AU2010333115B2 - Maillard flavor compositions with polar solvents different from water and methods for making such compositions - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a Maillard flavor composition comprising a structured lipid phase, a polar solvent, different from water, and at least one Maillard reaction product. The invention concerns further a method for making said composition in a structured lipid phase using polar solvent different from water. The compositions are useful for enhancing the palatability of foods, dietary supplements, medicaments, and the like.

Description

MAILLARD FLAVOR COMPOSITIONS WITH POLAR SOLVENTS DIFFERENT FROM WATER AND METHODS FOR MAKING SUCH COMPOSITIONS 5 Field of the Invention The invention relates generally to flavor compositions and methods for making flavor compositions and particularly to Maillard flavor compositions, methods for making Maillard compositions, and their use for enhancing palatability of comestible compositions. 10 Background of the Invention Any discussion of the prior art throughout the specification should in no way be considered as an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of common general knowledge in the field. 15 It is well-known that many flavors, colors, and aromas associated with cooking processes result from nonenzymatic, or nonenzymic, browning. Generally, nonenzymic browning comprises pyrolysis, carmelization, and Maillard reactions. Of these, the Maillard reaction may be the most significant. Discovered in 1912, the Maillard reaction is actually a group of complex chemical reactions between 20 available carbonyl groups and available amino groups. In food systems, reducing groups can be found on reducing sugars and amino groups can be found on free amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Initially, a reactive carbonyl group of a reducing sugar condenses with a free amino group, with a concomitant loss of a water molecule. The resultant N-substituted glycoaldosylamine is not stable. The 25 aldosylamine compound rearranges, through an Amadori rearrangement, to form a ketosamine. Ketosamines that are so-formed may further react through any of the following three pathways: (a) further dehydration to form reductones and dehydroreductones; (b) hydrolytic fission to form short chain products, such as diacetyl, acetol, pyruvaldehyde, and the like, which can, in turn, undergo Strecker 30 degradation with additional amino groups to form aldehydes, and condensation, to form aldols; and (c) loss of water molecules, followed by reaction with additional amino groups and water, followed by condensation and/or polymerization into 1 melanoids. Factors that affect the rate and/or extent of Maillard reactions include among others the temperature, water activity (A,), and pH. The Maillard reaction is enhanced by high temperature, low moisture levels (e.g., Aw from about 0.6 to about 0.7), and alkaline pH. The skilled artisan will appreciate that Maillard 5 reactions are thus very complex and a great variety of reaction products can be generated. At each stage of the Maillard reaction, and under specified conditions, the reaction may generate compounds that contribute to the palatability of a food or to a unique flavor profile associated with that food cooked in a particular way. WO/03/051139 Al discloses the method for producing a composition for chicken 10 flavors which includes making the Maillard reaction in a water phase and adding oil after start of the chemical reactions. This is very different from the present invention where the complete reaction occurs in the presence of oil, of an emulsifier and of at least one polar solvent, which is different from water. Emulsions in food systems are also well known. Both oil-in-water (e.g., 15 salad dressings, milk) and water-in-oil (e.g., butter, margarine) emulsions are common. W09962357 discloses emulsions used for various purposes in the food industry, including delivery of flavor compositions. US20080038428 proposes using emulsions with an aqueous continuous phase as a means of conducting Maillard reactions. W02007060177 discloses an oil-in-water emulsion wherein the 20 oil droplets are structured using emulsifiers that can be useful for performing a Maillard reaction. W000033671 discloses processes for producing Maillard reaction aroma products in an emulsifier and water mixture. However, no oil and no polar solvent different from water is used. With these 2 parameters, the man skilled in the art cannot predict the efficiency of the Maillard reaction in the 25 particular system of the present invention which is clearly demonstrated in example 1. These systems are useful but inefficient for conducting Maillard reactions and delivering Maillard compositions useful for enhancing palatability. It is an object of the present invention to overcome or ameliorate at least one of the disadvantages of the prior art, or to provide a useful alternative. 30 It is an object of an especially preferred form of the present inventon to provide for new and efficient methods for producing Maillard reaction products and Maillard compositions that are useful for enhancing palatability. 2 It is an object of another especially preferred form of the present inventon to provide for Maillard flavor compositions useful for enhancing palatability. It is an object of another especially preferred form of the present inventon to provide for Maillard flavor compositions that can be easily introduced into food 5 and petfood products. It is an object of another especially preferred form of the present inventon to provide for methods for making Maillard flavor compositions useful for enhancing palatability. It is an object of another especially preferred form of the present inventon to 10 provide for foods, dietary supplements, medicaments, or other comestible materials comprising at least one Maillard flavor composition. It is an object of another especially preferred form of the present inventon to provide for compositions and methods for enhancing palatability of foods, dietary supplements, medicaments, or other comestible materials. 15 It is an object of another especially preferred form of the present inventon to provide for comestible compositions that contain one or more structured lipid phases that produce Maillard reaction products during preparation, e.g., when heated. 20 Summary of the Invention According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a Maillard flavor composition comprising a structured lipid phase, comprising a lipid and a dispersed polar solvent phase where the polar solvent is different from water, and at least one Maillard reaction product. 25 According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition according to the first aspect of the present invention, produced by a method comprising making a structured lipid phase comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a lipid, and a dispersed polar solvent phase which contains at least a first reactant having a free carbonyl group, and a second reactant having an amino 30 group available for reaction with the free carbonyl on the first reactant. 3 According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition according to the first aspect of the present invention produced by a method comprising: 5 (a) making a structured lipid phase comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a lipid, and a dispersed polar solvent phase which contains at least a first reactant having a free carbonyl group, and a second reactant having an amino group available for reaction with the free carbonyl on the first reactant; and 10 (b) incubating the structured lipid phase under conditions of time and temperature sufficient for a Maillard reaction to occur between the first and second reactants, such that at least one Maillard reaction product is formed. According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for making a Maillard flavor composition comprising making a structured 15 lipid phase comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a lipid and a dispersed polar solvent phase where the polar solvant is different from water, and which contains at least a first reactant having a free carbonyl group and a second reactant having an amino group available for reaction with the free carbonyl group on the first reactant. 20 According to a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided a Maillard flavor composition when made by a method as defined according to the fourth aspect ofthe present invention. The present invention relates generally to novel Maillard flavor compositions that enhance palatability of foods, dietary supplements, medicaments, 25 or other comestible materials. The compositions comprise a structured lipid phase comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a lipid and a dispersed polar solvent. In the following specifications, it is understood that a polar solvent is a polar solvent different from water or a mixture of polar solvents where at least one of the polar solvents is different form water. The composition comprises at least a 30 first reactant having a free carbonyl group and a second reactant having an amino group available for reaction with the free carbonyl on the first reactant. Upon incubation under suitable conditions, a Maillard reaction occurs between the first 3a reactant and the second reactant. This reaction produces at least one Maillard reaction product. These Maillard flavor compositions are useful for enhancing the palatability of products to an animal, e.g., food compositions. 5 Brief Description of the Figures A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which these figures illustrate possible structure of structured lipids phase. Other structures, not shown in these figures are possible and are protected by the present invention. 10 FIG. 1 illustrates a polar solvent-in-oil microemulsion. Polar solvent may comprize water or not. The continuous phase is an oil wherein the typical size of the polar solvent domain is between 0.5 and 100 nm and an emulsifier is used to obtain this structure. There might be one type of emulsifiers or several types of emulsifiers. 15 FIG. 2 illustrates a polar solvent -in-oil emulsion. Polar solvent may comprize water or not. The continuous phase is an oil wherein the typical size of the polar solvent domain is between 50 nm and 1 mm and an emulsifier might be used to obtain this structure. There might be one type of emulsifiers or several types of emulsifiers. 20 FIG. 3 illustrates a mixture between a polar solvent-in-oil emulsion and a polar solvent-in-oil microemulsion. It is composed of polar solvent-in-oil emulsion droplets and polar solvent-in-oil microemulsion droplets. The two types of droplets define polar solvent domains which are surrounded by emulsifiers. There might be one type of emulsifiers or several types of emulsifiers. The size of the polar solvent 25 domains are typically the sizes of a polar solvent-in-oil emulsion droplet or of polar solvent microemulsion droplet. Detailed Description of the Invention Definitions 30 The term "structured lipid" or "structured lipid phase" means a polar solvent-in-lipid dispersion comprising a continuous lipid phase made of oil, lipid or emulsifiers (also called lipohilic additives), and a dispersed polar solvent featuring 3b polar solvent domains that are dispersed, emulsified, or microemulsified within the lipidic phase. The polar solvent may be a mixture of various solvents including at least one polar solvent different from water. The term polar solvent includes low molecular weight glycols, alkane glycols and mixtures thereof, as well as mixtures 5 of these polar solvents with water. In particular, low molecular weight glycols include glycerol (glycerine), propylene glycol and di propylene glycol. Any low molecular weight glycol can be used. In particular, alkane polyols correspond to the formula R-CH2-(CHOH)n-CH2OH, wherein n is a whole number from 0 to 4 and R corresponds to H or OH. The polar solvent can also be methanol, propanol, iso 10 propanol, n-butanol and ethanol. A preferred polar solvent is glycerol or a mixture glycerol/water. In the following specification, it is understood that a polar solvent is a polar solvent different from water or a mixture of polar solvents where at least one of the polar solvents is different form water. Preferred embodiments of the structured lipid further comprise one or more lipophilic additives (also called 15 emulsifiers) that emulsify or 3c WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 stabilize the structured lipid phase by reducing the surface tension between the continuous and dispersed phases. Structured lipids may be present on their own or coexist with a product or with an excess water or with an excess of polar solvent or with an excess of any other food constituant. It is understood by an excess of polar solvent, any polar solvent which is not solubilized or dispersed and therefore forming domains having a diameter larger than 1 micron, preferably larger than 10 microns and even more preferably domains larger than 100 microns. Structured lipids encompass lipids with or without art-recognized