Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
  • A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L27/20—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments
  • A23L27/21—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments containing amino acids
  • A23L27/215—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments containing amino acids heated in the presence of reducing sugars, e.g. Maillard's non-enzymatic browning

Definitions

• the invention relates generally to flavor compositions and methods for making flavor compositions and particularly to Maillard flavor compositions, methods for making Maillard compositions, and their use for enhancing palatability of comestible compositions.
• nonenzymic browning comprises pyrolysis, carmelization, and Maillard reactions.
• Maillard reaction may be the most significant.
• the Maillard reaction is actually a group of complex chemical reactions between available carbonyl groups and available amino groups.
• reducing groups can be found on reducing sugars and amino groups can be found on free amino acids, peptides, and proteins.
• a reactive carbonyl group of a reducing sugar condenses with a free amino group, with a concomitant loss of a water molecule.
• the resultant N-substituted glycoaldosylamine is not stable.
• the aldosylamine compound rearranges, through an Amadori rearrangement, to form a ketosamine.
• Ketosamines that are so-formed may further react through any of the following three pathways: (a) further dehydration to form reductones and dehydroreductones; (b) hydrolytic fission to form short chain products, such as diacetyl, acetol, pyruvaldehyde, and the like, which can, in turn, undergo Strecker degradation with additional amino groups to form aldehydes, and condensation, to form aldols; and (c) loss of water molecules, followed by reaction with additional amino groups and water, followed by condensation and/or polymerization into melanoids.
• Factors that affect the rate and/or extent of Maillard reactions include among others the temperature, water activity (A w ), and pH.
• the Maillard reaction is enhanced by high temperature, low moisture levels (e.g., Aw from about 0.6 to about 0.7), and alkaline pH.
• the skilled artisan will appreciate that Maillard reactions are thus very complex and a great variety of reaction products can be generated.
• the reaction may generate compounds that contribute to the palatability of a food or to a unique flavor profile associated with that food cooked in a particular way.
• WO/03/051139 Al discloses the method for producing a composition for chicken flavors which includes making the Maillard reaction in a water phase and adding oil after start of the chemical reactions. This is very different from the present invention where the complete reaction occurs in the presence of oil, of an emulsifier and of at least one polar solvent, which is different from water.
• Emulsions in food systems are also well known. Both oil- in- water (e.g., salad dressings, milk) and water-in-oil (e.g., butter, margarine) emulsions are common.
• W09962357 discloses emulsions used for various purposes in the food industry, including delivery of flavor compositions.
• US20080038428 proposes using emulsions with an aqueous continuous phase as a means of conducting Maillard reactions.
• WO2007060177 discloses an oil-in-water emulsion wherein the oil droplets are structured using emulsifiers that can be useful for performing a Maillard reaction.
• WO00033671 discloses processes for producing Maillard reaction aroma products in an emulsifier and water mixture. However, no oil and no polar solvent different from water is used. With these 2 parameters, the man skilled in the art cannot predict the efficiency of the Maillard reaction in the particular system of the present invention which is clearly demonstrated in example 1. These systems are useful but inefficient for conducting Maillard reactions and delivering Maillard compositions useful for enhancing palatability. There is, therefore, a need for new and efficient methods for producing Maillard reaction products and Maillard compositions that are useful for enhancing palatability.
• compositions comprise a structured lipid phase comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a lipid and a dispersed polar solvent.
• a polar solvent is a polar solvent different from water or a mixture of polar solvents where at least one of the polar solvents is different form water.
• the composition comprises at least a first reactant having a free carbonyl group and a second reactant having an amino group available for reaction with the free carbonyl on the first reactant.
• Maillard reaction occurs between the first reactant and the second reactant. This reaction produces at least one Maillard reaction product.
• Maillard flavor compositions are useful for enhancing the palatability of products to an animal, e.g., food compositions.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a polar solvent-in-oil microemulsion.
• Polar solvent may comprize water or not.
• the continuous phase is an oil wherein the typical size of the polar solvent domain is between 0.5 and 100 nm and an emulsifier is used to obtain this structure.
• emulsifiers There might be one type of emulsifiers or several types of emulsifiers.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a polar solvent -in-oil emulsion.
• Polar solvent may comprize water or not.
• the continuous phase is an oil wherein the typical size of the polar solvent domain is between 50 nm and 1 mm and an emulsifier might be used to obtain this structure.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a mixture between a polar solvent-in-oil emulsion and a polar solvent-in-oil microemulsion. It is composed of polar solvent-in-oil emulsion droplets and polar solvent-in-oil microemulsion droplets. The two types of droplets define polar solvent domains which are surrounded by emulsifiers. There might be one type of emulsifiers or several types of emulsifiers. The size of the polar solvent domains are typically the sizes of a polar solvent-in-oil emulsion droplet or of polar solvent microemulsion droplet. [ ⁇ Laurent, Send drawing ⁇ ]
• structured lipid or “structured lipid phase” means a polar solvent-in-lipid dispersion comprising a continuous lipid phase made of oil, lipid or emulsifiers (also called lipohilic additives), and a dispersed polar solvent featuring polar solvent domains that are dispersed, emulsified, or microemulsified within the lipidic phase.
• the polar solvent may be a mixture of various solvents including at least one polar solvent different from water.
• polar solvent includes low molecular weight glycols, alkane glycols and mixtures thereof , as well as mixtures of these polar solvents with water.
• low molecular weight glycols include glycerol (glycerine), propylene glycol and di propylene glycol. Any low molecular weight glycol can be used.
• alkane polyols correspond to the formula R-CH2-(CHOH)n-CH20H, wherein n is a whole number from 0 to 4 and R corresponds to H or OH.
• the polar solvent can also be methanol, propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol and ethanol.
• a preferred polar solvent is glycerol or a mixture glycerol/water.
• a polar solvent is a polar solvent different from water or a mixture of polar solvents where at least one of the polar solvents is different form water.
• Preferred embodiments of the structured lipid further comprise one or more lipophilic additives (also called emulsifiers) that emulsify or stabilize the structured lipid phase by reducing the surface tension between the continuous and dispersed phases.
• Structured lipids may be present on their own or coexist with a product or with an excess water or with an excess of polar solvent or with an excess of any other food constituant.
• Structured lipids encompass lipids with or without art-recognized structures such as polar solvent-in-oil emulsions, polar solvent-in-oil microemulsions, reversed microemulsions, liquid crystalline structures (e.g., reversed micellar cubic, reversed bicontinuous cubic, or reversed hexagonal structures), lamellar liquid crystalline structures, sponge phases (L3) or the like, or any combinations thereof.
• polar solvent-in-oil emulsions polar solvent-in-oil microemulsions, reversed microemulsions, liquid crystalline structures (e.g., reversed micellar cubic, reversed bicontinuous cubic, or reversed hexagonal structures), lamellar liquid crystalline structures, sponge phases (L3) or the like, or any combinations thereof.
• a reversed structure is defined as a structure in which the stabilizing film is curved towards the polar solvent.
• Preferred structured lipids include reversed polar solvent-in-oil microemulsions, polar solvent-in-oil structures or emulsions, or combinations thereof.
• Reversed microemulsions are preferably of the L2 or bicontinuous type.
• Preferred polar solvent-in-oil reversed microemulsions show a phase separation when diluted with polar solvent, and dilution with polar solvent or with an aqueous phase results in a two phase or in a multiphase system: reversed microemulsion plus polar solvent or aqueous phase or other phases.
