Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
  • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
  • H01B1/04—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of carbon-silicon compounds, carbon or silicon
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
  • H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
  • H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
  • H01M4/1393—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
  • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
  • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
  • H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
  • H01M4/621—Binders
  • H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
  • H01M4/621—Binders
  • H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
  • H01M4/623—Binders being polymers fluorinated polymers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
  • H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
  • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
  • Y10S977/70—Nanostructure
  • Y10S977/778—Nanostructure within specified host or matrix material, e.g. nanocomposite films
  • Y10S977/783—Organic host/matrix, e.g. lipid
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
  • Y10S977/84—Manufacture, treatment, or detection of nanostructure
  • Y10S977/90—Manufacture, treatment, or detection of nanostructure having step or means utilizing mechanical or thermal property, e.g. pressure, heat
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
  • Y10S977/902—Specified use of nanostructure
  • Y10S977/932—Specified use of nanostructure for electronic or optoelectronic application

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for the preparation and / or processing of powdery polymer-carbon nanotube mixtures comprising the step of milling a mixture comprising carbon nanotubes and polymer particles.
• the invention further relates to pulverulent polymer-carbon nanotube mixtures obtainable by a process according to the invention and to the use of such powdery polymer-carbon nanotube mixtures for producing electrodes.
• Carbon nanotubes are known for their exceptional properties. For example, their strength is about 100 times that of steel, their thermal conductivity is about as large as that of diamond, their thermal stability reaches up to 2800 ° C in vacuum and their electrical conductivity can be many times the conductivity of copper. However, these structure-related characteristics are often only accessible at the molecular level if it is possible to homogeneously distribute carbon nanotubes and to produce the largest possible contact between the tubes and the medium, ie to make them compatible with the medium and thus stable dispersible.
• the carbon nanotubes should be as isolated as possible, that is agglomerate-free, not aligned and present in a concentration at which such a network can just form, which is reflected by the sudden increase in electrical conductivity as a function of the concentration of carbon nanotubes (Perkoiationsgrenze) ,
• WO 95/07551 A1 describes a lithium battery characterized in that the anode is formed of a carbon fiber fibril material comprising fibril aggregates or non-aggregated fibril masses having an average particle diameter of 0.1 to 100 microns.
• fine, strand-like carbon fibrils with a diameter of 3.5 to 70 nm are intertwined and the fibrils are intercalated with lithium.
• the cathode also has carbon fibrils.
• EP 2 081 244 A1 discloses an electrode having a current collector and an active material layer disposed thereon.
• the active material layer includes a structural network and an active material composition.
• the structural network includes a network of carbon nanotubes and a binder.
• the active material composition includes an active material and a polar medium.
• a composite material for battery electrodes comprises microporous fiber agglomerates and an active electrode material within the micropores.
• the agglomerates are formed from intertwined vapor-deposited carbon fibers having contact points between the fibers. At least part of the contact points are chemically bonded contact points.
• the fiber agglomerates are made by compressing branched vapor-deposited carbon fibers and pulverizing them.
• WO 2009/105863 discloses a composite electrode material comprising a carbon-coated complex oxide, carbon fibers and a binder.
• the material is prepared by co-mulling an active electrode material and fibrous carbon and adding a binder to the co-milled mixture to reduce the viscosity of the mixture.
• the fibrous carbon is gaseous phase deposited fibrous carbon. It is further described that the binder is added after co-grinding in the form of a solution in a suitable solvent.
• the voriiegende invention therefore has the task of overcoming the disadvantages of the prior art, at least partially.
• the invention has the object to provide a method by which commercial ohienstoffnanorschreiben aggregates can be comminuted with less energy, the products obtained are safer to handle and without a conversion of existing processes in the production of lithium-ion secondary cells or others electrochemical applications can be used.
• carbon nanotube compositions should be provided which yield stable dispersions upon incorporation in a suitable solvent.
• the object is achieved by a method for the production and / or processing of powdered polymer-carbon nanotube mixtures, comprising the step of milling a mixture comprising ohienstoffnanorschreiben and Polymerpartikei having an average particle size of> 0.001 mm to ⁇ 10 mm.
• the method is characterized in that the grinding takes place in the presence of> 0% by weight to ⁇ 15% by weight, based on the total weight of the mixture, of a liquid phase which does not dissolve the polymer particles and at a temperature below the melting point of the polymer particles.