structures such as polar solvent-in-oil emulsions, polar solvent-in-oil microemulsions, reversed microemulsions, liquid crystalline structures (e.g., reversed micellar cubic, reversed bicontinuous cubic, or reversed hexagonal structures), lamellar liquid crystalline structures, sponge phases (L3) or the like, or any combinations thereof. A reversed structure is defined as a structure in which the stabilizing film is curved towards the polar solvent. Preferred structured lipids include reversed polar solvent-in-oil microemulsions, polar solvent-in-oil structures or emulsions, or combinations thereof. Reversed microemulsions are preferably of the L2 or bicontinuous type. Preferred polar solvent-in-oil reversed microemulsions show a phase separation when diluted with polar solvent, and dilution with polar solvent or with an aqueous phase results in a two phase or in a multi phase system: reversed microemulsion plus polar solvent or aqueous phase or other phases. The structured lipid includes any structure that has the characteristic of a polar solvent-in-oil emulsion, polar solvent-in-oil microemulsion, reversed microemulsion, liquid crystalline structure (e.g., reversed micellar cubic, reversed bicontinuous cubic, or reversed hexagonal structures), lamellar liquid crystalline structure, sponge phase (L3) or the like, or any combinations thereof at storage temperatures or at temperatures at which the Maillard reaction occurs or at any temperatures between storage temperatures and temperatures at which the Maillard reaction occurs. [0016] The term "lipophilic additive" or "emulsifier" means a compound or composition that comprises one or more molecules, compounds, or ingredients for emulsifying or stabilizing a water-in oil emulsion or a water-in-oil microemulsion. The lipophilic additive or emulsifier can also be defined using its hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance (HLB). Suitable emulsifiers or emulsifier mixtures have a HLB preferably lower than 8, preferably lower than 7. Emulsifiers include monoglycerides, including saturated and unsaturated monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, lecithins, polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, propylene glycerol esters of fatty acids, polyglycerol polyricinoleates, stearoyl lactylates, sorbitan esters of fatty acids, derivatives of the foregoing, salts of the foregoing, particularly sodium and/or calcium salts, or any combinations the foregoing. Also useful as emulsifiers are mono- or di glyceride esters of fatty acids, for example, esters of tartaric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, sorbic acid, or other edible, food-grade, or food-compatible acids, monoglyceride phosphates, and other derivatives or salts of mono- or diglycerides. Other useful lipophilic additives (emulsifier) are long chain alcohols, fatty acids, pegylated fatty acids, glycerol fatty acid esters, derivatives of mono diglycerides, pegylated vegetable oils, sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters, propylene glycol mono- or diesters, phosphatides, cerebrosides, gangliosides, cephalins, lipids, glycolipids, 4 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 sulfatides, sugar esters, sugar ethers, sucrose esters, sterols, polyglycerol esters, myristic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, pahnitic acid, PEG 1-4 stearate, PEG 2-4 oleate, PEG-4 dilaurate, PEG-4 dioleate, PEG-4 distearate, PEG-6 dioleate, PEG-6 distearate, PEG-8-dioleate, PEG-3-16 castor oil, PEG 5-10 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG 6-20 corn oil, PEG 6-20 almond oil, PEG-6 olive oil, PEG-6 peanut oil, PEG-6 palm kernel oil, PEG-6 hydrogenated palm kernel oil, PEG-4 capric/caprylic triglyceride, mono, di, tri, tetraesters of vegetable oil and sorbitol, pentaerythrityl di, tetra stearate, isostearate, oleate, caprylate or caprate, polyglyceryl-3 dioleate, stearate, or isostearate, plyglyceryl 4 10 pentaoleate, polyglyceryl 2-4 oleate, stearate, or isostearate, polyglyceryl 4-10 pentaoleate, polyglycewryl-3 dioleate, polyglyceryl-6 dioleate, polyglyceryl-10 trioleate, polyglyceryl-3 distearate propylene glycol mono- or diesters of C6 to C20 fatty acid, monoglycerides of C6 to C20 fatty acid, lactic acid derivatives of monoglycerides, lactic acid derivatives of diglycerides, diacetyl tartaric ester of monoglycerides, triglycerol monostearate cholesterol, phytosterol, PEG 5-20 soya sterol, PEG-6 sorbitan tetra, hexasterarate, PEG-6 sorbitan tetraoleate, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan mono trioleate, sorbitan mono and tristearate, sorbitan monoisostearate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan sesquistearate, PEG-2-5 oleyl ether, POE 2-4 lauryl ether, PEG-2 cetyl ether, PEG-2 stearyl ether, sucrose distearate, sucrose dipalmitate, ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, ethyl linoleate, isopropyl linoleate, poloxamers, phospolipids, lecithins, lyzo-lecithins, polysorbates, cephalins, oat lipids and lipophilic amphiphilic lipids from other plants; and mixtures thereof. Other molecules or combination of molecules are possible as long as they provide water-in-oil emulsion, polar solvent-in-oil emulsion, water-in-oil microemulsion, polar solvent-in-oil microemulsion, liquid crystalline phase where the continuous phase is lipid, self assembly structure where the continuous phase is lipid, or combination of them. Examples of commercial products that may be useful as emulsifiers herein include Dimodan@ Distilled Monoglycerides, Panodan@k DATEM (Diacetyl Tartaric Acid Esters), GrindstedTM ACETEM (Acetic Acid Esters of Monoglycerides), GrindstedTM CITREM (Citric Acid Esters of Monoglycerides), Grindsted T M LACTEM (Lactic Acid Esters of Monoglycerides), GrindstedTm Mono-Di (Mono and Diglycerides), GrindstedTM PGE or PGPR (Polyglycerol Esters of Fatty Acids, Polyglycerol Polyricinoleate), GrindstedTM PGMS (Propylene Glycerol Esters of Fatty Acids), and GrindstedTM SMS or STS (Sorbitan Monostearate, Sorbitan Tristearate) (all, Danisco, Denmark). In some embodiments, one or more proteins with emulsifying properties may also be useful as emulsifiers, alone, or more preferably, in combination with any other emulsifier or combination thereof. Presently preferred emulsifiers comprise saturated or unsaturated monoglycerides, lecithins, phospholipids, or any combination thereof. [00171 The term "microemulsion" means an immiscible lipid-polar solvent system in which a dispersed phase is dispersed within a continuous phase and wherein the droplets, domains, or channels of the dispersed phase are of an average nominal size on the order of less than about 300 nm in diameter. More preferably they average 100 nm, 80 nm, 50 nm, or less. In one embodiment, the microemulsion contains micelles, droplets, domains, or channels that range in size from about 0.5 to 5 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 about 300 nm. In other embodiments, the polar solvent domains ranges in size from 2 to about 200 nm, or 10 to 100 nm. Microemulsions are generally thermodynamically stable and can be clear or nearly clear. When an immiscible lipid-polar solvent system has been prepared so as to form a microemulsion, it is sometimes referred to herein as "microemulsified." Presently preferred structure lipids encompass microemulsions having an L2 structure. In a preferred embodiment, the polar solventsolvent droplet size is about 100 times smaller than in a normal water-in-oil emulsion or polar solventsolvent-in-oil emulsion. In standard microemulsions, the dispersed phase droplets are known as "micelles." [00181 A normal or standard "emulsion" refers to an immiscible lipid-polar solvent system where a dispersed phase is dispersed within a continuous phase, and wherein the dispersed phase includes droplets, domains, or channels of nominal size larger than about 250 nm in diameter, or in some embodiments, larger than 300 nm to about 1 jim. These emulsions are generally thermodynamically unstable and at least slightly turbid. The immiscible phases will generally separate given time, depending on temperature and other factors. The skilled artisan will appreciate that many emulsions contain at least some droplets, domains, or channels of less than 200, 100, 50, or even 10 nm. Emulsions are nonetheless generally differentiated from microemulsions, which exclude such large droplets, domains and channels. When an immiscible lipid-polar solvent system has been prepared so as to form an emulsion, it is sometimes referred to herein as "emulsified." The term "emulsion" also means emulsions like oil-in-polar solvent-in-oil double emulsion. [00191 The term "polar solvent-in-oil" emulsion or microemulsion means that the continuous phase is lipid and the dispersed phase contains the polar solvent. In the following specification, it is understood that a polar solvent is a polar solvent different from water or a mixture of polar solvents where at least one of the polar solvents is different form water. The skilled artisan will appreciate that emulsions and microemulsions may be solid, semi-solid or liquid. As used herein, a polar solvent dispersed phase can comprise any manner, variety, or combination of micelles, droplets, domains, or channels. The polar solvent can contain any polar solvent with at least one polar solvent different from water, and any solutes or combination of solutes may be dissolved therein to the limit of their solubility, including reducing reactants, amino reactants, catalysts, salts, buffers, acids, and the like. In preferred embodiments, the polar solvent phase predominantly contains one or more reducing sugars and amino acids or proteins dissolved therein. In other embodiments, the polar solvent phase contains phosphate containing or carboxylate-containing compounds, such as salts, acids, or buffers. Such compounds are useful for adjusting the pH, buffering against pH changes, and catalyzing Maillard reactions. [00201 The term "reducing reactant" means a reactant that comprises a reactive aldehyde (-CHO) or keto (-CO-) group, e.g., a reactant with a free or available carbonyl group, such that the carbonyl group is available to react with an amino group on a reactant in a Maillard reaction. In preferred embodiments, the reducing reactant is a reducing sugar, e.g., a sugar that can reduce a test reagent, e.g., can reduce Cu24 to Cu*, or can be oxidized by such reagents. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides (e.g., dextrins, starches, and edible gums) and their hydrolysis products are suitable 6 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 reducing reactants if they have at least one reducing group that can participate in a Maillard reaction. Reducing sugars include aldoses or ketoses such as glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, glyceraldehyde, dihydoxyacetone, arabinose, xylose, ribose, mannose, erythrose, threose, and galactose. Other reducing reactants include uronic acids (e.g., glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid) or Maillard reaction intermediates bearing at least one carbonyl group such as aldehydes, ketones, alpha-hydroxycarbonyl or dicarbonyl compounds. [00211 The term "amino reactant" means a reactant having a free amino group that is available to react with a reducing reactant in a Maillard reaction. Amino reactants include amino acids, peptides (including dipeptides, tripeptides, and oligopeptides), proteins, proteolytic or nonenzymatic digests thereof, and other compounds that react with reducing sugars and similar compounds in a Maillard reaction. In some embodiments, the amino reactant also provides one or more sulfur-containing groups. [00221 The term "Maillard reaction product" means any compound produced by a Maillard reaction. In preferred embodiments, the Maillard reaction product is a compound that provides flavor ("Maillard flavor"), color ("Maillard color"), or a combination thereof The term "flavor" includes "odor" and "taste." [00231 The term "Maillard flavor composition" means a composition comprising a structured lipid, a first reducing reactant, a second amino reactant, and optionally Maillard reaction products produced by a Maillard reaction between the first and second reactants. [00241 The term "animal" means any animal that could benefit from enhanced palatability resulting from Maillard compositions, including human, avian, bovine, canine, equine, feline, hicrine, lupine, murine, ovine, or porcine animals. [00251 The term "companion animal" means domesticated animals such as cats, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, ferrets, hamsters, mice, gerbils, horses, cows, goats, sheep, donkeys, pigs, and the like. [00261 The term "palatability" refer to a quality of a food, food supplement, food additive, dietary supplement, medicament, or the like, that makes it appealing or pleasing to one or more of an animal's senses, particularly the senses of taste and smell. Accordingly, palatability is determined subjectively. As used herein, whenever an animal shows a preference for one of two or more foods, the preferred food has greater or enhanced palatability. For companion animals and other non-human