• the structured lipid includes any structure that has the characteristic of a polar solvent-in-oil emulsion, polar solvent-in-oil microemulsion, reversed microemulsion, liquid crystalline structure (e.g., reversed micellar cubic, reversed bicontinuous cubic, or reversed hexagonal structures), lamellar liquid crystalline structure, sponge phase (L3) or the like, or any combinations thereof at storage temperatures or at temperatures at which the Maillard reaction occurs or at any temperatures between storage temperatures and temperatures at which the Maillard reaction occurs.
• liquid crystalline structure e.g., reversed micellar cubic, reversed bicontinuous cubic, or reversed hexagonal structures
• lamellar liquid crystalline structure e.g., sponge phase (L3) or the like, or any combinations thereof at storage temperatures or at temperatures at which the Maillard reaction occurs or at any temperatures between storage temperatures and temperatures at which the Maillard reaction occurs.
• lipophilic additive or "emulsifier” means a compound or composition that comprises one or more molecules, compounds, or ingredients for emulsifying or stabilizing a water-in- oil emulsion or a water-in-oil microemulsion.
• the lipophilic additive or emulsifier can also be defined using its hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance (HLB).
• HLB hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance
• Suitable emulsifiers or emulsifier mixtures have a HLB preferably lower than 8, preferably lower than 7.
• Emulsifiers include monoglycerides, including saturated and unsaturated monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, lecithins, polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, propylene glycerol esters of fatty acids, polyglycerol polyricinoleates, stearoyl lactylates, sorbitan esters of fatty acids, derivatives of the foregoing, salts of the foregoing, particularly sodium and/or calcium salts, or any combinations the foregoing.
• emulsifiers are mono- or di- glyceride esters of fatty acids, for example, esters of tartaric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, sorbic acid, or other edible, food-grade, or food-compatible acids, monoglyceride phosphates, and other derivatives or salts of mono- or diglycerides.
• lipophilic additives are long- chain alcohols, fatty acids, pegylated fatty acids, glycerol fatty acid esters, derivatives of mono- diglycerides, pegylated vegetable oils, sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters, propylene glycol mono- or diesters, phosphatides, cerebrosides, gangliosides, cephalins, lipids, glycolipids, sulfatides, sugar esters, sugar ethers, sucrose esters, sterols, polyglycerol esters, myristic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, PEG 1-4 stearate, PEG 2-4 oleate, PEG-4 dilaurate, PEG-4 dioleate, PEG-4 distearate, PEG-6 dioleate, PEG-6 distearate, PEG-8-dioleate, PEG-3-16 castor
• Examples of commercial products that may be useful as emulsifiers herein include Dimodan® Distilled Monoglycerides, Panodan® DATEM (Diacetyl Tartaric Acid Esters), GrindstedTM ACETEM (Acetic Acid Esters of Monoglycerides), GrindstedTM CITREM (Citric Acid Esters of Monoglycerides), GrindstedTM LACTEM (Lactic Acid Esters of Monoglycerides), GrindstedTM Mono-Di (Mono and Diglycerides), GrindstedTM PGE or PGPR (Polyglycerol Esters of Fatty Acids, Polyglycerol Polyricinoleate), GrindstedTM PGMS (Propylene Glycerol Esters of Fatty Acids), and GrindstedTM SMS or STS (Sorbitan Monostearate, Sorbitan Tristearate) (all, Danisco, Denmark).
• Dimodan® Distilled Monoglycerides Panodan® DATEM (Diacetyl
• one or more proteins with emulsifying properties may also be useful as emulsifiers, alone, or more preferably, in combination with any other emulsifier or combination thereof.
• Presently preferred emulsifiers comprise saturated or unsaturated monoglycerides, lecithins, phospholipids, or any combination thereof.
• microemulsion means an immiscible lipid-polar solvent system in which a dispersed phase is dispersed within a continuous phase and wherein the droplets, domains, or channels of the dispersed phase are of an average nominal size on the order of less than about 300 nm in diameter. More preferably they average 100 nm, 80 nm, 50 nm, or less.
• the microemulsion contains micelles, droplets, domains, or channels that range in size from about 0.5 to about 300 nm.
• the polar solvent domains ranges in size from 2 to about 200 nm, or 10 to 100 nm.
• Microemulsions are generally thermodynamically stable and can be clear or nearly clear.
• microemulsified When an immiscible lipid-polar solvent system has been prepared so as to form a microemulsion, it is sometimes referred to herein as "microemulsified.”
• Presently preferred structure lipids encompass microemulsions having an L2 structure.
• the polar solventsolvent droplet size is about 100 times smaller than in a normal water-in-oil emulsion or polar solventsolvent- in-oil- emulsion.
• the dispersed phase droplets are known as "micelles.”
• a normal or standard "emulsion” refers to an immiscible lipid-polar solvent system where a dispersed phase is dispersed within a continuous phase, and wherein the dispersed phase includes droplets, domains, or channels of nominal size larger than about 250 nm in diameter, or in some embodiments, larger than 300 nm to about 1 ⁇ .
• These emulsions are generally thermodynamically unstable and at least slightly turbid.
• the immiscible phases will generally separate given time, depending on temperature and other factors. The skilled artisan will appreciate that many emulsions contain at least some droplets, domains, or channels of less than 200, 100, 50, or even 10 nm.
• Emulsions are nonetheless generally differentiated from microemulsions, which exclude such large droplets, domains and channels.
• an immiscible lipid-polar solvent system When an immiscible lipid-polar solvent system has been prepared so as to form an emulsion, it is sometimes referred to herein as "emulsified.”
• emulsified When an immiscible lipid-polar solvent system has been prepared so as to form an emulsion, it is sometimes referred to herein as "emulsified.”
• emulsion also means emulsions like oil-in-polar solvent-in-oil double emulsion.
• polar solvent-in-oil emulsion or microemulsion means that the continuous phase is lipid and the dispersed phase contains the polar solvent.
• a polar solvent is a polar solvent different from water or a mixture of polar solvents where at least one of the polar solvents is different form water.
• emulsions and microemulsions may be solid, semi-solid or liquid.
• a polar solvent dispersed phase can comprise any manner, variety, or combination of micelles, droplets, domains, or channels.
• the polar solvent can contain any polar solvent with at least one polar solvent different from water, and any solutes or combination of solutes may be dissolved therein to the limit of their solubility, including reducing reactants, amino reactants, catalysts, salts, buffers, acids, and the like.
• the polar solvent phase predominantly contains one or more reducing sugars and amino acids or proteins dissolved therein.
• the polar solvent phase contains phosphate- containing or carboxylate-containing compounds, such as salts, acids, or buffers. Such compounds are useful for adjusting the pH, buffering against pH changes, and catalyzing Maillard reactions.
• reducing reactant means a reactant that comprises a reactive aldehyde (-CHO) or keto (-CO-) group, e.g., a reactant with a free or available carbonyl group, such that the carbonyl group is available to react with an amino group on a reactant in a Maillard reaction.
• the reducing reactant is a reducing sugar, e.g., a sugar that can reduce a test reagent, e.g., can reduce Cu 2+ to Cu , or can be oxidized by such reagents.
• Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides (e.g., dextrins, starches, and edible gums) and their hydrolysis products are suitable reducing reactants if they have at least one reducing group that can participate in a Maillard reaction.
