EP2643648B1 - Procédé et installation destinés à l'imprégnation et au séchage d'une bande de papier défilante - Google Patents

Procédé et installation destinés à l'imprégnation et au séchage d'une bande de papier défilante Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2643648B1
EP2643648B1 EP11778630.1A EP11778630A EP2643648B1 EP 2643648 B1 EP2643648 B1 EP 2643648B1 EP 11778630 A EP11778630 A EP 11778630A EP 2643648 B1 EP2643648 B1 EP 2643648B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
drying
air
paper web
temperature
accordance
Prior art date
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EP11778630.1A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2643648A1 (fr
Inventor
Udo Unger
Adnan DÖNGELLI
Daniel James
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Vits Technology GmbH
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Vits Technology GmbH
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Priority to PL11778630T priority Critical patent/PL2643648T3/pl
Publication of EP2643648A1 publication Critical patent/EP2643648A1/fr
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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F5/00—Dryer section of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F5/18—Drying webs by hot air
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F5/00—Dryer section of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F5/20—Waste heat recovery
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F5/00—Dryer section of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F5/18—Drying webs by hot air
    • D21F5/185—Supporting webs in hot air dryers
    • D21F5/187—Supporting webs in hot air dryers by air jets
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D21H17/46—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H17/47—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones
    • D21H17/49—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with compounds containing hydrogen bound to nitrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B13/00—Machines and apparatus for drying fabrics, fibres, yarns, or other materials in long lengths, with progressive movement
    • F26B13/10—Arrangements for feeding, heating or supporting materials; Controlling movement, tension or position of materials
    • F26B13/101—Supporting materials without tension, e.g. on or between foraminous belts
    • F26B13/104—Supporting materials without tension, e.g. on or between foraminous belts supported by fluid jets only; Fluid blowing arrangements for flotation dryers, e.g. coanda nozzles
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H25/00—After-treatment of paper not provided for in groups D21H17/00 - D21H23/00
    • D21H25/04—Physical treatment, e.g. heating, irradiating
    • D21H25/06—Physical treatment, e.g. heating, irradiating of impregnated or coated paper
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H27/00—Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes
    • D21H27/18—Paper- or board-based structures for surface covering
    • D21H27/22—Structures being applied on the surface by special manufacturing processes, e.g. in presses
    • D21H27/26—Structures being applied on the surface by special manufacturing processes, e.g. in presses characterised by the overlay sheet or the top layers of the structures