species, the relative palatability of one food compared to one or more other foods can be determined, for example, in side-by-side, free-choice comparisons, e.g., by relative consumption of the foods, or other appropriate measures of preference indicative of palatability. The skilled artisan will appreciate that various aspects or phases of "palatability" can be considered both independently and interdependently. For example, "initial appeal," "continued consumption palatability," and "repeated presentation palatability" can all be considered. "Initial appeal" is an aspect of palatability that induces an animal to initially taste or try a food, dietary supplement, or medicament. "Continued consumption palatability' is an aspect of palatability that induces an animal to continue consuming a product that has been initially only tasted or tried. "Repeated presentation palatability" or "repeated feeding palatability" is an aspect 7 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 of palatability evident when a food composition, dietary supplement, or medicament, which has previously been both tasted and consumed, is presented repeatedly to the animal for consumption over time. For example, a complete and nutritionally-balanced food composition that is fed daily to an animal will hopefully provide palatability for each repeated presentation of feeding, such that the animal continues to consume adequate quantities of the food. [00271 The term "palatability enhancer" means any compound, composition, formulation, or other material useful for enhancing the palatability of a comestible composition such as a food composition, supplement, medicament, or the like. Palatability enhancers enhance palatability at any one or more of the aspects of palatability. Thus, such palatability enhancers may contribute to initial appeal, continued consumption, or repeated presentation aspects of palatability, or any combination thereof Examples of palatability enhancers include fats (e.g., tallow), flavors, aromas, extracts, digests, and the like. [00281 The term "animal digest" means a material that results from chemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean, undecomposed animal tissue. In certain embodiments, "animal digest" as used herein, is fully consistent with the definition of animal digest promulgated by the Association of American Feed Control Officials, Inc. (AAFCO). Animal digest is preferably derived from animal tissues, including cold-blooded marine animals, excluding hair, horns, teeth, hooves, and feathers. The skilled artisan will appreciate that while such tissues are not preferred, trace amounts might be found unavoidably even under good manufacturing practices. Also not included are visceral contents or foreign or fecal matter, although trace contaminant amounts are sometimes present. When an animal digest is dried, it may be referred to as "dried animal digest." Animal digests in accordance herewith are suitable for use in food or feed compositions. Specifically included are (1) Digest of Beef (or Poultry, Pork, Lamb, Fish, etc): material from beef (poultry, pork, etc.) which results from chemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean and undecomposed tissue; (2) Digest of Beef (or Pork, Lamb, etc) By Products: material from beef (poultry, pork, etc.) which results from chemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean and undecomposed tissue from non-rendered clean parts from cattle (pigs, lambs, fish, etc), other than meat, for example lungs, spleen, kidneys, brain, livers, blood, bone, partially defatted low-temperature fatty tissue, and stomachs and intestines, freed of their contents; and (3) Digest of Poultry By-Products: material which results from chemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean and undecomposed tissue from non-rendered clean parts of carcasses of slaughtered poultry such as heads, feet, and viscera. As used herein "poultry" encompasses any species or kind of bird, preferably chicken, turkey, duck, or other food species. [00291 The term "effective amount" means an amount of a compound, material, composition, medicament, or other material that is effective to achieve a particular desired result. Such results include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: (a) enhancing palatability; (b) inducing an animal to consume more of a particular food or other material than the animal otherwise would, in either a single feeding or over the course of multiple feedings; or (c) inducing an animal to consume a medicament or a food or dietary supplement that the animal might not otherwise voluntarily consume. 8 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 [00301 The term "food" or "food composition" means a product or composition that is intended for ingestion by an animal, including a human, and provides at least one nutrient or comestible ingredient to the animal. The term "food" includes any food, feed, snack, food supplement, treat, meal substitute, or meal replacement, whether intended for a human or another animal. "Food" encompasses such products in any form, solids, liquids, gels, or mixtures or combinations thereof. Thus, beverages of any type are clearly encompassed within the term "food." The skilled artisan will appreciate that the ingredients or components of a food composition are comestible or edible by an animal in the normal course, and such ingredients or components do not include compounds that are toxic or otherwise deleterious to health in the amounts used in the food composition. [0031] The term "pet food" or "pet food composition" or the like, means a composition intended for consumption by a non-human animal, preferably by a companion animal. Nutritionally-balanced pet food compositions are widely known and used in the art. [00321 A "nutritionally-complete," "nutritionally-balanced," or "complete and nutritionally balanced" food is one that contains all known required nutrients for the intended recipient or consumer of the food, in appropriate amounts and proportions, based, for example, on recommendations of recognized or competent authorities in the field of companion animal nutrition. Such foods are therefore capable of serving as a sole source of dietary intake to maintain life or promote production, without the addition of supplemental nutritional sources. The terms include any food, feed, snack, food supplement, treat, meal substitute, or meal replacement, whether intended for a human or another animal, in any form, including solids, liquids, gels and the like. Such foods, when intended for companion animals, are frequently in the form of extruded pet foods, such as kibble-type foods for dogs and/or cats. [00331 The term "dietary supplement" means a product that is intended to be ingested in addition to the normal animal diet. Dietary supplements may be in any form, e.g., solid, liquid, gel, tablets, capsules, powder, and the like. Preferably they are provided in convenient dosage forms. In some embodiments, dietary supplements are provided in bulk consumer packages such as bulk powders, liquids, gels, or oils. In other embodiments, supplements are provided in bulk quantities to be included in other food items such as snacks, treats, supplement bars, beverages, and the like. [00341 The term "in conjunction" in certain contexts means that a Maillard flavor composition, e.g., for enhancing palatability of a food composition or the like, and that food composition or the like whose palatability is to be enhanced, are administered to an animal (1) together in a food composition, or the like (e.g., dietary supplement, or medicament), or (2) separately, at the same or different frequency, using the same or different administration routes, at about the same time, or periodically. "Periodically" means that the Maillard flavor composition is administered on a dosage schedule acceptable for that specific palatability enhancer and that the food, dietary supplement, or medicament, is provided to an animal routinely as appropriate for the particular animal. "About the same time" generally means that the food, dietary supplement, or medicament, and the Maillard flavor composition are administered at the same time or within about 72 hours of each other. "In conjunction" specifically 9 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 includes administration schemes wherein a palatability enhancer is administered for a predetermined, prescribed, or desired period, and the compositions disclosed herein are administered within a defined window of time before, during, or after providing the food, dietary supplement, or medicament whose palatability is to be enhanced, the window being between from about 0 to about 240 minutes before the start of, and after the completion of, e.g., the animal's normal feeding time, supplement time, or medicament administration time. [00351 The term "single package" means that the components of a kit are physically associated, in or with one or more containers, and considered a unit for manufacture, distribution, sale, or use. Containers include, but are not limited to, bags, boxes or cartons, bottles, packages of any type or design or material, over-wrap, shrink-wrap, affixed components (e.g., stapled, adhered, or the like), or combinations thereof A single package may be containers of individual Maillard flavor compositions and comestible compositions, e.g., food ingredients or food compositions, physically associated such that they are considered a unit for manufacture, distribution, sale, or use. [00361 The term "virtual package" means that the components of a kit are associated by directions on one or more physical or virtual kit components instructing the user how to obtain the other components, e.g., in a bag or other container containing one component and directions instructing the user to go to a website, contact a recorded message or a fax-back service, view a visual message, or contact a caregiver or instructor to obtain instructions on how to use the kit, or safety or technical information about one or more components of a kit. Examples of information that can be provided as part of a virtual kit include instructions for use; safety information such as material safety data sheets; poison control information; information on potential adverse reactions; clinical study results; dietary information such as food composition or caloric composition; general information on improving palatability in the diet, or Maillard reaction products for such us, or increasing appetite in an animal in need thereof; health consequences stemming from a decrease in nutrient intake, or from inadequate nutrient intake; or general information on nutrition or providing optimal nutrition self-help relating to nutrition and appetite; caregiver information for those caring for animals with nutritional challenges, and diseases that result in decreased body weight, wasting, or the like, or other loss of appetite challenges; improving acceptance of orally-administered dietary supplements or medicaments, and use, benefits, and potential side-effects or counter-indications, if any, for the compositions described herein, e.g., palatability enhancers. [0037] All percentages expressed herein are by weight of the total composition, including any water content ("wet weight"), unless indicated otherwise. [00381 As used throughout, ranges herein are stated in shorthand, so as to avoid having to set out at length and describe each and every value within the range. Any appropriate value within the range can be selected, where appropriate, as the upper value, lower value, or the terminus of the range. For example, a range of 0.1 to 1.0 represents the terminal values of 0.1 and 1.0 and the intermediate values 10 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and all intermediate ranges encompassed within 0.1 to 1.0, such as 0.2 to 0.5, 0.2 to 0.8, 0.7 to 1.0, and so on. [00391 As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular form of a word includes the plural, and vice versa, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, the references "a", "an", and ''the" are generally inclusive of the plurals of the respective terms. For example, reference to "a palatability enhancer", "a method", or "a food" includes a plurality of such "palatability enhancers", "methods", or "foods." Reference herein, for example to "an antioxidant" includes a plurality of such antioxidants, whereas reference to "pieces" includes a single piece. Similarly, the words "comprise", "comprises", and "comprising" are to be interpreted inclusively rather than exclusively. Likewise the terms "include", "including" and "or" should all be construed to be inclusive, unless such a construction is clearly prohibited from the context. Where used herein the term "examples," particularly when followed by a listing of terms is merely exemplary and illustrative, and should not be deemed to be exclusive or comprehensive. [00401 The methods and compositions and other advances disclosed here are not limited to particular methodology, protocols, and reagents described herein because, as the skilled artisan will appreciate, they may vary. Further, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to, and does not, limit the scope of that which is disclosed or claimed. [00411 Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms, terms of art, and acronyms used herein have the meanings commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art in the field(s) of the invention, or in the field(s) where the term is used. Although any compositions, methods, articles of manufacture, or other means or materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of the present invention, the preferred compositions, methods, articles of manufacture, or other means or materials are described herein. [00421 All patents, patent applications, publications, technical and/or scholarly articles, and other references cited or referred to herein are in their entirety incorporated herein by reference to the extent allowed by law. The discussion of those references is intended merely to summarize the assertions made therein. No admission is made that any such patents, patent applications, publications or references, or any portion thereof, are relevant, material, or prior art. The right to challenge the accuracy and pertinence of any assertion of such patents, patent applications, publications, and other references as relevant, material, or prior art is specifically reserved. [00431 The methods and compositions and other advances disclosed here are not limited to particular methodology, protocols, and reagents described herein because, as the skilled artisan will appreciate, they may vary. Further, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to and does not limit the scope of that which is disclosed or claimed. 