• Reducing sugars include aldoses or ketoses such as glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, glyceraldehyde, dihydoxyacetone, arabinose, xylose, ribose, mannose, erythrose, threose, and galactose.
• reducing reactants include uronic acids (e.g., glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid) or Maillard reaction intermediates bearing at least one carbonyl group such as aldehydes, ketones, alpha-hydroxycarbonyl or dicarbonyl compounds.
• uronic acids e.g., glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid
• Maillard reaction intermediates bearing at least one carbonyl group such as aldehydes, ketones, alpha-hydroxycarbonyl or dicarbonyl compounds.
• amino reactant means a reactant having a free amino group that is available to react with a reducing reactant in a Maillard reaction.
• Amino reactants include amino acids, peptides (including dipeptides, tripeptides, and oligopeptides), proteins, proteolytic or nonenzymatic digests thereof, and other compounds that react with reducing sugars and similar compounds in a Maillard reaction.
• the amino reactant also provides one or more sulfur-containing groups.
• the term "Maillard reaction product” means any compound produced by a Maillard reaction.
• the Maillard reaction product is a compound that provides flavor ("Maillard flavor”), color (“Maillard color”), or a combination thereof.
• flavor includes “odor” and "taste.”
• Maillard flavor composition means a composition comprising a structured lipid, a first reducing reactant, a second amino reactant, and optionally Maillard reaction products produced by a Maillard reaction between the first and second reactants.
• animal means any animal that could benefit from enhanced palatability resulting from Maillard compositions, including human, avian, bovine, canine, equine, feline, hicrine, lupine, murine, ovine, or porcine animals.
• the term "companion animal” means domesticated animals such as cats, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, ferrets, hamsters, mice, gerbils, horses, cows, goats, sheep, donkeys, pigs, and the like.
• palatability refer to a quality of a food, food supplement, food additive, dietary supplement, medicament, or the like, that makes it appealing or pleasing to one or more of an animal's senses, particularly the senses of taste and smell. Accordingly, palatability is determined subjectively. As used herein, whenever an animal shows a preference for one of two or more foods, the preferred food has greater or enhanced palatability. For companion animals and other non-human species, the relative palatability of one food compared to one or more other foods can be determined, for example, in side-by-side, free-choice comparisons, e.g., by relative consumption of the foods, or other appropriate measures of preference indicative of palatability.
• palatability can be considered both independently and inter dependently.
• initial appeal is an aspect of palatability that induces an animal to initially taste or try a food, dietary supplement, or medicament.
• Continuous consumption palatability' is an aspect of palatability that induces an animal to continue consuming a product that has been initially only tasted or tried.
• Repeated presentation palatability or “repeated feeding palatability” is an aspect of palatability evident when a food composition, dietary supplement, or medicament, which has previously been both tasted and consumed, is presented repeatedly to the animal for consumption over time. For example, a complete and nutritionally-balanced food composition that is fed daily to an animal will hopefully provide palatability for each repeated presentation of feeding, such that the animal continues to consume adequate quantities of the food.
• palatability enhancer means any compound, composition, formulation, or other material useful for enhancing the palatability of a comestible composition such as a food composition, supplement, medicament, or the like. Palatability enhancers enhance palatability at any one or more of the aspects of palatability. Thus, such palatability enhancers may contribute to initial appeal, continued consumption, or repeated presentation aspects of palatability, or any combination thereof. Examples of palatability enhancers include fats (e.g., tallow), flavors, aromas, extracts, digests, and the like.
• animal digest means a material that results from chemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean, undecomposed animal tissue.
• animal digest as used herein, is fully consistent with the definition of animal digest promulgated by the Association of American Feed Control Officials, Inc. (AAFCO).
• Animal digest is preferably derived from animal tissues, including cold-blooded marine animals, excluding hair, horns, teeth, hooves, and feathers. The skilled artisan will appreciate that while such tissues are not preferred, trace amounts might be found unavoidably even under good manufacturing practices. Also not included are visceral contents or foreign or fecal matter, although trace contaminant amounts are sometimes present.
• Animal digests in accordance herewith are suitable for use in food or feed compositions. Specifically included are (1 ) Digest of Beef (or Poultry, Pork, Lamb, Fish, etc): material from beef (poultry, pork, etc.) which results from chemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean and undecomposed tissue; (2) Digest of Beef (or Pork, Lamb, etc) By- Products: material from beef (poultry, pork, etc.) which results from chemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean and undecomposed tissue from non-rendered clean parts from cattle (pigs, lambs, fish, etc), other than meat, for example lungs, spleen, kidneys, brain, livers, blood, bone, partially- defatted low-temperature fatty tissue, and stomachs and intestines, freed of their contents; and (3) Digest of Poultry By-Products: material which results from chemical and/or enzymatic hydro
• the term "effective amount” means an amount of a compound, material, composition, medicament, or other material that is effective to achieve a particular desired result. Such results include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: (a) enhancing palatability; (b) inducing an animal to consume more of a particular food or other material than the animal otherwise would, in either a single feeding or over the course of multiple feedings; or (c) inducing an animal to consume a medicament or a food or dietary supplement that the animal might not otherwise voluntarily consume. [0030]
• the term "food” or “food composition” means a product or composition that is intended for ingestion by an animal, including a human, and provides at least one nutrient or comestible ingredient to the animal.
• food includes any food, feed, snack, food supplement, treat, meal substitute, or meal replacement, whether intended for a human or another animal.
• Food encompasses such products in any form, solids, liquids, gels, or mixtures or combinations thereof. Thus, beverages of any type are clearly encompassed within the term “food.”
• the skilled artisan will appreciate that the ingredients or components of a food composition are comestible or edible by an animal in the normal course, and such ingredients or components do not include compounds that are toxic or otherwise deleterious to health in the amounts used in the food composition.
• pet food or "pet food composition” or the like, means a composition intended for consumption by a non-human animal, preferably by a companion animal.
• Nutritionally-balanced pet food compositions are widely known and used in the art.
• a "nutritionally-complete,” “nutritionally-balanced,” or “complete and nutritionally- balanced” food is one that contains all known required nutrients for the intended recipient or consumer of the food, in appropriate amounts and proportions, based, for example, on recommendations of recognized or competent authorities in the field of companion animal nutrition. Such foods are therefore capable of serving as a sole source of dietary intake to maintain life or promote production, without the addition of supplemental nutritional sources.
• the terms include any food, feed, snack, food supplement, treat, meal substitute, or meal replacement, whether intended for a human or another animal, in any form, including solids, liquids, gels and the like.
• Such foods, when intended for companion animals are frequently in the form of extruded pet foods, such as kibble-type foods for dogs and/or cats.
• dietary supplement means a product that is intended to be ingested in addition to the normal animal diet.
• Dietary supplements may be in any form, e.g., solid, liquid, gel, tablets, capsules, powder, and the like. Preferably they are provided in convenient dosage forms.
• dietary supplements are provided in bulk consumer packages such as bulk powders, liquids, gels, or oils.
• supplements are provided in bulk quantities to be included in other food items such as snacks, treats, supplement bars, beverages, and the like.
• a Maillard flavor composition e.g., for enhancing palatability of a food composition or the like, and that food composition or the like whose palatability is to be enhanced, are administered to an animal (1) together in a food composition, or the like (e.g., dietary supplement, or medicament), or (2) separately, at the same or different frequency, using the same or different administration routes, at about the same time, or periodically.