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for impregnating and drying a continuous paper web with a urea resin dissolved in water, wherein the urea resin is applied to the paper web in a metered amount, the paper web is guided in a dryer by heated air and dried to a predetermined residual moisture, wherein at least a portion of the air is circulated, a temperature of the paper web is determined and the drying is controlled by changing drying parameters in a plurality of different drying zones, wherein between the adjacent drying zones in each case a partition wall is arranged.
  • the invention further relates to a corresponding device for carrying out the method.
  • Such impregnated paper webs are known per se and are e.g. used as furniture foils or for floor laminate.
  • high demands are placed on the quality.
  • predominantly expensive melamine resins have hitherto been used in practice for impregnation.
  • the decorative papers are impregnated with the melamine resin and dried with warm air.
  • the substrate e.g. a chipboard
  • the melamine resin causes the surface to be scratch-resistant and ensures that the decorative paper is securely bonded to the substrate.
  • the much cheaper urea resin can be used for a first impregnation.
  • the impregnated web must be coated on both sides with melamine resin in order to achieve the required surface properties of the laminate and to ensure the bonding with the flap.
  • the WO 2008/134823 A1 describes a process for the production of impregnated paper in which a urea resin is used for impregnation.
  • the drying takes place by means of near-infrared rays, crosslinking of the resin being largely avoided.
  • the low cross-linking allows for the compression of the impregnated with the urea resin film with the substrate, that a secure bonding takes place.
  • a disadvantage of the method is that the required reliability is not given. Furthermore, expensive electrical energy is needed. In the case of colorful decors, spots of different colors are dried differently due to the different absorption and reflection, so that the web as a whole has uneven moisture.
  • Another object is to provide a device for carrying out the method.
  • the first object is solved by the features of claim 1.
  • the temperature of the paper web is determined and controlled separately in each of the drying zones, and for each of the drying zones, an amount and / or a temperature of the circulating air are controlled such that the temperature of the paper web is at most 99 ° C, preferably at most 80 ° C to 85 ° C is.
  • the critical temperature for urea resin exceeded and still the required degree of drying is achieved very evenly.
  • crosslinking of the urea resin is largely prevented, so that during later lamination, a firm bonding with e.g. a plate is guaranteed. Therefore, contrary to previous practice, the much cheaper urea resin can be used. Decisive for this is the prevention of crosslinking.
  • Exhaust air is withdrawn from a first of the drying zones and fresh air fed to a last of the drying zones (directional information, positions and the like always refer to a transport direction of the paper web in this application). This has the effect that each of the drying zones is traversed by the largest possible amount of fresh air with as little exhaust air as possible.
  • the control of the amount and / or the temperature of the circulating air as a function of the temperature of the paper web allows a high temperature in a direction of transport of the paper web of the first drying zones at the same time high circulation. In this case, no or only little air can reach the next drying zone, in which a lower temperature prevails. Therefore, the maximum temperature of the paper web can be safely maintained, with high evaporation rates especially in the first drying zone can be achieved.
  • the urea resin has the additional advantage that it is fluid and therefore better and faster impregnated into the paper web. Therefore, the impregnation is simplified.
  • the impregnated with urea resin and then dried paper web is printable, so that a short-term printing decoration can be changed without having to make a change of a supply roll of the paper web.
  • the stockpiling for paper webs is greatly simplified.
  • the fresh air is preheated by means of the exhaust air in a heat exchanger. This reduces the energy consumption of the drying process.
  • appropriate barrier locks at the inlet and at the outlet of the paper web are arranged in the dryer, which are e.g. be subjected to blocking air. In this way it is achieved that the fresh air largely enters only the last of the drying zones.
  • the air is heated directly by means of combustible gas, in which case combustion gases produced are mixed with air drawn off from an associated one of the drying stages and then supplied to this drying stage as heating gas.
  • combustion gases produced are mixed with air drawn off from an associated one of the drying stages and then supplied to this drying stage as heating gas.
  • Each drying step is assigned its own burner. The mixing and thus the cooling of the combustion gases with the air from the drying stages causes a strong reduction of the exhaust air of the dryer; less fresh air needs to be heated.
  • the air in the dryer has a relative humidity of at most 10%, preferably at most 5%. This results in a high water absorption capacity of the air and therefore a gentle and rapid drying.
  • the temperature of the air in the first drying step is 120 ° C to 300 ° C, preferably 150 ° C to 200 ° C, and in the last drying step 60 ° C to 100 ° C, preferably 70 ° C to 90 ° C.
  • the temperature of the air is adjusted to values between that in the first and the last drying stage, wherein the temperature is gradually reduced from one of the drying stages to the next in the transport direction of the paper web. In this way, the highest possible evaporation performance results for each drying stage, without the permissible temperature of the paper web being exceeded.
  • a melamine resin is applied to the paper web after drying.
  • a higher quality surface of the finished coated paper web is achieved. This largely satisfies the requirements of a solely melamine resin impregnated and / or coated paper web, but with the inventive method, the production costs are significantly reduced.