• the transition between low-energy milling and mixing powders is fluid. Therefore, according to the invention included in the term "grinding” is also the mixing of the individual powders of the mixture, as long as it comes to a reduction of any existing Kohienstoffnanorschreiben- aggregates.
• the grinding can also be carried out with mixers which cause a grinding effect.
• the grinding takes place in the presence of> 0% by weight to ⁇ 15% by weight, based on the total weight of the mixture, of a liquid phase which does not dissolve the polymer particles. Of course, there is no further, the polymer particles dissolving liquid phase.
• the grinding takes place at a temperature below the melting point of the Poiymerpartikei. This also ensures that solid carbon nanotubes and / or carbon nanotube aggregates and solid polymer particles come into mechanical contact with each other during milling. In the event that the polymer particles do not have a melting point but a melting range, the grinding should be carried out at a temperature below the lowest temperature of the melting range.
• the Fi manufactoring of these mixtures may be> 10 mL / s, better> 15 mL / s, preferably> 20 mL / s and more preferably> 25 mL / s (can be determined with the Trickle-capable device from Karg-Indusirietechnik (Code No. 1012.000) Modeii PM and a 15 mm nozzle according to standard ISO 6186). Free-flowing mixtures show clear advantages in their dosage and processing.
• the polymer particles can in principle be composed of any desired polymers, including any additives present, such as fillers and the like. It is favorable if the polymer material plays a role in the desired further processing of the carbon nanotubes.
• the polymer may be a binder.
• the polymer particles have an average particle size of> 0.001 mm to ⁇ 10 mm.
• This value can be determined genreil by means of laser diffraction spectrometry (an example of a device is the Mastersizer MS 2000 with dispersing unit Hydro S Malvern, in water) are determined.
• a preferred size range is> 0.02 mm to ⁇ 6 mm. More preferably, the average particle size is> 0.05 mm to ⁇ 2 mm, and more preferably> 0.1 mm to ⁇ 1 mm.
• the carbon nanotubes in the process according to the invention can be present in agglomerated form and / or in unagglomerated form and / or in aggregated form and / or in non-aggregated form.
• Cylinder type carbon nanotubes for example, in patents to lijima US 5,747,161, Tennant WO 86/03455
• Scrou type Muitiscroli type
• cup-stacked type consisting of unilaterally closed or both sides open conical cups (for example in patent Geus EP 198558 and Endo US 7,018,601), or onion-like structure.
• Preference is given to using multi-walled carbon nanotubes of the cylinder type, Scrou type, multiscroll type and cup-stacked type or mixtures thereof. It is advantageous if the Kohienstoffnanorschreiben have a ratio of length to outer diameter of> 5, preferably> 100.
• the individual graphene or graphite layers in these carbon nanotubes seen in cross-section, evidently run continuously from the center of the carbon nanotubes to the outer edge without interruption. For example, this may allow improved and faster intercalation of other materials in the tube framework as more open edges than the entry zone of the intercalates are available compared to single-structure carbon nanotubes (Carbon 1996, 34, 1301-3) or onion-like carbon nanotubes (Science 1994, 263, 1744-7).
• the carbon nanotubes are in the form of carbon nanotube agglomerates / aggregates with an average aggregate / aggregate size of> 0.001 mm to ⁇ 10 mm.
• the agglomerated form is that form of carbon nanotubes in which they are usually commercially available.
• Several types of structures of agglomerates can be distinguished: the bird's nest structure (BN), the combed yarn (CY) structure and the open network structure (ON) , Further agglomerate structures are known, for example one in which the carbon nanotubes are arranged in the form of bulky yarns (Hocke, WO PCT / EP2010 / 004845).
• the agglomerates preferably have an average aggregate size of> 0.02 mm. This value can be determined conveniently by means of laser diffraction spectrometry (an example of a device is the Mastersizer MS 2000 with dispersing unit Hydro S from Malvern, in water).
• the upper limit of the agglomerate size is preferably ⁇ 10 mm and more preferably ⁇ 6 mm. More preferably, the average agglomerate size is> 0.05 mm to ⁇ 2 mm, and more preferably> 0.1 mm to ⁇ 1 mm.
• milling is carried out in the presence of> 0% by weight to ⁇ 1% by weight, based on the total weight of the mixture, of the liquid phase.