• a food composition, or the like e.g., dietary supplement, or medicament
• Periodically means that the Maillard flavor composition is administered on a dosage schedule acceptable for that specific palatability enhancer and that the food, dietary supplement, or medicament, is provided to an animal routinely as appropriate for the particular animal.
• “About the same time” generally means that the food, dietary supplement, or medicament, and the Maillard flavor composition are administered at the same time or within about 72 hours of each other.
• “In conjunction” specifically includes administration schemes wherein a palatability enhancer is administered for a predetermined, prescribed, or desired period, and the compositions disclosed herein are administered within a defined window of time before, during, or after providing the food, dietary supplement, or medicament whose palatability is to be enhanced, the window being between from about 0 to about 240 minutes before the start of, and after the completion of, e.g., the animal's normal feeding time, supplement time, or medicament administration time.
• single package means that the components of a kit are physically associated, in or with one or more containers, and considered a unit for manufacture, distribution, sale, or use.
• Containers include, but are not limited to, bags, boxes or cartons, bottles, packages of any type or design or material, over- wrap, shrink-wrap, affixed components (e.g., stapled, adhered, or the like), or combinations thereof.
• a single package may be containers of individual Maillard flavor compositions and comestible compositions, e.g., food ingredients or food compositions, physically associated such that they are considered a unit for manufacture, distribution, sale, or use.
• kits are associated by directions on one or more physical or virtual kit components instructing the user how to obtain the other components, e.g., in a bag or other container containing one component and directions instructing the user to go to a website, contact a recorded message or a fax-back service, view a visual message, or contact a caregiver or instructor to obtain instructions on how to use the kit, or safety or technical information about one or more components of a kit.
• Examples of information that can be provided as part of a virtual kit include instructions for use; safety information such as material safety data sheets; poison control information; information on potential adverse reactions; clinical study results; dietary information such as food composition or caloric composition; general information on improving palatability in the diet, or Maillard reaction products for such us, or increasing appetite in an animal in need thereof; health consequences stemming from a decrease in nutrient intake, or from inadequate nutrient intake; or general information on nutrition or providing optimal nutrition; self-help relating to nutrition and appetite; caregiver information for those caring for animals with nutritional challenges, and diseases that result in decreased body weight, wasting, or the like, or other loss of appetite challenges; improving acceptance of orally-administered dietary supplements or medicaments, and use, benefits, and potential side-effects or counter-indications, if any, for the compositions described herein, e.g., palatability enhancers.
• safety information such as material safety data sheets; poison control information; information on potential adverse reactions; clinical study results
• dietary information such as
• ranges herein are stated in shorthand, so as to avoid having to set out at length and describe each and every value within the range. Any appropriate value within the range can be selected, where appropriate, as the upper value, lower value, or the terminus of the range.
• a range of 0.1 to 1.0 represents the terminal values of 0.1 and 1.0 and the intermediate values of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and all intermediate ranges encompassed within 0.1 to 1.0, such as 0.2 to 0.5, 0.2 to 0.8, 0.7 to 1.0, and so on.
• the invention provides methods for making Maillard flavor compositions suitable for enhancing the palatability of foods, dietary supplements, medicaments, or other comestible materials.
• the methods comprise (a) making a structured lipid phase comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a lipid and a dispersed polar solvent, different from water, or a mixture of polar solvents, with at least one polar solvent different from water and which contains at least a first reactant having a free carbonyl group, and a second reactant having an amino group available for reaction with the free carbonyl on the first reactant; and optionally (b) incubating the structured lipid phase under conditions of time and temperature sufficient for a Maillard reaction to occur between the first and second reactants, such that at least one Maillard reaction product is formed.
• the Maillard flavor compositions comprise one or more Maillard reaction products, including Maillard flavors, Maillard colors, and Maillard aromas.
• the Maillard reaction products are generally present or produced in structured lipids, e.g., polar solvent-in-oil emulsions, a polar solvent-in-oil microemulsions, a liquid crystalline phase where the lipid is the continuous phase or a self-assembly structure where the lipid is the continuous phase.
• the emulsions, microemulsions, the liquid crystalline phase where the lipid is the continuous phase and the self-assembly structure where the lipid is the continuous phase comprise a structured lipid phase having a continuous lipid phase and a dispersed polar solvent phase.
• the structure can be bicontinuous; the lipid forms a continuous phase and the polar solvent form also a continuous phase.
• the structure lipids or the emulsion or the microemulsion contains at least a first reactant having a free carbonyl group, and a second reactant having an amino group available for reaction with the free carbonyl on the first reactant, such that, upon incubating the structured lipid phase at a suitable temperature for a suitable time, a Maillard reaction occurs between the first and second reactants, and at least one Maillard reaction product is formed.
• the invention also provides the Maillard flavor compositions produced using these methods.
• the Maillard reaction that occurs within the structured lipid occurs within the micelles, dispersed droplets, domains, and/or channels of the polar solvent phase.
• the polar solvent soluble reactants are concentrated in the polar solvent phase, and perhaps with the interfacial areas between the continuous and dispersed phases of the structured lipid phase, e.g., polar solvent-in-oil emulsions and microemulsions.
• the first, or reducing reactant, the second, or amino reactant, and other Maillard reactants are polar solvent-soluble and cannot migrate out of the micelles, polar solvent domains, droplets, and/or channels of the dispersed polar solvent phase.
• the hydrophilic reactants e.g., sugars and amino acids
• the hydrophilic reactants do not migrate out of polar solvent domains into the oil; they remain concentrated in the hydrophilic micelles, droplets, and/or channels. This keeps their concentration relatively high and therefore increases the Maillard reaction rate.
• many reaction products resulting from the Maillard reaction are hydrophobic. In prior systems, the reaction products accumulate and gradually shift the equilibrium away from product formation. This decreases the reaction rate or decreases the extent of conversion of reactant to product.
• the hydrophobic Maillard reaction products migrate out of the micelle into the continuous lipid phase (e.g., oil).
• This migration removes the Maillard reaction products from the micelles, droplets, and/or channels and shifts the equilibrium of the Maillard reaction to product formation. This results in an increase in the reaction rate and ultimately the extent of the conversion from reactants to products, i. e. , the production of Maillard reaction products and Maillard compositions.
• the reactants remain concentrated within the hydrophilic micelles, droplets, domains, and/or channels while the hydrophobic reaction products migrate out into the lipophilic environment of the continuous lipid phase.
• the oil was not present which makes this migration less efficient and leads to a lower Maillard reaction yield.
• the Maillard reaction products produced by the methods of the invention have a different flavor profile and different concentrations as compared to control reactions conducted in water, normal oil-in- water emulsions, structured oil-in-water emulsions, other bulk aqueous phase systems, or other reported Maillard reaction environments.
• the Maillard reactions products and compositions obtained herein are easier to make, more economical to make, easier to store, easier to maintain, easier to use, and easier to introduce in products, particularly foods and related compositions.
• the structured lipid phase comprises from about 0.1 % to about 99.7%) lipid and from about 0.3% to about 95% polar solvent phase.
• the structured lipid phase can comprise any relative proportions of lipid to polar solvent phase provided that the structured lipid phase can be prepared, e.g., as a polar solvent- in-oil emulsion or microemulsion.
• the lipid is an oil, afat, an emulsifier (also called lipophilic additive) or mixture of thereof.