  • an apparatus for impregnating and drying a continuous paper web 1 comprises a first application device 2 for the metered application of urea resin and a dryer 3.
  • the dryer 3 is preferably followed by a winder 4 for winding up the impregnated paper web 1, whose transport in the direction according to the arrow 5 he follows.
  • the first application device 2 comprises an application roller 6, guide rollers 7 and not shown means for supplying the urea resin.
  • the dryer 3 is constructed in a modular manner from here four substantially identically constructed drying zones 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and enclosed by a housing. Between the adjacent drying zones 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, a partition wall is arranged in each case.
  • Each of the drying zones 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 comprises, as shown in FIG. 2 is particularly clear, a circulating fan 8, nozzle boxes 9, which are arranged below and above the paper web 1 for inflating air circulated as circulated air to the paper web 1, means for heating the circulating air as well as channels or lines for guiding the circulating air.
  • a measuring device 10 is arranged so that a temperature of the paper web 1 in a rear region of the drying zone 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 can be determined.
  • the measuring device 10 includes, for example, a non-contact infrared sensor.
  • the circulating air fan 8 is arranged in a suction chamber 11 within the drying zone 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and connected on the pressure side by means of channels to the nozzle boxes 9.
  • the means for heating the circulating air comprise a gas burner 12 with a burner tube 13 and a burner air fan 14, a mixed air fan 15 and connecting air ducts.
  • the mixed-air fan 15 is connected on the intake side to the suction chamber 11 and on the pressure side to the burner tube 13.
  • An outlet of the burner tube 13 is connected to the suction chamber 11, that in operation a mixing of the sucked from the mixing air fan 15 circulating air is excluded with the introduced from the outlet of the burner tube 13 in the suction chamber 11 heated circulating air.
  • the means for heating the circulating air comprise a not shown first heat exchanger, which is associated with the suction side of the circulating air fan 8 and can be acted upon by heating medium such as thermal oil or steam.
  • An inlet of the paper web 1 in the first drying zone 3.1 and an outlet from the last drying zone 3.4 is assigned a barrier lock 16 each.
  • Each of the barrier sluices 16 is separately acted upon with fresh air so that unwanted intrusion of ambient air in and leakage of air from the dryer 3 is largely avoided.
  • a fresh air line 19 is further connected, which leads to the last drying zone 3.4.
  • a fresh air fan 20 is integrated.
  • the paper web 1 is withdrawn from a supply roll 21 and passed through the first application device 2.
  • the urea resin in aqueous solution is uniformly distributed on the paper web 1 and dosed to a predetermined basis weight of, for example, 50 g of urea resin dry matter per m 2 .
  • the urea resin impregnated in the paper web 1 so that it is uniformly saturated.
  • the impregnated paper web 1 is then fed to the dryer 3, transported therein in a floating manner in the transporting direction and brought to a predetermined residual moisture of e.g. 7% dried.
  • the paper web 1 is acted upon in the drying zones 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 with heated circulating air.
  • the circulating air is conveyed by means of the associated circulating air fan 8 in the circuit.
  • the circulating air is withdrawn from the suction chamber 11, heated by means of the burner exhaust gases of the gas burner 12, conveyed by the circulating air fan 8 in the nozzle boxes 9 and blown out of these so on the paper web 1, that this is held in suspension.
  • the burner exhaust gases are mixed to cool them with air from the drying zone 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, wherein the air is withdrawn by means of the mixed air fan 15 from the associated drying zone 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and introduced into the burner tube 13.
  • the gas mixture thus produced is passed as heated air for heating the circulating air in the suction zone 11 in the immediate suction region of the circulating air fan 8.
  • the heated air is thus supplied directly to the suction side of the circulating air fan 8 so that further mixing with the air withdrawn from the mixed air fan 15 is prevented.
  • the circulating air is adjusted so that it has a low relative humidity of less than 5%. Since in all drying zones 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, the temperature of the paper web 1 is controlled at 80 ° C, results in high water evaporation the highest possible temperature of the circulating air and thus for all drying zones 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, a low relative humidity , The amount of fresh air is preheated in the second heat exchanger 18 by the exhaust air from the first drying zone 3.1 and passed by means of the fresh air fan 20 and the fresh air line in the last drying zone 3.4.
  • the exhaust air is discharged by means of the exhaust duct 17 from the first drying zone 3.1, cooled in the heat exchanger 18 and - optionally after a treatment - passed through a chimney into the open air.
  • An amount of the exhaust air and thus also a quantity of fresh air is given and regulated as known according to the process conditions.
  • the temperature of the paper web 1 is determined by means of the measuring device.
  • the temperature and / or the amount of air (circulating air) is controlled so that the temperature of the paper web 1 is 80 ° C.
  • the temperature of the air is highest in the first drying zone 3.1 with, for example, 180 ° C and then drops gradually, for example, to 110 ° C in the second 3.2, 90 ° C in the third 3.3 and 80 ° in the last drying zone 3.4. In this way, it is reliably prevented that the urea resin crosslinks too much.
  • the impregnated paper web 1 is wound in the winder 4 into a roll.
  • the paper web 1 is cut into sheets by means of a cross cutter.