• the proportion of the liquid phase is> 0% by weight to ⁇ 0.1% by weight, and more preferably> 0% by weight to ⁇ 0.01% by weight. all in all can then speak of a dry mowing process, with technically inevitable traces of moisture are included.
• the energy introduced during milling should be so low that unwanted shortening of the carbon nanotubes, in particular in carbon nanotube aggregates, does not occur or only to an insignificant extent.
• the energy input can be determined by the power consumption of the motor used in the mowing device. This may, in certain embodiments, be at a mehlia input of ⁇ 0.1 kWh / kg, based on the mixture comprising ohlenstoffnanorschreiben agglomerates and polymer particles, in other embodiments ⁇ 0.05 kWh / kg or ⁇ 0.01 kWh / kg.
• the grinding takes place at a temperature of> -196 ° C to ⁇ 180 ° C. It goes without saying that the melting point of the Poiymerpartikei is not exceeded. Preferred temperatures are in the range of> -40 ° C to ⁇ 100 ° C. In this way, for example, both above and below the Giasübergangstemperaiur of the polymer preferably used polyvinylidene fluoride (depending on the exact material -40 ° C to -30 ° C) are worked.
• the milling is carried out in such a way that the average agglomerate size of the carbon nanotube agglomerates after milling is> 0.01 ⁇ m to ⁇ 20 m.
• the size of the aggregates can be determined, as already described above, by means of laser diffraction spectrometry.
• Preferred aggregate sizes after milling, especially with regard to electrode materials are> 0.1 ⁇ m to ⁇ 10 ⁇ m and more preferably> 1 ⁇ m to ⁇ 7 ⁇ m.
• milling is carried out in such a way that the BET surface area of the carbon nanotube agglomerates after grinding is> 25 m 2 / g to ⁇ 50 m 2 / g ,> 50 m 2 / g to ⁇ 150 m 2 / g or> 150 m 2 / g to ⁇ 400 m 2 / g.
• BET surface area values are good indicators of no or insignificant truncation of CNT fibrils, which is undesirable in electrode electrode material applications.
• the BET surface areas are preferably in the range from> 80 m 2 / g to ⁇ 120 m 2 / g and more preferably from> 90 m 2 / g to ⁇ 110 m 2 / g and also preferably in the range of> 120 m 2 / g to ⁇ 400 m 2 / g.
• the BET surface area can be determined by nitrogen adsorption according to the multipoint BET method at 1 6 ° C (analogous to DIN ISO 9277).
• the carbon nanotubes and the polymer particles are present in a weight ratio of> 0.05: 1 to ⁇ 20: 1.
• this ratio is> 0.75 to ⁇ 1.5: 1 and more preferably> 0.9: 1 to ⁇ 1, 1: 1.
• the resulting carbon nanotubes / polymer blends can be used without further changes in the production of electrode materials, the polymer assuming the role of the binder employed, in a further embodiment of the process of the invention
• the carbon nanotubes are multi-walled carbon nanotubes having an average outer diameter of> 3 nm to ⁇ 100 nm, preferably> 5 nm to ⁇ 25 nm and a length to diameter ratio of> 5, preferably> 100.
• the polymer particles are polymers selected from the group consisting of poly (vinyl acetate), polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, alkylated polyethylene oxide, cross-linked polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl ethers, poly (methyl methacrylates), polyvinylidene fluoride, copolymers of polyhexafluoropropylene and P polyvinylidene fluoride, poly (ethyl acrylate), polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylpyridine, polyethylene, polypropylene, styrenebutadiene copolymers and / or polystyrene and / or copolymers thereof.
• PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
• the pulverulent polymer-carbon nanotube mixture obtained after milling or the resulting polymer-carbon nanotube mixture containing up to 15% by weight of liquid phase is dispersed in a solvent.
• the mixture obtained or the resulting dispersion can be used directly as Bindemitte lumble formulation for the production of Eiektrodenmaterialien.
• the polymer is dissolved in the solvent.
• the solvent is selected from the group comprising lactams, ketones, nitriles, alcohols, cyclic ethers and / or water. Even more preferred is that the solvent is N-methylpyrrolidone, which is a suitable solvent for PVDF.
• N-methylpyrrolidone which is a suitable solvent for PVDF.
• Another object of the present invention are powdered polymer carbon nanotube mixtures or polymer-carbon nanotube mixtures containing up to 15% by weight of liquid phase, obtainable by a method according to the invention. It is very preferred that the mixtures are dry mixtures, here are mixtures with a proportion from> 0% by weight to ⁇ 1% by weight, based on the total weight of the mixture, of a liquid phase.