• the structured lipid phase comprises from about 0.5% to about 99.5% lipid, preferably from about 1% to about 99.5% lipid, more preferably from about 5% to about 95% lipid, and from about 0.5% to about 90% polar solvent phase, preferably from about 1% to about 85% polar solvent phase, more preferably from about 1%) to about 80%) polar solvent phase.
• Oil is used in the broad sense.
• An oil can be liquid, solid (fat), crystallized, or amorphous at room temperature.
• Possible oils for making the structured lipid are mineral oils, hydrocarbons, vegetable oils, animal oils, waxes, alcohols, fatty acids, mono-, di-, tri-acylglycerols, essential oils, flavoring oils, lipophilic vitamins, esters, nutraceuticals, terpins, terpenes and mixtures thereof.
• Possible oils for making the structured lipids also comprise oils, such as those described above, which have been partially hydrolyzed. These oils may be hydrolyzed by any suitable hydrolysis procedure, such as alkaline hydrolysis, steam stripping or enzymatic hydrolysis.
• the first reactant is a reducing reactant such as an aldose, ketose, uronic acid, or Maillard reaction intermediates bearing at least one carbonyl group, particularly a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, an oligosaccharide, a polysaccharide, or their hydrolysis products, provided that it has at least one reducing group.
• the saccharide can have any number of carbon atoms, and thus may be a triose, a tetrose, a pentose, a hexose, a heptose, and so on, or any combination thereof.
• the first reactant is a reducing sugar.
• Preferred reducing sugars for use herein are glucose, fructose, mannose, maltose, lactose, xylose, arabinose, or any combination thereof.
• Preferred reducing sugars are readily-available reducing sugars that are food-derived, or generally regarded as safe (GRAS) ingredients.
• the second reactant is any amino reactant with an available amino group that can participate in a Maillard reaction.
• the second reactant is an amino acid, peptide, hydrolyzed protein, polypeptide, or any combination thereof.
• the step of making the structured lipid phase comprises mixing the lipid and the polar solvent, to generate a structured lipid phase wherein the mixing step is sufficient to form a polar solvent-in-oil emulsion, a polar solvent-in-oil microemulsion, or other structured lipid phase.
• Mixing as used herein is a very broad term intended to encompass any act of combining the lipid and polar solvent into the form of an emulsion or microemulsion.
• the skilled artisan has available a large number of methods, and devices for forming structured lipid phases. Any such methods or devices known in the art for forming an emulsion or microemulsion are useful herein.
• the microemulsion may be a fully- or partially-self-assembling microemulsion.
• the Maillard reactants tend to be polar solvent-soluble. Therefore, the polar solvent soluble reactants are dissolved or dispersed within the polar solvent phase before the mixing step. In one embodiment, at least the first and second reactants are dissolved in the polar solvent before the mixing. In other embodiments, additional polar solvent-soluble compounds are dissolved in the polar solvent. Such compounds may include additional Maillard reactants, catalysts, buffers, compounds for adjusting pH such as acids, buffers, or salts, emulsifiers, and stabilizers. In various embodiments, the polar solvent comprises from about 0.001% to about 50% reducing reactants, about 0.001%) to about 50% amino reactants, and from about 0.001%) to about 50%> other solutes or additives.
• the step of making the structured lipid phase generally comprises adding one or more emulsifiers before or during the mixing step.
• the emulsifiers are useful for emulsifying or stabilizing, or both, the structured lipid phase.
• the emulsifiers have a hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) of less than about 8, preferably less than 7.
• HLB hydrophilic lipophilic balance
• the structured lipid phase comprises from about 0.1% to about 99.6% emulsifier.
• the emulsifier can comprise any one or more emulsifying compounds, and preferably, the emulsifier is suitable for use in a food system, or as a food additive, or is GRAS.
• the emulsifier is a monoglyceride, a diglyceride, a polyglycerol ester, or a phospholipid, a lecithin, or any combination thereof.
• the emulsifier can encompass a saturated or unsaturated molecule, such as mono- or di-glycerides.
• the lipid phase preferably comprises a lipid derived from a plant or animal that is an edible or comestible lipid.
• the lipid comprises beef tallow, lamb tallow, lard, poultry fat, chicken fat, soy oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, cotton seed oil, rapeseed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, canola oil, olive oil, or any combination thereof in various embodiments.
• the lipid phase comprises lipids such as those described above that have been partially hydrolyzed. These lipids may be hydrolyzed by any suitable hydrolysis procedure, such as alkaline hydrolysis, steam stripping, or enzymatic hydrolysis.
• hydrolyzed lipid phase produced by these processes is unlikely to be completely hydrolyzed in that amounts of mono-, di- and/or triglycerides will be present in the hydrolyzed lipid phase. If desired, these glycerides may be removed by conventional separation techniques, but this is not necessary.
• the method comprises a further step of adding at least a portion of the structured lipid to at least one comestible ingredient, food composition, dietary supplement, medicament, or other material.
• the adding step is conducted before, during, or after the incubating step, or a combination thereof.
• the adding step is conducted before the incubation step, or before the conclusion of the incubation.
• the incubation step is conducted at least in part, in conjunction with a further step of processing the comestible ingredient, food composition, dietary supplement, or medicament.
• the incubation step is conducted, and thus further Maillard reaction products form, at least in part, during storage, or during shipment of the comestible ingredient, food composition, dietary supplement, or medicament.
• the adding step is conducted prior to the incubating step, and preferably the incubating step is conducted, at least in part, in conjunction with a thermal process applied to the food composition, dietary supplement, or medicament.
• a thermal process applied to the food composition, dietary supplement, or medicament.
• Any type or kind of thermal process used the arts of food processing or pharmaceutical processing may be useful for the methods herein.
• Preferred thermal process comprises extrusion, retorting, baking, or pasteurization.
• the adding step comprises adding at least one additional composition that provides or enhances palatability of the comestible ingredient, food composition, dietary supplement, medicament, or other material.
• additional composition that provides or enhances palatability of the comestible ingredient, food composition, dietary supplement, medicament, or other material.
• the additional palatability enhancer is an animal digest.
• the method can be conducted in a variety of manners to produce the structure lipid phase.
• the making step comprises dissolving at least the first and second reactants in the polar solvent; mixing the polar solvent with one or more lipids and one or more emulsifiers; and forming a polar solvent-in-oil emulsion or microemulsion.
• Energy input in the form of mixing, agitating, emulsifying, blending, micronizing, and the like is preferably used in the making step.
• the incubating step comprises allowing the reactants to interact at any temperature conductive for conducting a Maillard reaction, e.g., room temperature or lower depending on the reactants.
• incubating step comprises heating to a temperature of from about 60°C to about 180°C.
• the temperatures for incubating or heating are from about 80°C to 150°C, or preferably, the temperatures are from about 90°C to 120°C.
• the time for the incubating step is from about 1 minute to about 12 hours.
• the incubation time is from about 1 minute to about 640 minutes.
• Other preferred times for incubation are from about 5 minutes to about 300 minutes, preferably from about 10 minutes to about 180 minutes.
• the time and temperature combination are sufficient for a Maillard reaction to occur within the polar solvent-in-oil system.
• the Maillard reaction occurs during a retorting process.