11 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 The Invention [0044] In one aspect, the invention provides methods for making Maillard flavor compositions suitable for enhancing the palatability of foods, dietary supplements, medicaments, or other comestible materials. The methods comprise (a) making a structured lipid phase comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a lipid and a dispersed polar solvent, different from water, or a mixture of polar solvents, with at least one polar solvent different from water and which contains at least a first reactant having a free carbonyl group, and a second reactant having an amino group available for reaction with the free carbonyl on the first reactant; and optionally (b) incubating the structured lipid phase under conditions of time and temperature sufficient for a Maillard reaction to occur between the first and second reactants, such that at least one Maillard reaction product is formed. The Maillard flavor compositions comprise one or more Maillard reaction products, including Maillard flavors, Maillard colors, and Maillard aromas. The Maillard reaction products are generally present or produced in structured lipids, e.g., polar solvent-in-oil emulsions, a polar solvent-in-oil microemulsions, a liquid crystalline phase where the lipid is the continuous phase or a self-assembly structure where the lipid is the continuous phase. [00451 The emulsions, microemulsions, the liquid crystalline phase where the lipid is the continuous phase and the self-assembly structure where the lipid is the continuous phase comprise a structured lipid phase having a continuous lipid phase and a dispersed polar solvent phase. In certain case the structure can be bicontinuous; the lipid forms a continuous phase and the polar solvent form also a continuous phase. The structure lipids or the emulsion or the microemulsion contains at least a first reactant having a free carbonyl group, and a second reactant having an amino group available for reaction with the free carbonyl on the first reactant, such that, upon incubating the structured lipid phase at a suitable temperature for a suitable time, a Maillard reaction occurs between the first and second reactants, and at least one Maillard reaction product is formed. The invention also provides the Maillard flavor compositions produced using these methods. [00461 Without being bound by theory, it appears that the Maillard reaction that occurs within the structured lipid occurs within the micelles, dispersed droplets, domains, and/or channels of the polar solvent phase. The polar solvent soluble reactants are concentrated in the polar solvent phase, and perhaps with the interfacial areas between the continuous and dispersed phases of the structured lipid phase, e.g., polar solvent-in-oil emulsions and microemulsions. The first, or reducing reactant, the second, or amino reactant, and other Maillard reactants are polar solvent-soluble and cannot migrate out of the micelles, polar solvent domains, droplets, and/or channels of the dispersed polar solvent phase. In prior Maillard reaction systems, including bulk aqueous reactions and reactions in emulsions with an aqueous continuous phase, the hydrophilic reactants (e.g., sugars and amino acids) are dispersed and not restricted or concentrated in the micelles, droplets, and/or channels. In the present invention, the hydrophilic reactants do not migrate out of polar solvent domains into the oil; they remain concentrated in the hydrophilic micelles, droplets, and/or channels. This keeps their concentration relatively high and therefore increases the Maillard reaction rate. Further, many reaction products resulting from the Maillard reaction are 12 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 hydrophobic. In prior systems, the reaction products accumulate and gradually shift the equilibrium away from product formation. This decreases the reaction rate or decreases the extent of conversion of reactant to product. In the present invention, the hydrophobic Maillard reaction products migrate out of the micelle into the continuous lipid phase (e.g., oil). This migration removes the Maillard reaction products from the micelles, droplets, and/or channels and shifts the equilibrium of the Maillard reaction to product formation. This results in an increase in the reaction rate and ultimately the extent of the conversion from reactants to products, i.e., the production of Maillard reaction products and Maillard compositions. Thus, by conducting the reaction according to the disclosed methods, the reactants remain concentrated within the hydrophilic micelles, droplets, domains, and/or channels while the hydrophobic reaction products migrate out into the lipophilic environment of the continuous lipid phase. In WO 00033671, the oil was not present which makes this migration less efficient and leads to a lower Maillard reaction yield. [00471 The resultant shift in equilibrium increases both the reaction rate and the amount of Maillard reactants converted to Maillard reaction products. Surprisingly, and quite unexpectedly, almost all of the Maillard reactants are converted to Maillard reaction products. In contrast, in prior art systems, Maillard reactants are converted to Maillard reaction products in amounts of less than 50%, typically in the range of 10% to 30%. [00481 In addition to increasing the amount of Maillard reactants converted to Maillard reaction products, the Maillard reaction products produced by the methods of the invention have a different flavor profile and different concentrations as compared to control reactions conducted in water, normal oil-in water emulsions, structured oil-in-water emulsions, other bulk aqueous phase systems, or other reported Maillard reaction environments. Also, the Maillard reactions products and compositions obtained herein are easier to make, more economical to make, easier to store, easier to maintain, easier to use, and easier to introduce in products, particularly foods and related compositions. [00491 In various embodiments, the structured lipid phase comprises from about 0.1% to about 99.7% lipid and from about 0.3% to about 95% polar solvent phase. The skilled artisan will appreciate that the structured lipid phase can comprise any relative proportions of lipid to polar solvent phase provided that the structured lipid phase can be prepared, e.g., as a polar solvent-in-oil emulsion or microemulsion. In preferred embodiments of the structured lipid phase, the lipid is an oil, afat, an emulsifier (also called lipophilic additive) or mixture of thereof In various embodiments, the structured lipid phase comprises from about 0.5% to about 99.5% lipid, preferably from about 1% to about 99.5% lipid, more preferably from about 5% to about 95% lipid, and from about 0.5% to about 90% polar solvent phase, preferably from about 1% to about 85% polar solvent phase, more preferably from about 1% to about 80% polar solvent phase. [00501 Oil is used in the broad sense. An oil can be liquid, solid (fat), crystallized, or amorphous at room temperature. Possible oils for making the structured lipid are mineral oils, hydrocarbons, vegetable oils, animal oils, waxes, alcohols, fatty acids, mono-, di-, tri-acylglycerols, essential oils, 13 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 flavoring oils, lipophilic vitamins, esters, nutraceuticals, terpins, terpenes and mixtures thereof. Possible oils for making the structured lipids also comprise oils, such as those described above, which have been partially hydrolyzed. These oils may be hydrolyzed by any suitable hydrolysis procedure, such as alkaline hydrolysis, steam stripping or enzymatic hydrolysis. [00511 In one embodiment, the first reactant is a reducing reactant such as an aldose, ketose, uronic acid, or Maillard reaction intermediates bearing at least one carbonyl group, particularly a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, an oligosaccharide, a polysaccharide, or their hydrolysis products, provided that it has at least one reducing group. The saccharide can have any number of carbon atoms, and thus may be a triose, a tetrose, a pentose, a hexose, a heptose, and so on, or any combination thereof. In preferred embodiments, the first reactant is a reducing sugar. Preferred reducing sugars for use herein are glucose, fructose, mannose, maltose, lactose, xylose, arabinose, or any combination thereof Preferred reducing sugars are readily-available reducing sugars that are food-derived, or generally regarded as safe (GRAS) ingredients. [00521 The second reactant is any amino reactant with an available amino group that can participate in a Maillard reaction. In preferred embodiments, the second reactant is an amino acid, peptide, hydrolyzed protein, polypeptide, or any combination thereof. [00531 In the method, the step of making the structured lipid phase comprises mixing the lipid and the polar solvent, to generate a structured lipid phase wherein the mixing step is sufficient to form a polar solvent-in-oil emulsion, a polar solvent-in-oil microemulsion, or other structured lipid phase. Mixing as used herein is a very broad term intended to encompass any act of combining the lipid and polar solvent into the form of an emulsion or microemulsion. The skilled artisan has available a large number of methods, and devices for forming structured lipid phases. Any such methods or devices known in the art for forming an emulsion or microemulsion are useful herein. In some embodiments, the microemulsion may be a fully- or partially-self-assembling microemulsion. [00541 The Maillard reactants tend to be polar solvent-soluble. Therefore, the polar solvent soluble reactants are dissolved or dispersed within the polar solvent phase before the mixing step. In one embodiment, at least the first and second reactants are dissolved in the polar solvent before the mixing. In other embodiments, additional polar solvent-soluble compounds are dissolved in the polar solvent. Such compounds may include additional Maillard reactants, catalysts, buffers, compounds for adjusting pH such as acids, buffers, or salts, emulsifiers, and stabilizers. In various embodiments, the polar solvent comprises from about 0.001% to about 50% reducing reactants, about 0.001% to about 50% amino reactants, and from about 0.001% to about 50% other solutes or additives. [00551 The step of making the structured lipid phase generally comprises adding one or more emulsifiers before or during the mixing step. The emulsifiers are useful for emulsifying or stabilizing, or both, the structured lipid phase. In one presently preferred embodiment, the emulsifiers have a hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) of less than about 8, preferably less than 7. 