and equal to the cathode radius noted R C.
  • the section of the figure 3 is a section of the generator 10 according to the second embodiment similar to that of the figure 2 made along the axis of section II-II shown on the figure 1 . According to this view, it appears that the second distance d T2moy of the anode 26 to the axis L decreases from one end to the other. This reduction is continuous and in particular linear from a distance corresponding to a first anode radius R A1 to a second anode radius R A2 .
  • the inner surface 34 is inclined towards the axis L.
  • the ratio between the first distance d T1moy and the second distance d T2moy varies according to the transverse plane considered. As it happens, the variation is linear and decreasing from the first anode radius R A1 to the second anode radius R A2 .
  • the proposed form for the cathode 18 and the type of extraction are different.
  • the generators 10 of the first and second embodiments have a radial extraction (the extraction is in directions perpendicular to the longitudinal axis L) while the generator 10 of the third embodiment has a so-called axial extraction that is to say that the extraction is done along the axis L.
  • the cathode 18 has the shape of a cylinder of revolution whose axis of revolution is the axis L.
  • This cylinder has a section staggered along the axis L. This means that the cylinder comprises several portions of cylinder whose base is a disc, each disc having a different radius.
  • the cathode 18 successively comprises a certain number of portions of cylinders (four according to the figure 4 ) respectively called first portion 62, second portion 64, third portion 66 and fourth portion 68.
  • Each portion 62, 64, 66 and 68 is a cylinder of revolution whose axis of revolution is the axis L.
  • the base of the cylinder is a disc whose radius is highlighted on the figure 4 .
  • the radius R 1 is greater than the radius R 2 which is itself greater than the radius R 3 which is itself greater than the radius R 4 .
  • cathode 18 has a staircase profile.
  • the evolution of the first distance d T1moy is a monotonous and continuous evolution in pieces.
  • the generator 10 does not have extractors 16.
  • the generator 10 is also not provided with extraction ports 44 as in the first embodiment.
  • the generator 10 comprises a compressor 70 placed at the outlet of the tube 12 along the axis L.
  • the compressor 70 comprises a collector 72 and a dispersive line 74. As the compressor 70 does not have any active elements, it is described as "passive".
  • the collector 72 is able to collect the electrons generated in the cavity 28 of the tube 12.
  • the collector 72 is a cylindrical tube whose axis of revolution is the axis L.
  • the collector 72 is metallic. In this case, it is copper.
  • the collector 72 is placed facing the cavity 28 and the cathode 18.
  • the collector 72 is coaxial.
  • the radial extension of the collector 72 is greater than or equal to the radial extension of the cavity 28.
  • the dispersive line 74 is capable of reducing the dispersion of the group velocities of the different electrons entering the collector. This reduction results in a compression increasing the peak power of the wave generated at the output of the compressor 70 with respect to a configuration in which the compressor 70 is not present.
  • the dispersive line 74 comprises a dispersive medium, that is to say a medium whose propagation constant depends on the frequency. For example, the propagation constant decreases with frequency.
  • the dispersive line 74 also has a tubular shape and is radially surrounded by the internal walls of the manifold 72.
  • the wave output of the compressor 70 feeds an antenna 76 emitting the wave from the compressor 70 to the outside of the generator 10.
  • the antenna 76 is radially transmitted.
  • One of the four frequencies corresponds to the frequency that would be generated if the cathode 18 was a cylinder of revolution of axis L based on a disc of radius R 1 .
  • the other three frequencies correspond to the frequencies that would be generated if the cathode 18 was a cylinder of revolution of axis L respectively having as base a disk of radius R 2 , R 3 and R 4 .
  • the cathode 18 comprises five portions of cylinders.
  • the extraction of the electromagnetic wave and its four frequencies is axial. This is more favorable than a radial extraction. Indeed, up to 70% of yield is obtained.
  • the yield is here defined as the ratio between the electromagnetic energy of the wave generated by the tube 12 and the electrical energy supplied to create a potential difference between the cathode 18 and the anode 26.
  • the electromagnetic wave generated by the generator 10 is intrinsically wide band, which makes it particularly well suited to power a radial transmission antenna.
  • the generator 10 comprises a plurality of tubes 12 fed by the same source 14.
  • the electromagnetic waves emitted by the tubes 12 are then coherent in phase, and it is therefore possible to summing them to obtain at output of the generator 10 an electromagnetic wave of higher power.
  • the electromagnetic wave generated comprises, in the same pulse, several frequencies.
  • the generator 10 thus makes it possible to emit several frequencies in a single electromagnetic pulse. As a result, the generator 10 couples more effectively with the target than the generators of the state of the art.
  • the efficiency of the generator 10 is improved by a gain in power by a factor of about twenty-five.
  • the voltage applied to the tube 12 can be reduced by a factor of five for a wave emission of the same power. This makes it possible to obtain a more compact generator 10 and to reduce the emission of ionizing radiation from this generator 10.
  • this generator 10 applies to any type of cathode, and in particular to transparent cathodes. These cathodes are in particular defined in the document US-2008/0246385 .

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EP13194816.8A 2012-12-12 2013-11-28 Hyperfrequenzwellengenerator und entsprechendes Wellenerzeugungsverfahren Pending EP2743962A3 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1203385A FR2999332B1 (fr) 2012-12-12 2012-12-12 Generateur d'ondes hyperfrequences et procede de generation d'ondes associe

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EP2743962A2 true EP2743962A2 (de) 2014-06-18
EP2743962A3 EP2743962A3 (de) 2016-03-23

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Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20080246385A1 (en) 2007-01-24 2008-10-09 Edl Schamiloglu Eggbeater transparent cathode for magnetrons and ubitrons and related methods of generating high power microwaves

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2869012A (en) * 1955-10-10 1959-01-13 Rudolf A Muller Thermionic device
US3458753A (en) * 1965-08-30 1969-07-29 Gen Electric Crossed-field discharge devices and couplers therefor and oscillators and amplifiers incorporating the same
US3443150A (en) * 1966-06-02 1969-05-06 Gen Electric Crossed-field discharge devices and microwave oscillators and amplifiers incorporating the same
JP4355135B2 (ja) * 2002-11-13 2009-10-28 新日本無線株式会社 パルスマグネトロン

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20080246385A1 (en) 2007-01-24 2008-10-09 Edl Schamiloglu Eggbeater transparent cathode for magnetrons and ubitrons and related methods of generating high power microwaves

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FR2999332A1 (fr) 2014-06-13
EP2743962A3 (de) 2016-03-23
FR2999332B1 (fr) 2018-10-26

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