• the required times and temperature may differ substantially from those required in bulk aqueous Maillard reactions, or even other complex food systems. Accordingly, the time and temperature for the nonenzymic reactions can be readily determined by observing or measuring an increase in reaction product(s) or a decrease in reactants. Incubation temperatures can be obtained using any suitable heating method such as microwave heating or can be obtained in any suitable process such as baking or retorting.
• the polar solvent further comprises one or more of a catalyst suitable for enhancing the rate of Maillard reactions, or a compound for adjusting the pH of the polar solvent.
• the catalyst preferably comprises a compound having a phosphate or a carboxylate group, or other known Maillard reaction catalyst or enhancer.
• the structured lipid phase comprises more than 0.3% polar solvent, more than 0.1%> lipid.
• the structured lipid phase comprises from about 0.5% to about 90% polar solvent and from about 10% to about 99.5% lipid. More preferably, the structured lipid phase comprises from about 0.5% to about 69% polar solvent, and from about 31% to about 99.5% lipid. Even more preferably, the structured lipid phase comprises from about 0.5% to about 25% polar solvent, and from about 25% to about 99.5% lipid.
• the HLB of the emulsifier is preferably less than about 8, preferably less than about 7.
• the methods for making the Maillard flavor compositions have proven to provide enhanced conversions of Maillard reactants into Maillard reaction products, including Maillard flavors and Maillard colors.
• the methods provide a conversion of Maillard reactants into Maillard reaction products in the structured lipid phase that exceeds the conversion of Maillard reactants into Maillard reaction products in a control Maillard reaction conducted under the same conditions with the same reactants in an aqueous system, or in a structured lipid phase containing only water as a polar solvent or in pure polar solvent phase.
• the conversion of Maillard reactants is at least 10% greater than the conversion in the control reaction resulting in an enhanced formation of Maillard reaction products, particularly in some key compounds like furfuryl thiol (FFT) or methyl furyl thiol (MFT).
• the conversion of Maillard reactants is at least 50% higher than in the control reaction.
• the reaction is nearly complete, providing a conversion of reactants of at least 80, 85, 90, 95%, or more.
• the invention provides products made using the methods of the invention.
• the invention provides a Maillard flavor composition
• a Maillard flavor composition comprising a structured lipid phase, a polar solvent, different from water, and at least one Maillard reaction product.
• the structure lipid phase comprises any amounts or proportions of lipid, emulsifier, and polar solvent that can form a polar solvent-in-oil emulsion or microemulsion.
• the structured lipid phase comprises from about 0.3% to about 95% polar solvent and from about 5% to about 99.7% lipid plus emulsifier. More preferably, the structured lipid phase comprises from about 0.5% to about 75%) polar solvent, most preferably from about 0.5 to about 25%.
• the emulsifier has a HLB less than 8 and the lipid comprises a comestible oil or fat.
• the Maillard reaction product is produced within and is within the structured lipid phase.
• the Maillard flavor compositions are produced by the methods of the invention.
• the Maillard flavor composition is produced by a method comprising (a) making a structured lipid phase comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a lipid, and a dispersed phase comprising a polar solvent, wherein the polar solvent phase contains at least a first reactant the reactant having a free carbonyl group, and a second reactant having an amino group available for reaction with the free carbonyl on the first reactant; and (b) incubating the structured lipid phase under conditions of time and temperature sufficient for a Maillard reaction to occur between the first and second reactants, such that at least one Maillard reaction product is formed.
• the Maillard flavor composition is produced by a method comprising making a structured lipid phase comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a lipid, and a dispersed phase comprising a polar solvent, wherein the polar solvent phase contains at least a first reactant the reactant having a free carbonyl group, and a second reactant having an amino group available for reaction with the free carbonyl on the first reactant.
• the Maillard reaction may be added to a product.
• the Maillard reaction may occur at a further stage. This further stage may include thermal processing, extrusion, retorting, home preparation such as cooking, frying, heating, pan heating, oven heating, oven baking, microwave heating, steam heating of the product.
• the structured lipid phase is a microemulsion.
• the microemulsion can exist at suitable temperature.
• microemulsion has a temperature lower than 50°C, more preferably lower than 40°C.
• the emulsifier comprises a saturated or unsaturated monoglyceride in certain embodiments.
• the composition can further comprise at least one catalyst of a Maillard reaction, at least one additional palatability enhancer, or both.
• the invention provides comestible compositions comprising at least one comestible ingredient and at least one Maillard flavor composition.
• the comestible composition comprises from about 0.001 % to about 50% Maillard flavor composition.
• the comestible composition is a food, dietary supplement, medicament, or other comestible material, most preferably a food composition.
• the comestible composition further comprises at least one additional palatability enhancer such as an animal digest.
• the comestible composition with the added Maillard flavor composition has measurably enhanced palatability compared to a control comestible composition that does not contain the Maillard flavor composition.
• the comestible composition is preferred by at least a factor of 10%> more than the control comestible composition. It other embodiments, an improvement of 20, 30, 40, or 50% is observed.
• the comestible composition is preferred up to 2 : 1 , 3 : 1 or more over the control comestible composition.
• the comestible composition is a food composition.
• the food composition is formulated as an animal food such as a pet food or companion animal food.
• the invention provides methods for enhancing palatability of a comestible composition.
• the methods comprise adding to a comestible composition at least one Maillard flavor composition in an amount effective for enhancing palatability of the comestible composition compared to a control that does not have the Maillard flavor composition added.
• the amount of Maillard flavor composition added is preferably from about 0.001%) to about 50% of the comestible composition.
• the invention also provides the comestible compositions produced using these methods.
• the invention provides food compositions comprising at least one comestible ingredient and a polar solvent-in-oil emulsion, microemulsion, or another reversed structured phase comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a comestible fat or oil and a dispersed polar solvent phase.
• the polar solvent has dissolved therein at least a comestible reducing reactant having a free carbonyl, and a comestible second reactant containing an amino group, and an emulsifier having an HLB less than 8.
• the reducing reactant and the second reactant can undergo a Maillard reaction to form at least one Maillard reaction product under suitable conditions.
• the emulsion or microemulsion comprises from about 0.3% to about 95% polar solvent and from about 5% to about 99.7% lipid plus emulsifier. More preferably, the structured lipid phase comprises from about 0.5% to about 75%) polar solvent, most preferably from about 0.5 to about 25%.
• Preferred emulsifier include saturated and unsaturated monoglycerides.
• the food composition has been subjected to a thermal processing step or storage conditions under which at least one Maillard reaction product is formed from the reducing reactant and the second reactant. Any thermal processing step above ambient temperature at which a Maillard reaction product can form is useful herein.
• the food composition is a pet food composition in one embodiment.
• the composition comprises at least one additional palatability enhancer.
• the invention provides comestible compositions comprising (1) one or more comestible ingredients and (2) one or more structured lipids comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a lipid and a dispersed polar solvent which at least a first reactant having a free carbonyl group, and a second reactant having an amino group available for reaction with the free carbonyl on the first reactant.
• the comestible ingredients are any comestible ingredients compatible with the structured lipids.
• the comestible ingredients are ones that require or are made more palatable by heating, e.g., by warming or by cooking.
• the comestible compositions are made by combining one or more comestible ingredients with one or more structured lipids.
• the compositions can be stored or otherwise retained until needed, e.g., for consumption or for further preparation and subsequent consumption.
• compositions can be consumed as made but are preferably heated before consumption.
• the first and second reactants react to produce Maillard reaction products that increase the palatability of the comestible compositions. Although the reaction occurs, it is generally slower than optimal.