14 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 [00561 The structured lipid phase comprises from about 0.1% to about 99.6% emulsifier. The emulsifier can comprise any one or more emulsifying compounds, and preferably, the emulsifier is suitable for use in a food system, or as a food additive, or is GRAS. In presently preferred embodiments, the emulsifier is a monoglyceride, a diglyceride, a polyglycerol ester, or a phospholipid, a lecithin, or any combination thereof. The emulsifier can encompass a saturated or unsaturated molecule, such as mono- or di-glycerides. [00571 The lipid phase preferably comprises a lipid derived from a plant or animal that is an edible or comestible lipid. The lipid comprises beef tallow, lamb tallow, lard, poultry fat, chicken fat, soy oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, cotton seed oil, rapeseed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, canola oil, olive oil, or any combination thereof in various embodiments. In some embodiments, the lipid phase comprises lipids such as those described above that have been partially hydrolyzed. These lipids may be hydrolyzed by any suitable hydrolysis procedure, such as alkaline hydrolysis, steam stripping, or enzymatic hydrolysis. It will be appreciated that the hydrolyzed lipid phase produced by these processes is unlikely to be completely hydrolyzed in that amounts of mono-, di- and/or triglycerides will be present in the hydrolyzed lipid phase. If desired, these glycerides may be removed by conventional separation techniques, but this is not necessary. [00581 In certain embodiments, the method comprises a further step of adding at least a portion of the structured lipid to at least one comestible ingredient, food composition, dietary supplement, medicament, or other material. The adding step is conducted before, during, or after the incubating step, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the adding step is conducted before the incubation step, or before the conclusion of the incubation. In such embodiments, the incubation step is conducted at least in part, in conjunction with a further step of processing the comestible ingredient, food composition, dietary supplement, or medicament. The skilled artisan will recognize that in such embodiments, at least a portion of the Maillard reaction products will be formed in situ in, e.g., the food. In other embodiments, the incubation step is conducted, and thus further Maillard reaction products form, at least in part, during storage, or during shipment of the comestible ingredient, food composition, dietary supplement, or medicament. [00591 In other embodiments, the adding step is conducted prior to the incubating step, and preferably the incubating step is conducted, at least in part, in conjunction with a thermal process applied to the food composition, dietary supplement, or medicament. Any type or kind of thermal process used the arts of food processing or pharmaceutical processing may be useful for the methods herein. Preferred thermal process comprises extrusion, retorting, baking, or pasteurization. [00601 In other embodiments, the adding step comprises adding at least one additional composition that provides or enhances palatability of the comestible ingredient, food composition, dietary supplement, medicament, or other material. The skilled artisan will appreciate that many compounds useful for enhancing palatability are known in the art, and all are suitable for use herein. Exemplary 15 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 compounds include flavors, aromas, and the like, as well as fats or oils, sweeteners, salt, and the like. In one embodiment, the additional palatability enhancer is an animal digest. [00611 As discussed above, the method can be conducted in a variety of manners to produce the structure lipid phase. In one embodiment, the making step comprises dissolving at least the first and second reactants in the polar solvent; mixing the polar solvent with one or more lipids and one or more emulsifiers; and forming a polar solvent-in-oil emulsion or microemulsion. Energy input in the form of mixing, agitating, emulsifying, blending, micronizing, and the like is preferably used in the making step. [00621 The incubating step comprises allowing the reactants to interact at any temperature conductive for conducting a Maillard reaction, e.g., room temperature or lower depending on the reactants. In preferred embodiments, incubating step comprises heating to a temperature of from about 60'C to about 180'C. In various embodiments, the temperatures for incubating or heating are from about 80'C to 150'C, or preferably, the temperatures are from about 90'C to 120'C. The time for the incubating step is from about 1 minute to about 12 hours. Preferably, the incubation time is from about 1 minute to about 640 minutes. Other preferred times for incubation are from about 5 minutes to about 300 minutes, preferably from about 10 minutes to about 180 minutes. For both temperature and time, the only firm requirements are that the time and temperature combination are sufficient for a Maillard reaction to occur within the polar solvent-in-oil system. In some systems, the Maillard reaction occurs during a retorting process. Because of the effective concentration of reactants within micelles, droplets, domains, and channels, and potentially at the interfaces between the continuous and dispersed phases, the required times and temperature may differ substantially from those required in bulk aqueous Maillard reactions, or even other complex food systems. Accordingly, the time and temperature for the nonenzyrnic reactions can be readily determined by observing or measuring an increase in reaction product(s) or a decrease in reactants. Incubation temperatures can be obtained using any suitable heating method such as microwave heating or can be obtained in any suitable process such as baking or retorting. [00631 In some embodiments, the polar solvent further comprises one or more of a catalyst suitable for enhancing the rate of Maillard reactions, or a compound for adjusting the pH of the polar solvent. The catalyst preferably comprises a compound having a phosphate or a carboxylate group, or other known Maillard reaction catalyst or enhancer. [00641 In various embodiments, the structured lipid phase comprises more than 0.3% polar solvent, more than 0.l1% lipid. Preferably, the structured lipid phase comprises from about 0. 5% to about 90% polar solvent and from about 10% to about 99.5% lipid. More preferably, the structured lipid phase comprises from about 0.5% to about 69% polar solvent, and from about 31% to about 99.5% lipid. Even more preferably, the structured lipid phase comprises from about 0.5% to about 25% polar solvent, and from about 25% to about 99.5% lipid. As above, the HLB of the emulsifier is preferably less than about 8, preferably less than about 7. 16 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 [00651 The skilled artisan will appreciate the emulsions and microemulsions feature micelles, droplets, domain, channels of varied size and varied average size as defined herein. [00661 The methods for making the Maillard flavor compositions have proven to provide enhanced conversions of Maillard reactants into Maillard reaction products, including Maillard flavors and Maillard colors. In one embodiment, the methods provide a conversion of Maillard reactants into Maillard reaction products in the structured lipid phase that exceeds the conversion of Maillard reactants into Maillard reaction products in a control Maillard reaction conducted under the same conditions with the same reactants in an aqueous system, or in a structured lipid phase containing only water as a polar solvent or in pure polar solvent phase. In one embodiment, the conversion of Maillard reactants is at least 10% greater than the conversion in the control reaction resulting in an enhanced formation of Maillard reaction products, particularly in some key compounds like furfuryl thiol (FFT) or methyl furyl thiol (MFT). In another, the conversion of Maillard reactants is at least 50% higher than in the control reaction. In yet other embodiments, the reaction is nearly complete, providing a conversion of reactants of at least 80, 85, 90, 95%, or more. [00671 In another aspect, the invention provides products made using the methods of the invention. [0068] In another aspect, the invention provides a Maillard flavor composition comprising a structured lipid phase, a polar solvent, different from water, and at least one Maillard reaction product. [00691 . The structure lipid phase comprises any amounts or proportions of lipid, emulsifier, and polar solvent that can form a polar solvent-in-oil emulsion or microemulsion. Preferably, the structured lipid phase comprises from about 0.3% to about 95% polar solvent and from about 5% to about 99.7% lipid plus emulsifier. More preferably, the structured lipid phase comprises from about 0.5% to about 75% polar solvent, most preferably from about 0.5 to about 25%. Preferably, the emulsifier has a HLB less than 8 and the lipid comprises a comestible oil or fat. The Maillard reaction product is produced within and is within the structured lipid phase. [00701 The Maillard flavor compositions are produced by the methods of the invention. In one embodiment the Maillard flavor composition is produced by a method comprising (a) making a structured lipid phase comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a lipid, and a dispersed phase comprising a polar solvent, wherein the polar solvent phase contains at least a first reactant the reactant having a free carbonyl group, and a second reactant having an amino group available for reaction with the free carbonyl on the first reactant; and (b) incubating the structured lipid phase under conditions of time and temperature sufficient for a Maillard reaction to occur between the first and second reactants, such that at least one Maillard reaction product is formed. In an other embodiement, the Maillard flavor composition is produced by a method comprising making a structured lipid phase comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a lipid, and a dispersed phase comprising a polar solvent, wherein the polar solvent phase contains at least a first reactant the reactant having a free carbonyl group, and a second reactant having an amino group available for reaction with the free carbonyl on the first reactant. In this last embodiment, the Maillard reaction may be added to a product. The Maillard reaction may 17 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 occur at a further stage. This further stage may include thermal processing, extrusion, retorting, home preparation such as cooking, frying, heating, pan heating, oven heating, oven baking, microwave heating, steam heating of the product. [00711 In one preferred embodiment, the structured lipid phase is a microemulsion. The microemulsion can exist at suitable temperature. Preferably, microemulsion has a temperature lower than 50'C, more preferably lower than 40'C. The emulsifier comprises a saturated or unsaturated monoglyceride in certain embodiments. The composition can further comprise at least one catalyst of a Maillard reaction, at least one additional palatability enhancer, or both. [00721 In another aspect, the invention provides comestible compositions comprising at least one comestible ingredient and at least one Maillard flavor composition. In preferred embodiments, the comestible composition comprises from about 0.001% to about 50% Maillard flavor composition. Preferably, the comestible composition is a food, dietary supplement, medicament, or other comestible material, most preferably a food composition. [00731 In other embodiments, the comestible composition further comprises at least one additional palatability enhancer such as an animal digest. Preferably, the comestible composition with the added Maillard flavor composition has measurably enhanced palatability compared to a control comestible composition that does not contain the Maillard flavor composition. In some embodiments, the comestible composition is preferred by at least a factor of 10% more than the control comestible composition. It other embodiments, an improvement of 20, 30, 40, or 50% is observed. In other embodiments, the comestible composition is preferred up to 2:1, 3:1 or more over the control comestible composition. In one embodiment, the comestible composition is a food composition. In another, the food composition is formulated as an animal food such as a pet food or companion animal food. [00741 In another aspect, the invention provides methods for enhancing palatability of a comestible composition. The methods comprise adding to a comestible composition at least one Maillard flavor composition in an amount effective for enhancing palatability of the comestible composition compared to a control that does not have the Maillard flavor composition added. The amount of Maillard flavor composition added is preferably from about 0.001% to about 50% of the comestible composition. The invention also provides the comestible compositions produced using these methods. [00751 In another aspect, the invention provides food compositions comprising at least one comestible ingredient and a polar solvent-in-oil emulsion, microemulsion, or another reversed structured phase comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a comestible fat or oil and a dispersed polar solvent phase. The polar solvent has dissolved therein at least a comestible reducing reactant having a free carbonyl, and a comestible second reactant containing an amino group, and an emulsifier having an HLB less than 8. The reducing reactant and the second reactant can undergo a Maillard reaction to form at least one Maillard reaction product under suitable conditions. Preferably, the emulsion or microemulsion comprises from about 0.