  • an unillustrated printer is arranged between the dryer 3 and the winder 4, which in operation prints one side of the impregnated paper web 1 with a decor.
  • a second application device is arranged between the dryer 3 and the winder 4 or between the printer and the winder 4, which applies in operation on the optionally printed page melamine resin in a known manner and dosed.
  • the layer of melamine resin is then dried in a further drying device, wherein a temperature of the paper web of a maximum of 99 ° is maintained.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Procédé d'imprégnation et de séchage d'une bande de papier continue (1) avec une résine d'urée dissoute dans de l'eau,
    - la résine d'urée étant appliquée en quantité dosée sur la bande de papier (1),
    - la bande de papier (1) traversant de manière flottante de l'air chaud dans un sécheur (3) et étant séchée à une humidité résiduelle prédéterminée, au moins une partie de l'air étant mise en circulation comme air de circulation,
    - une température de la bande de papier (1) étant déterminée et
    - le séchage étant régulé par modification de paramètres de séchage dans une pluralité de zones de séchage (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4) différentes,
    - respectivement une paroi de séparation étant agencée entre les zones de séchage (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4) contiguës,
    - la température de la bande de papier (1) étant déterminée et régulée séparément dans chacune des zones de séchage (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4), caractérisé en ce que pour chacune des zones de séchage (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4), une quantité et/ou une température de l'air de circulation est régulée de sorte que la température de la bande de papier (1) s'élève à maximum 99°C, et de l'air vicié est retiré exclusivement d'une première des zones de séchage (3.1) et de l'air frais est amené exclusivement à une dernière des zones de séchage (3.4).
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'air frais est préchauffé à l'aide de l'air vicié.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce qu'une pénétration incontrôlée d'air ambiant dans le sécheur (3) est empêchée.
  4. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que l'air de circulation est chauffé directement à l'aide d'un gaz combustible, des gaz de combustion apparus étant mélangés avec de l'air retiré d'une zone afférente des zones de séchage (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4) et étant ramenés ensuite à cette zone de séchage (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4) comme gaz de chauffage.
  5. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que l'air de circulation dans le sécheur (3) présente une humidité relative de 10% maximum.
  6. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que la température de l'air de circulation est comprise dans la première zone de séchage (3.1) entre 120 et 300°C et dans la dernière zone de séchage (3.4) entre 60 et 100°C.
  7. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce qu'une résine de mélamine est appliquée sur la bande de papier (1) après le séchage.
  8. Dispositif d'imprégnation et de séchage d'une bande de papier (1) continue avec une résine d'urée dissoute dans l'eau, comprenant
    - un premier dispositif d'application (2) pour l'application dosée de la résine d'urée sur la bande de papier (1),
    - un sécheur avec des moyens pour le guidage flottant et pour l'insufflation d'air de circulation chauffé, amené au moins en partie en circulation sur la bande de papier (1), le sécheur (3) présentant une pluralité de zones de séchage (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4),
    - respectivement une paroi de séparation étant agencée entre les zones de séchage contiguës (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4),
    - au moins un dispositif de mesure (10) pour la détermination d'une température de la bande de papier (1) et
    - un circuit de régulation pour la modification de paramètres de séchage dans les zones de séchage (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4),
    - chacune des zones de séchage (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4) présentant le dispositif de mesure (10) pour la détermination de la température de la bande de papier (1), caractérisé en ce que le circuit de régulation influence une température et/ou une quantité de l'air de circulation dans chacune des zones de séchage (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4) de telle manière que la température de la bande de papier s'élève à 99°C au maximum et en ce qu'une conduite d'air vicié (17) est associée exclusivement à une première des zones de séchage (3.1) et une conduite d'air frais (19) exclusivement à une dernière des zones de séchage (3.4).
  9. Dispositif selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce qu'un échangeur de chaleur est agencé pour le chauffage de l'air frais à l'aide de l'air vicié du sécheur (3).
  10. Dispositif selon la revendication 8 ou 9, caractérisé en ce que respectivement un sas de blocage (16) est associé non seulement à une entrée de la bande de papier (1) dans le sécheur (3) mais aussi à une sortie.
  11. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 8 à 10, caractérisé en ce qu'un brûleur (12) pour du gaz combustible est associé à chaque zone de séchage (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4), de l'air de l'étape de séchage (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4) pouvant être ramené aux gaz de combustion dans un tube de brûleur (13) à l'aide d'un ventilateur d'air mixte (15) et les gaz de combustion mélangés à l'air pouvant être introduits comme gaz de chauffage dans l'étape de séchage (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4).
  12. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 8 à 10, caractérisé en ce qu'un second dispositif d'application pour l'application de résine de mélamine est agencé derrière le sécheur (3).
EP11778630.1A 2010-11-23 2011-11-04 Procédé et installation destinés à l'imprégnation et au séchage d'une bande de papier défilante Active EP2643648B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL11778630T PL2643648T3 (pl) 2010-11-23 2011-11-04 Sposób i instalacja do impregnacji i suszenia przebiegającej wstęgi papieru