• the compositions are heated to temperatures useful to prepare the comestible ingredients for consumption, generally by cooking or otherwise heating the compositions.
• the first and second reactants react to produce one or more Maillard reaction products. Heating facilitates the reaction process and produces more Maillard reaction products than would not have been produced without heating.
• Such Maillard reaction products increase the palatability of the comestible compositions, particularly when produced in amounts made by heating.
• any temperature suitable for preparing the comestible compositions and for causing a Maillard reaction is suitable.
• the compositions are heated to temperatures of from about 60°C to about 400°C, or from about 60°C to 350°C, or from about 60°C to 300°C or from about 60°C to 250°C, or from about 60°C to 233°C, or from about 60°C to 220°C, or from about 70°C to 180°C, or from about 80°C to 120°C, or from about 80°C to 100°C.
• Heating the compositions containing the structured lipids causes the first and second reactants react and form Maillard reaction products that increase the palatability of the compositions.
• the comestible compositions can be heated by any suitable means.
• the compositions are baked or cooked in an oven; heated on a stove or by a fire, e.g., in a pan, pot, or other suitable container; steam heated; or heated using a microwave oven.
• the first and second reactants can be any such reactant compatible with the comestible ingredients in the composition.
• the first and second reactants are (1) one or more reducing sugars and one or more amino acids or (2) one or more reducing sugars and one or more proteins.
• the structured lipids are mixed with the comestible ingredients, topically applied to the comestible ingredients, added onto or into preferred locations or sections in or on the ingredients, or otherwise distributed evenly or unevenly in or on the ingredients.
• food compositions that will be heated for serving comprise the product ingredients and one or more one or more structured lipids.
• the product is placed in an oven and heated to a temperature suitable for baking the product.
• the heat induces a reaction involving the first and second reactants.
• the reaction produces Maillard reaction products that enhance the palatability of the comestible composition.
• the comestible compositions are food compositions suitable for consumption by an animal, more preferably food compositions suitable for consumption by a companion animal, most preferably food compositions suitable for consumption by pets .
• the comestible composition is a pet food suitable for warming in a microwave oven. The pet food is heated sufficiently to produce Maillard reaction products in the food and served to the pet.
• the invention provides compositions made by heating comestible compositions comprising (1) one or more comestible ingredients and (2) one or more structured lipids comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a lipid and a dispersed polar solvent which contains at least a first reactant having a free carbonyl group, and a second reactant having an amino group available for reaction with the free carbonyl on the first reactant.
• the compositions have an enhanced palatability due to the presence of Maillard reaction products resulting from heating the compositions as described herein.
• kits suitable for enhancing palatability of a comestible composition comprise in separate containers in a single package or in separate containers in a virtual package, as appropriate for the kit component, one or more Maillard flavor composition and one or more of (1) one or more ingredients suitable for consumption by an animal, (2) one or more palatability enhancers, (3) instructions for combining kit components to produce a composition useful for enhancing palatability of a food composition, (4) instructions for using Maillard reaction products, Maillard flavor compositions, or other components of the kit for the benefit of the animal, (5) a vessel for preparing or combining the kit components to produce a composition for administration to an animal, such as bowl, container, bag, or the like, (6) a means for admixing one or more kit components, such as a spoon, a spatula, or other suitable utensil, or (7) a means for administering combined or prepared kit components to an animal, such as a bowl, a spoon, a bottle, a cup, or
• the Maillard flavor composition comprises at least one Maillard reaction product and a structured lipid phase comprising, for example, at least 0.1% polar solvent, and at least 50% lipid plus emulsifier.
• the emulsifier has a HLB less than 8, and the lipid is a comestible oil or fat.
• the Maillard reaction product is produced within the structured lipid phase.
• kits suitable for enhancing palatability of a food composition comprising, in separate containers in a single package, or in separate containers in a virtual package, a polar solvent-in-oil emulsion or microemulsion comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a comestible fat or oil and a dispersed polar solvent which contains at least a comestible reducing reactant having a free carbonyl, and a comestible second reactant containing an amino group, and an emulsifier.
• the emulsifier has an HLB less than 8.
• the reducing reactant and the second reactant can preferably undergo a Maillard reaction to form at least one Maillard reaction product under suitable conditions.
• kits further comprise one or more of ( 1 ) one or more ingredients suitable for consumption by an animal, (2) one or more palatability enhancers, (3) instructions for combining kit components to produce a composition useful for enhancing palatability of a food composition, (4) instructions on applying a thermal processing step to combined or uncombined kit components to produce one or more Maillard reaction products (5) instructions for using Maillard reaction products, Maillard flavor compositions, and other components of the kit for the benefit of the animal, (6) a vessel for preparing or combining the kit components to produce a composition for administration to an animal, such as a bowl, container, bag, box or the like, (7) a means for admixing one or more kit components, such as a spoon, spatula, or other utensil, or (8) a means for administering combined or prepared kit components to an animal,
• the invention provides means for communicating information about, or instruction for use of, a Maillard flavor composition
• a Maillard flavor composition comprising at least one Maillard reaction product and a structured lipid phase comprising at least 0.1% polar solvent, and at least 50% lipid plus emulsifier; wherein the emulsifier has a HLB less than 8, the lipid comprising a comestible oil or fat, wherein the Maillard reaction product is produced within the structured lipid phase, wherein the information is about, or the instructions are for, one or more of: (1) instructions for administering the composition to an animal in conjunction with at least one comestible ingredient; (2) instructions for one or more methods of using the composition for enhancing palatability of a food composition; (3) information on providing proper nutrition, including the use of the composition, to an animal in need of foods having enhanced palatability, or an animal having a diminished appetite due to a disease or other health condition; (4) information about palatability, and appetite; (5) information regarding physical, cellular and biochemical results of under-nutrition, conditions causing
• the means of communicating comprises a physical or electronic document, digital storage media, optical storage media, audio presentation, audiovisual display, or visual display containing the information or instructions.
• the means can be a displayed web site, visual display kiosk, brochure, product label, package insert, advertisement, handout, public announcement, audiotape, videotape, DVD, CD-ROM, computer readable chip, computer readable card, computer readable disk, USB device, Fire Wire device, computer memory, or any combination thereof.
• the invention provides packages comprising a Maillard flavor composition generally comprising at least one Maillard reaction product and a structured lipid phase comprising at least 0.1% polar solvent, and at least 50% lipid plus emulsifier; wherein the emulsifier has a HLB less than 8, the lipid comprising a comestible oil or fat, wherein the Maillard reaction product is produced within the structured lipid phase.
• the package contains a word or words, picture, design, logo, graphic, symbol, acronym, slogan, phrase, or other device, or combination thereof, either directly on the package or on a label affixed thereto, indicating that the composition is useful for enhancing palatability of a food composition.
• the Maillard flavor composition in the package is a component of a comestible composition.
• the Maillard flavor composition in the package is a component of a food composition.
• Method 1 The following method (“Method 1") was used to prepare the compositions used in some of the Examples. Reducing sugars, amino acids, catalysts (where used), and acids or bases (where used) were added to glycerol and agitated until dissolved, resulting in a glycerol solution. The glycerol solution was mixed with fat or oil and lipophilic additives (emulsifiers).
• glycerol-in-oil emulsion comprising a continuous structured lipid phase, having dispersed glycerol phase featuring glycerol domains that are emulsified or microemulsified within the lipidic phase.