3 % to about 95% polar solvent and from about 5% 18 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 to about 99.7% lipid plus emulsifier. More preferably, the structured lipid phase comprises from about 0.5% to about 75% polar solvent, most preferably from about 0.5 to about 25%. Preferred emulsifier include saturated and unsaturated monoglycerides. [00761 In one embodiment, the food composition has been subjected to a thermal processing step or storage conditions under which at least one Maillard reaction product is formed from the reducing reactant and the second reactant. Any thermal processing step above ambient temperature at which a Maillard reaction product can form is useful herein. The food composition is a pet food composition in one embodiment. In presently preferred embodiments, the composition comprises at least one additional palatability enhancer. [0077] In another aspect, the invention provides comestible compositions comprising (1) one or more comestible ingredients and (2) one or more structured lipids comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a lipid and a dispersed polar solvent which at least a first reactant having a free carbonyl group, and a second reactant having an amino group available for reaction with the free carbonyl on the first reactant. [00781 The comestible ingredients are any comestible ingredients compatible with the structured lipids. Preferably, the comestible ingredients are ones that require or are made more palatable by heating, e.g., by warning or by cooking. [00791 The comestible compositions are made by combining one or more comestible ingredients with one or more structured lipids. The compositions can be stored or otherwise retained until needed, e.g., for consumption or for further preparation and subsequent consumption. [00801 These compositions can be consumed as made but are preferably heated before consumption. When consumed as made, the first and second reactants react to produce Maillard reaction products that increase the palatability of the comestible compositions. Although the reaction occurs, it is generally slower than optimal. When heated, the compositions are heated to temperatures useful to prepare the comestible ingredients for consumption, generally by cooking or otherwise heating the compositions. Upon heating, the first and second reactants react to produce one or more Maillard reaction products. Heating facilitates the reaction process and produces more Maillard reaction products than would not have been produced without heating. Such Maillard reaction products increase the palatability of the comestible compositions, particularly when produced in amounts made by heating. [00811 Any temperature suitable for preparing the comestible compositions and for causing a Maillard reaction is suitable. Typically, the compositions are heated to temperatures of from about 60'C to about 400'C, or from about 60'C to 350'C, or from about 60'C to 300'C or from about 60'C to 250'C, or from about 60'C to 233'C, or from about 60'C to 220'C, or from about 70'C to 180'C, or from about 80'C to 120'C, or from about 80'C to 100'C. Heating the compositions containing the structured lipids causes the first and second reactants react and form Maillard reaction products that increase the palatability of the compositions. The comestible compositions can be heated by any 19 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 suitable means. Typically, the compositions are baked or cooked in an oven; heated on a stove or by a fire, e.g., in a pan, pot, or other suitable container; steam heated; or heated using a microwave oven. [00821 The first and second reactants can be any such reactant compatible with the comestible ingredients in the composition. In various embodiments, the first and second reactants are (1) one or more reducing sugars and one or more amino acids or (2) one or more reducing sugars and one or more proteins. [00831 In preferred embodiments, the structured lipids are mixed with the comestible ingredients, topically applied to the comestible ingredients, added onto or into preferred locations or sections in or on the ingredients, or otherwise distributed evenly or unevenly in or on the ingredients. [0084] In one embodiment, food compositions that will be heated for serving, e.g., a product to be baked, comprise the product ingredients and one or more one or more structured lipids. The product is placed in an oven and heated to a temperature suitable for baking the product. As the product bakes, the heat induces a reaction involving the first and second reactants. The reaction produces Maillard reaction products that enhance the palatability of the comestible composition. [00851 In preferred embodiments, the comestible compositions are food compositions suitable for consumption by an animal, more preferably food compositions suitable for consumption by a companion animal, most preferably food compositions suitable for consumption by pets. In an embodiment, the comestible composition is a pet food suitable for warming in a microwave oven. The pet food is heated sufficiently to produce Maillard reaction products in the food and served to the pet. [00861 In another aspect, the invention provides compositions made by heating comestible compositions comprising (1) one or more comestible ingredients and (2) one or more structured lipids comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a lipid and a dispersed polar solvent which contains at least a first reactant having a free carbonyl group, and a second reactant having an amino group available for reaction with the free carbonyl on the first reactant. The compositions have an enhanced palatability due to the presence of Maillard reaction products resulting from heating the compositions as described herein. [00871 In another aspect, the invention provides kits suitable for enhancing palatability of a comestible composition. The kits comprise in separate containers in a single package or in separate containers in a virtual package, as appropriate for the kit component, one or more Maillard flavor composition and one or more of (1) one or more ingredients suitable for consumption by an animal, (2) one or more palatability enhancers, (3) instructions for combining kit components to produce a composition useful for enhancing palatability of a food composition, (4) instructions for using Maillard reaction products, Maillard flavor compositions, or other components of the kit for the benefit of the animal, (5) a vessel for preparing or combining the kit components to produce a composition for administration to an animal, such as bowl, container, bag, or the like, (6) a means for admixing one or more kit components, such as a spoon, a spatula, or other suitable utensil, or (7) a means for 20 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 administering combined or prepared kit components to an animal, such as a bowl, a spoon, a bottle, a cup, or the like. [00881 In one embodiment, the Maillard flavor composition comprises at least one Maillard reaction product and a structured lipid phase comprising, for example, at least 0.1% polar solvent, and at least 50% lipid plus emulsifier. Preferably, the emulsifier has a HLB less than 8, and the lipid is a comestible oil or fat. In preferred embodiments, the Maillard reaction product is produced within the structured lipid phase. [00891 Other kits provided herein include kits suitable for enhancing palatability of a food composition comprising, in separate containers in a single package, or in separate containers in a virtual package, a polar solvent-in-oil emulsion or microemulsion comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a comestible fat or oil and a dispersed polar solvent which contains at least a comestible reducing reactant having a free carbonyl, and a comestible second reactant containing an amino group, and an emulsifier. Preferably, the emulsifier has an HLB less than 8. The reducing reactant and the second reactant can preferably undergo a Maillard reaction to form at least one Maillard reaction product under suitable conditions. The emulsion or microemulsion, in preferred embodiments, comprises from about 0.5% to about 25% polar solvent, and from about 75% to about 99.5% lipid plus emulsifier. The kits further comprise one or more of (1) one or more ingredients suitable for consumption by an animal, (2) one or more palatability enhancers, (3) instructions for combining kit components to produce a composition useful for enhancing palatability of a food composition, (4) instructions on applying a thermal processing step to combined or uncombined kit components to produce one or more Maillard reaction products (5) instructions for using Maillard reaction products, Maillard flavor compositions, and other components of the kit for the benefit of the animal, (6) a vessel for preparing or combining the kit components to produce a composition for administration to an animal, such as a bowl, container, bag, box or the like, (7) a means for admixing one or more kit components, such as a spoon, spatula, or other utensil, or (8) a means for administering combined or prepared kit components to an animal, such as a plate, bowl, spoon, bottle, glass, or the like. [00901 In a further aspect, the invention provides means for communicating information about, or instruction for use of, a Maillard flavor composition comprising at least one Maillard reaction product and a structured lipid phase comprising at least 0.1% polar solvent, and at least 50% lipid plus emulsifier; wherein the emulsifier has a HLB less than 8, the lipid comprising a comestible oil or fat, wherein the Maillard reaction product is produced within the structured lipid phase, wherein the information is about, or the instructions are for, one or more of: (1) instructions for administering the composition to an animal in conjunction with at least one comestible ingredient; (2) instructions for one or more methods of using the composition for enhancing palatability of a food composition; (3) information on providing proper nutrition, including the use of the composition, to an animal in need of foods having enhanced palatability, or an animal having a diminished appetite due to a disease or other health condition; (4) information about palatability, and appetite; (5) information regarding physical, 21 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 cellular and biochemical results of under-nutrition, conditions causing loss of appetite, or wasting diseases, or recovery from, or prevention or treatment of the same, or (6) comparative information or test results regarding the composition, or regarding the palatability of food compositions to which it is added. [00911 In various embodiments, the means of communicating comprises a physical or electronic document, digital storage media, optical storage media, audio presentation, audiovisual display, or visual display containing the information or instructions. The means can be a displayed web site, visual display kiosk, brochure, product label, package insert, advertisement, handout, public announcement, audiotape, videotape, DVD, CD-ROM, computer readable chip, computer readable card, computer readable disk, USB device, FireWire device, computer memory, or any combination thereof [00921 In another aspect, the invention provides packages comprising a Maillard flavor composition generally comprising at least one Maillard reaction product and a structured lipid phase comprising at least 0.1% polar solvent, and at least 50% lipid plus emulsifier; wherein the emulsifier has a HLB less than 8, the lipid comprising a comestible oil or fat, wherein the Maillard reaction product is produced within the structured lipid phase. The package contains a word or words, picture, design, logo, graphic, symbol, acronym, slogan, phrase, or other device, or combination thereof, either directly on the package or on a label affixed thereto, indicating that the composition is useful for enhancing palatability of a food composition. In one embodiment, the Maillard flavor composition in the package is a component of a comestible composition. In another, the Maillard flavor composition in the package is a component of a food composition. EXAMPLES [00931 The invention can be further illustrated by the following examples, although it will be understood that the examples are included merely for purposes of illustration and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention unless otherwise specifically indicated. Materials and Methods [00941 The following method ("Method 1") was used to prepare the compositions used in some of the Examples. Reducing sugars, amino acids, catalysts (where used), and acids or bases (where used) were added to glycerol and agitated until dissolved, resulting in a glycerol solution. The glycerol solution was mixed with fat or oil and lipophilic additives (emulsifiers). The resulting mixture was agitated at 500 to 3000 rpm, for I to 5 minutes, to generate a glycerol-in-oil emulsion comprising a continuous structured lipid phase, having dispersed glycerol phase featuring glycerol domains that are emulsified or microemulsified within the lipidic phase. Such glycerol-in-oil emulsions are referred to herein as "structured lipid phase." [00951 To promote the Maillard reaction, the structured lipid phase was heated to about 85'C to 180'C for 5 to 180 minutes. Agitation was continued during heating. The temperature was then lowered to about 45'C to 60'C, with agitation to ensure homogenous cooling. 22 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 [00961 Method I produces a flavor composition (a "Maillard flavor composition") containing Maillard reaction products, e.g., Maillard flavors. The Maillard flavor composition is stored at I 0 0 C to 60'C until use. [00971 When preparing a food composition using a Maillard flavor compositions prepared according to Method 1, the Maillard flavor composition can be conveniently added to a fat or oil that is sprayed onto, or added to the food composition in amounts of from about 0.001% to about 9%, by weight, based on total food composition. When used with other flavors, the other flavors, including flavors prepared by using hydrolytic enzymes to clean animal tissue, including liver and/or viscera, e.g., animal digests, can be added to or applied to the food composition. [0098] The following method ("Method 2") was used to prepare the compositions used in some of the Examples. The steps of Method 1 were repeated except that a mixture of glycerol and water was used. Maillard flavor compositions prepared according to Method 2 can be conveniently added to a fat or oil that is sprayed onto, or added to the food composition in amounts of from about 0.001% to about 9% by weight based on total food composition. When used with other flavors, the other flavors, including flavors prepared by using hydrolytic enzymes to clean animal tissue, including liver and/or viscera, e.g., animal digests, can be added to or applied onto the food composition. Example 1 [00991 A first Maillard flavor composition was made according to the invention using Method 1. Glucose, cysteine and thiamine (Vitamin B 1) were used as reactants for the Maillard reaction. A second Maillard flavor composition was made by mixing glucose, cysteine and thiamine in glycerol to produce a glycerol solution. A third Maillard flavor composition was made by mixing glucose, cysteine and thiamine in glycerol and mixing this glycerol solution to fat or oil without lipophilic additives to produce a biphasic glycerol / fat or oil solution. A fourth Maillard flavor composition was made using the steps of Method 1 except that water was used instead of glycerol. Glucose, cysteine and thiamine were also used as reactants. A fifth Maillard flavor composition was made by mixing glucose, cysteine and thiamine in water to produce an aqueous solution. Each compositions contained 1.