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102010052044A DE102010052044A1 (de) 2010-11-23 2010-11-23 Verfahren und Anlage zum Imprägnieren und Trocknen einer durchlaufenden Papierbahn
PCT/EP2011/069407 WO2012069301A1 (fr) 2010-11-23 2011-11-04 Procédé et installation destinés à l'imprégnation et au séchage d'une bande de papier défilante

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2643648A1 EP2643648A1 (fr) 2013-10-02
EP2643648B1 true EP2643648B1 (fr) 2016-01-27

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EP11778630.1A Active EP2643648B1 (fr) 2010-11-23 2011-11-04 Procédé et installation destinés à l'imprégnation et au séchage d'une bande de papier défilante

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US8734615B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP2643648B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN103370589B (fr)
BR (1) BR112013012302A2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2820615C (fr)
DE (1) DE102010052044A1 (fr)
PL (1) PL2643648T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO2012069301A1 (fr)

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DE102013223150A1 (de) * 2013-11-13 2015-05-28 Sandvik Materials Technology Deutschland Gmbh Trockner und Verfahren zum Trocknen von flächigen Materialien
CN103639094B (zh) * 2013-11-25 2017-02-15 向明强 一种物料连续浸渍的方法及装置
CN104499367B (zh) * 2014-11-25 2017-06-13 南通新世纪机电有限公司 一种节能型浸渍干燥机
CN104534835B (zh) * 2014-11-25 2016-08-31 南通新世纪机电有限公司 一种浸渍干燥机
CN104499365B (zh) * 2014-11-25 2017-02-22 南通新世纪机电有限公司 一种浸渍干燥机
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CN107228547A (zh) * 2017-07-10 2017-10-03 苏州市丹纺纺织研发有限公司 一种具有预加热功能的纺织烘箱
JP7073058B2 (ja) * 2017-07-31 2022-05-23 住友化学株式会社 光学フィルムの製造装置及び製造方法
CN110849130B (zh) * 2019-11-13 2020-11-03 徐州同立自动化设备有限公司 一种复合材料防护布加工用高效生产线

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BR112013012302A2 (pt) 2016-08-16
CN103370589A (zh) 2013-10-23
US20130228300A1 (en) 2013-09-05
CN103370589B (zh) 2015-07-22
PL2643648T3 (pl) 2016-08-31
WO2012069301A1 (fr) 2012-05-31
CA2820615A1 (fr) 2012-05-31
DE102010052044A1 (de) 2012-05-24
EP2643648A1 (fr) 2013-10-02
US8734615B2 (en) 2014-05-27
CA2820615C (fr) 2015-06-23

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