• structured lipid phase Such glycerol-in-oil emulsions are referred to herein as "structured lipid phase.”
• Method 1 produces a flavor composition (a "Maillard flavor composition") containing Maillard reaction products, e.g., Maillard flavors.
• the Maillard flavor composition is stored at 10°C to 60°C until use.
• the Maillard flavor composition can be conveniently added to a fat or oil that is sprayed onto, or added to the food composition in amounts of from about 0.001% to about 9%, by weight, based on total food composition.
• the other flavors including flavors prepared by using hydrolytic enzymes to clean animal tissue, including liver and/or viscera, e.g., animal digests, can be added to or applied to the food composition.
• Method 2 The following method (“Method 2") was used to prepare the compositions used in some of the Examples. The steps of Method 1 were repeated except that a mixture of glycerol and water was used. Maillard flavor compositions prepared according to Method 2 can be conveniently added to a fat or oil that is sprayed onto, or added to the food composition in amounts of from about 0.001% to about 9% by weight based on total food composition. When used with other flavors, the other flavors, including flavors prepared by using hydrolytic enzymes to clean animal tissue, including liver and/or viscera, e.g., animal digests, can be added to or applied onto the food composition.
• Method 2 Maillard flavor compositions prepared according to Method 2 can be conveniently added to a fat or oil that is sprayed onto, or added to the food composition in amounts of from about 0.001% to about 9% by weight based on total food composition.
• the other flavors including flavors prepared by using hydrolytic enzymes to clean animal tissue, including liver and/or viscera, e.g., animal digests, can
• a first Maillard flavor composition was made according to the invention using Method 1. Glucose, cysteine and thiamine (Vitamin Bl) were used as reactants for the Maillard reaction. A second Maillard flavor composition was made by mixing glucose, cysteine and thiamine in glycerol to produce a glycerol solution. A third Maillard flavor composition was made by mixing glucose, cysteine and thiamine in glycerol and mixing this glycerol solution to fat or oil without lipophilic additives to produce a biphasic glycerol / fat or oil solution. A fourth Maillard flavor composition was made using the steps of Method 1 except that water was used instead of glycerol.
• Glucose, cysteine and thiamine were also used as reactants.
• a fifth Maillard flavor composition was made by mixing glucose, cysteine and thiamine in water to produce an aqueous solution. Each compositions contained 1.5% glucose, 0.9% cysteine and 0.7% thiamine by weight. The detailed composition of these five Maillard flavor compositions are given in Table 1.
• a structured lipid phase was prepared using Method 2 and using the components shown in Table 3. Reducing sugars and amino acids were added to glycerol and agitated until dissolved, resulting in a glycerol solution. The glycerol solution was mixed with fat or oil and lipophilic additives. The resulting mixture was agitated at 500 to 3000 rpm, for 1 to 5 minutes, to generate a glycerol-in-oil emulsion according to the invention, referred to herein as "structured lipid phase.”
• the structured lipid phase was coated externally on a chilled bread dough (at 1.0% based on the weight of the food product).
• the coated bread dough (test food product) was then stored overnight at +4°C.
• a control sample was prepared as follows: glucose (6.0%), rhamnose (0.2%), fructose (7.2%)), cysteine (3.6%) and proline (24.0%) were added to glycerol (59.0%) and agitated until dissolved, resulting in a glycerol solution.
• This glycerol solution was then coated externally on a chilled bread dough (at 0.1% based on the weight of the food product, to ensure similar reducing sugars and amino acids levels between the control and test food products). The coated bread dough (control food product) was then stored overnight at +4°C.
• test food product and the control food product were heated in a microwave oven (1 min 30 s, 750 W).
• the aroma perceived in the room during microwave heating and the flavor of the microwave heated food products were evaluated by a selected panel.
• the panel found the aroma and flavor from the control food product to be almost indistinguishable from those of a non- coated chilled bread dough (yeast-leavened bread aroma/flavor), whereas the test food product gave a rich, freshly baked bread aroma/flavor impression.
• a structured lipid phase was prepared using Method 2 and using the components shown in Table 4. Reducing sugars and amino acids were added to glycerol and water and agitated until dissolved, resulting in a wet glycerol solution. The wet glycerol solution was mixed with fat or oil and lipophilic additives. The resulting mixture was agitated at 500 to 3000 rpm, for 1 to 5 minutes, to generate a wet glycerol-in-oil emulsion according to the invention, referred to herein as "structured lipid phase.”
• the structured lipid phase was coated externally on a chilled bread dough (at 1.5% based on the weight of the food product).
• the coated bread dough (test food product) was then stored overnight at +4°C.
• a control sample was prepared as follows: glucose (4.75%), rhamnose (1.25%) and proline (19.0%)) were added to water (30.0%) and glycerol (45.0%) and agitated until dissolved, resulting in a glycerol solution. This glycerol solution was then coated externally on a chilled bread dough (at 0.3% based on the weight of the food product, to ensure similar reducing sugars and amino acids levels between the control and test food products). The coated bread dough (control food product) was then stored overnight at +4°C.
• test food product and the control food product were heated in a microwave oven (1 min 30 s, 750 W).
• the aroma perceived in the room during microwave heating and the flavor of the microwave heated food products were evaluated by a selected panel.
• the panel found the aroma and flavor from the control food product to be almost indistinguishable from those of a non- coated chilled bread dough (yeast- leavened bread aroma/flavor), whereas the test food product gave a rich, freshly baked bread aroma/flavor impression.
• a structured lipid phase was prepared using Method 2 and using the components shown in Table 5. Reducing sugars and amino acids were added to glycerol and water and agitated until dissolved, resulting in a wet glycerol solution. The wet glycerol solution was mixed with fat or oil and lipophilic additives. The resulting mixture was agitated at 500 to 3000 rpm, for 1 to 5 minutes, to generate a wet glycerol-in-oil emulsion according to the invention, referred to herein as "structured lipid phase.”
• the structured lipid phase was coated externally on a chilled bread dough (at 1.0% based on the weight of the food product).
• the coated bread dough (test food product) was then stored overnight at +4°C.
• a control sample was prepared as follows: glucose (3.2%), rhamnose (2.9%), cysteine (3.0%)) and proline (20.1%) were added to water (17.5%) and glycerol (53.3%) and agitated until dissolved, resulting in a wet glycerol solution.
• This wet glycerol solution was then coated externally on a chilled bread dough (at 0.7% based on the weight of the food product, to ensure similar reducing sugars and amino acids levels between the control and test food products). The coated bread dough (control food product) was then stored overnight at +4°C.
• test food product and the control food product were heated in a microwave oven (1 min 30 s, 750 W).
• the aroma perceived in the room during microwave heating and the flavor of the microwave heated food products were evaluated by a selected panel.
• the panel found the aroma and flavor from the control food product to be almost indistinguishable from those of a non- coated chilled bread dough (yeast-leavened bread aroma/flavor), whereas the test food product gave a rich, freshly baked bread aroma/flavor impression.

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• 2010
  • 2010-12-02 CA CA2784520A patent/CA2784520A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2010-12-02 AU AU2010333115A patent/AU2010333115B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 2010-12-02 BR BRBR112012014938-5A patent/BR112012014938A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
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  • 2010-12-02 WO PCT/EP2010/068688 patent/WO2011073035A1/en active Application Filing
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• 2012
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