5 % glucose, 0.9% cysteine and 0.

7 % thiamine by weight. The detailed composition of these five Maillard flavor compositions are given in Table 1. Table 1 Maillard 1t 2 nd 3 rd 4th 5 ih flavor composition composition composition composition composition compositions (% by weight) (% by weight) (% by weight) (% by (% by weight) according to for for weight) for for comparison the invention comparison comparison comparison Glucose 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Cysteine 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Thiamine 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Water - - - 6.9 96.9 23 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 Glycerol 6.9 96.9 6.9 Dimodan 54.0 - - 54 U/J Sunflower 36.0 - 90 36 oil TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 [001001 All five compositions were heated to the same temperature and for the same time, i.e., at 90'C for 40 minutes, to cause a Maillard reaction using glucose. After 40 minutes, the samples were tested for residual glucose and for their color (visual inspection) as a measure of the extent of the Maillard reaction. The results are given in Table 2. Table 2 Maillard flavor composition Residual glucose Color (in % of initial amount) 1 " composition, according to the 10.2 brown invention 2" dComposition, for comparison 31.1 orange 3d composition, for comparison 48.2 orange 4 *' composition, for comparison 60.9 light yellow 5"' composition, for comparison 99.5 uncolored [001011 These results surprisingly show a strong increase of Maillard reactant (sugar) conversion into Maillard reaction products (89.8% of glucose degraded) in the first composition as compared to the other compositions. The substantial improvement in the sugar conversion was unexpected. The present invention produces Maillard flavor compositions containing substantially more Maillard reaction products, and thus, more flavor, for a given amount of reactants. Example 2 [00102] A structured lipid phase was prepared using Method 2 and using the components shown in Table 3. Reducing sugars and amino acids were added to glycerol and agitated until dissolved, resulting in a glycerol solution. The glycerol solution was mixed with fat or oil and lipophilic additives. The resulting mixture was agitated at 500 to 3000 rpm, for 1 to 5 minutes, to generate a glycerol-in-oil emulsion according to the invention, referred to herein as "structured lipid phase." Table 3 Ingredients % in Formula Glucose 0.60 24 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 Rhamnose 0.02 Fructose 0.72 Cysteine 0.36 Proline 2.40 Glycerol 5.90 Rapeseed oil 30.00 Unsaturated 60.00 Total 100.00 [001031 The structured lipid phase was coated externally on a chilled bread dough (at 1.0% based on the weight of the food product). The coated bread dough (test food product) was then stored overnight at +4 0 C. [001041 A control sample was prepared as follows: glucose (6.0%), rhamnose (0.2%), fructose (7.2%), cysteine (3.6%) and proline (24.0%) were added to glycerol (59.0%) and agitated until dissolved, resulting in a glycerol solution. This glycerol solution was then coated externally on a chilled bread dough (at 0.1% based on the weight of the food product, to ensure similar reducing sugars and amino acids levels between the control and test food products). The coated bread dough (control food product) was then stored overnight at +4'C. [001051 For sensory evaluation, the test food product and the control food product were heated in a microwave oven (1 min 30 s, 750 W). The aroma perceived in the room during microwave heating and the flavor of the microwave heated food products were evaluated by a selected panel. The panel found the aroma and flavor from the control food product to be almost indistinguishable from those of a non coated chilled bread dough (yeast-leavened bread aroma/flavor), whereas the test food product gave a rich, freshly baked bread aroma/flavor impression. Example 3 [001061 A structured lipid phase was prepared using Method 2 and using the components shown in Table 4. Reducing sugars and amino acids were added to glycerol and water and agitated until dissolved, resulting in a wet glycerol solution. The wet glycerol solution was mixed with fat or oil and lipophilic additives. The resulting mixture was agitated at 500 to 3000 rpm, for I to 5 minutes, to generate a wet glycerol-in-oil emulsion according to the invention, referred to herein as "structured lipid phase." Table 4 Ingredients % in Formula Glucose 0.95 25 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 Rhamnose 0.25 Proline 3.80 Water 6.00 Glycerol 9.00 Palm olein 32.00 Unsaturated 48.00 Total 100.00 [001071 The structured lipid phase was coated externally on a chilled bread dough (at 1.5% based on the weight of the food product). The coated bread dough (test food product) was then stored overnight at +4 0 C. [001081 A control sample was prepared as follows: glucose (4.75%), rhamnose (1.25%) and proline (19.0%) were added to water (30.0%) and glycerol (45.0%) and agitated until dissolved, resulting in a glycerol solution. This glycerol solution was then coated externally on a chilled bread dough (at 0.3% based on the weight of the food product, to ensure similar reducing sugars and amino acids levels between the control and test food products). The coated bread dough (control food product) was then stored overnight at +4'C. [001091 For sensory evaluation, the test food product and the control food product were heated in a microwave oven (1 min 30 s, 750 W). The aroma perceived in the room during microwave heating and the flavor of the microwave heated food products were evaluated by a selected panel. The panel found the aroma and flavor from the control food product to be almost indistinguishable from those of a non coated chilled bread dough (yeast-leavened bread aroma/flavor), whereas the test food product gave a rich, freshly baked bread aroma/flavor impression. Example 4 [001101 A structured lipid phase was prepared using Method 2 and using the components shown in Table 5. Reducing sugars and amino acids were added to glycerol and water and agitated until dissolved, resulting in a wet glycerol solution. The wet glycerol solution was mixed with fat or oil and lipophilic additives. The resulting mixture was agitated at 500 to 3000 rpm, for 1 to 5 minutes, to generate a wet glycerol-in-oil emulsion according to the invention, referred to herein as "structured lipid phase." Table 5 Ingredients % in Formula Glucose 2.20 Rhamnose 2.00 26 WO 2011/073035 PCT/EP2010/068688 Cysteine 2.10 Proline 13.95 Water 12.15 Glycerol 37.10 Palm olein 28.00 PGPR 90 2.00 Carrageenan 0.50 Total 100.00 [001111 The structured lipid phase was coated externally on a chilled bread dough (at 1.0% based on the weight of the food product). The coated bread dough (test food product) was then stored overnight at +4 0 C. [001121 A control sample was prepared as follows: glucose (3.2%), rhan-nose (2.9%), cysteine (3.0%) and proline (20.l1%) were added to water (17.5%) and glycerol (53.3%) and agitated until dissolved, resulting in a wet glycerol solution. This wet glycerol solution was then coated externally on a chilled bread dough (at 0.7% based on the weight of the food product, to ensure similar reducing sugars and amino acids levels between the control and test food products). The coated bread dough (control food product) was then stored overnight at +4 0 C. [001131 For sensory evaluation, the test food product and the control food product were heated in a microwave oven (1 min 30 s, 750 W). The aroma perceived in the room during microwave heating and the flavor of the microwave heated food products were evaluated by a selected panel. The panel found the aroma and flavor from the control food product to be almost indistinguishable from those of a non coated chilled bread dough (yeast-leavened bread aroma/flavor), whereas the test food product gave a rich, freshly baked bread aroma/flavor impression. 27