• the present invention furthermore relates to the use of powdery polymer-carbon nanotube mixtures or polymer mixtures according to the invention.
• Carbon nanotube mixtures containing up to 15% by weight of liquid phase for the production of electrodes can then be mixed with a solvent for the polymer and so, for example, conductive pastes, optionally together with other electrochemically active compounds produced.
• the electrodes are electrodes for photovoltaic cells, preferably photoelectrochemical solar cells, fuel cells, electrolyzers, thermoelectrochemical cells, accumulators and / or batteries.
• photovoltaic cells preferably photoelectrochemical solar cells, fuel cells, electrolyzers, thermoelectrochemical cells, accumulators and / or batteries.
• Preferred here are lithium ion secondary metals.
• the electrodes thus prepared obtainable by using a powdery polymer-carbon nanotube mixture according to the invention or a polymer-carbon nanotube mixture according to the invention containing up to 15% by weight of liquid phase, are likewise the subject of this invention.
• the present invention will be further illustrated by, but not limited to, the following examples and figures.
• FIG. 1 shows the dependence of the BET surface area on the milling time in a method according to the invention
• FIG. 2-4 show SEM images of mixtures obtained in a process according to the invention
• Carbon nanotubes Baytubes® C150HP from Bayer MaterialScience. These are multi-walled carbon nanotubes with an average outer diameter of 1 3 nm to 1 6 nm and a length of more than 1 ⁇ . They are still present as agglomerates / aggregates with an average Teiichen hang of 0.1 mm to 1 mm.
• PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride from Solvay Soiexes.
• the material has a melting range (ASTM D 3418) of 155-172 ° C and an average Teiichen pertain of ⁇ 180 ⁇ .
• Each 2 g of carbon nanotubes and 2 g of PVDF were charged to an A10 Janke and Kunkel (IKA) analysis mill.
• the rotor consisted of a knife with two blades with a diameter of 55 mm.
• the speed of the rotor was 20,000 rpm with a maximum peripheral speed of 58 m / s.
• the mill was cooled by a water loop so that the temperature did not rise above the melting point of the polymer used.
• NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
• FIG. 1 shows the course of the BET surface area of CNT aggregates in a mixture with PVDF after grinding according to the invention as a function of the milling time.
• the reading at 0 min was determined by determination on a CNT / PVDF sample prepared by simple manual mixing without further mechanical treatment. The determination was carried out by nitrogen adsorption according to the multipoint B ET method at -196 ° C (analogous to DI N ISO 9277).
• FIG. 2 An important indication of the positive influence of the polymer in the grinding of CNT aggregates is given by the scanning electron micrographs, shown in FIG. 2 to 4. All the samples mentioned in the examples described above were also characterized accordingly.
• two images are shown at different magnification of a sample after a grinding time of 7 minutes.
• FIG. 2 can be identified at a magnification of 100: 1 relatively large polymer particles with diameters in the range between 50 ⁇ and 100 ⁇ next to the much smaller CNT aggregates.
• FIG. 3 With a magnification of 995: 1 also clearly visible.
• FIG. 4 with a magnification of 4973: 1, the particles can be clearly identified as C NT aggregates. Individual G NT fibrils are already recognizable on the surface.
• the precipitated paste was then laced onto an aluminum foil with a wet film thickness of 250 ⁇ m. This film was dried at 60 ° C in a convection oven overnight. From the dried film cathodes were manufactured by punching out for battery production. The discharge characteristics of the electrodes thus prepared were measured in Haibzeilen measurements with Li Foiie as anode with several charging end charge cycles and exemplified in Fig. 5.

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• 2011
  • 2011-12-19 EP EP11797322.2A patent/EP2656417A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2011-12-19 US US13/996,136 patent/US20140001416A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2011-12-19 KR KR1020137019013A patent/KR20130132550A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2011-12-19 JP JP2013545242A patent/JP2014507496A/ja active Pending
  • 2011-12-19 CN CN201180068229.3A patent/CN103493256A/zh active Pending
  • 2011-12-19 WO PCT/EP2011/073166 patent/WO2012084764A1/de active Application Filing
  • 2011-12-20 TW TW100147337A patent/TW201240203A/zh unknown

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