Claims (17)

1. A Maillard flavor composition comprising a structured lipid phase, comprising a lipid and a dispersed polar solvent phase where the polar solvent is different 5 from water, and at least one Maillard reaction product.

2. A composition according to claim I, wherein the structured lipid phase comprises from about 0.3% to about 95% polar solvent and from about 5% to about 99.7% lipid, the lipid comprising a comestible oil or fat or the emulsifier; wherein the 10 Maillard reaction product is within the structured lipid phase.

3. A composition according to claim 2, wherein the structured lipid phase comprises from about 0.1% to about 99.7% lipid and from about 0.3% to about 95% polar solvent phase, and wherein the lipid is an oil a fat, an emulsifier or combination 15 thereof

4. A composition according to claim 1, produced by a method comprising making a structured lipid phase comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a lipid, and a dispersed polar solvent phase which contains at least a first reactant having a 20 free carbonyl group, and a second reactant having an amino group available for reaction with the free carbonyl on the first reactant.

5. A composition of claim 1, produced by a method comprising: (a) making a structured lipid phase comprising a continuous lipid phase 25 comprising a lipid, and a dispersed polar solvent phase which contains at least a first reactant having a free carbonyl group, and a second reactant having an amino group available for reaction with the free carbonyl on the first reactant; and (b) incubating the structured lipid phase under conditions of time and 30 temperature sufficient for a Maillard reaction to occur between the first and second reactants, such that at least one Maillard reaction product is formed.

6. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the structured lipid phase is a polar 28 solvent-in-oil microemulsion or a polar solvent-in-oil emulsion.

7. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the structured lipid phase is a liquid crystalline phase where the lipid is the continuous phase or a self-assembly 5 structure where the lipid is the continuous phase.

8. A method for making a Maillard flavor composition comprising making a structured lipid phase comprising a continuous lipid phase comprising a lipid and a dispersed polar solvent phase where the polar solvant is different from water, 10 and which contains at least a first reactant having a free carbonyl group and a second reactant having an amino group available for reaction with the free carbonyl group on the first reactant.

9. A method according to claim 8, wherein the at least first and second reactants are 15 dissolved in the polar solvent before the mixing.

10. A method according to claim 8, wherein the step of making the structured lipid phase comprises adding one or more lipophilic additives (emulsifier) before or during the mixing, the emulsifier emulsifying or stabilizing, or both, the 20 structured lipid phase.

11. A method according to claim 10, wherein the emulsifier comprises a monoglyceride, a diglyceride, a polyglycerol ester, or a phospholipid, a lecithin, or any combination thereof 25

12. A method according to claim 8, wherein the lipid comprises beef tallow, lamb tallow, lard, poultry fat, chicken fat, soy oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, cotton seed oil, rapeseed oil, coconut oil, com oil, canola oil, olive oil, or any combination thereof 30

13. A method according to claim 8, wherein the lipid comprises partially hydrolyzed lipids derived from plant or animal that is an edible or comestible lipid. 29

14. A method according to claim 8, wherein the Maillard reaction is performed during extrusion, retorting, baking, or pasteurization.

15. A method according to claim 8, wherein the yield of Maillard reaction products 5 in the structured lipid phase exceeds the yield of Maillard reaction products in a control Maillard reaction conducted under the same conditions with the same reactants in an aqueous system or in a polar solvent phase or in structured lipids containing only water as polar solvent. 10

16. A Maillard flavor composition when made by a method as defined according to claim 8.

17. A Maillard flavor composition according to claim 1; a composition produced by a method according to claim 4; a composition preduced by a method according to 15 claim 5; a method according to claim 8; or a Maillard flavor composition according to claim 16, substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the embodiments of the invention illustrated in the accompanying drawings and/or examples. 20 Dated this 9 th day of September 2014 Shelston IP Attorneys for: Nestec S.A. 30