EP2505677B1 - Method and apparatus for relieving stress in a pipeline - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for relieving stress in a pipeline Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2505677B1
EP2505677B1 EP12250071.3A EP12250071A EP2505677B1 EP 2505677 B1 EP2505677 B1 EP 2505677B1 EP 12250071 A EP12250071 A EP 12250071A EP 2505677 B1 EP2505677 B1 EP 2505677B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pipeline
weld
stress
cooling
heating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP12250071.3A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2505677A2 (en
EP2505677A3 (en
Inventor
Walter Mark Veldsman
Christopher Rand
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Linde GmbH
Original Assignee
Linde GmbH
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Publication date
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Publication of EP2505677A3 publication Critical patent/EP2505677A3/en
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Publication of EP2505677B1 publication Critical patent/EP2505677B1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/08—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/26—Methods of annealing
    • C21D1/30—Stress-relieving
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/50—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for welded joints
    • C21D9/505—Cooling thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2221/00—Treating localised areas of an article
    • C21D2221/10—Differential treatment of inner with respect to outer regions, e.g. core and periphery, respectively

Definitions

  • Stress corrosion cracking can occur in stainless steel or high nickel process piping during operational service, particularly in nuclear, chemical, oil and gas operational environments. There are three factors which predominantly control the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) mechanism: tensile residual stress fields in the material, high temperature, and high chloride ion concentrations. High tensile residual stress fields arise across welds due to the heat cycle and shrinkage stress associated with welding. The SCC mechanism therefore predominantly occurs in the weld and heat affected zones.
  • SCC stress corrosion cracking
  • JPH08155650 discloses a method of spaying solid carbon dioxide particle during forming of a root weld and during forming of a capping weld.
  • DE3614482A1 discloses a method of manufacturing welded line pipes with reduced susceptibility for stress corrosion cracking, comprising an inductive or thermal heat source adjacent to the outside surface of the pipe weld, and a radial cooling nozzle to be received within the pipe to provide water as coolant.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating a pipeline to increase resistance to stress corrosion cracking, according to claim 1.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus for treating a pipeline to increase resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC), according to claim 12.
  • SCC stress corrosion cracking
  • “Cryogenic coolant” is herein defined as a coolant having a temperature of less than -50°C.
  • a "pipeline” is herein defined as at least two pipe sections having at least one welded joint there between.
  • the “weld” may include both the weld (or fusion) zone and the heat affected zone.
  • the stress-relieved layer comprises an area of the pipe in which the tensile residual stress is decreased in comparison to a like pipe section on which the method of the invention has not been applied.
  • the stress-relieved layer starts at the inner surface of the pipe (upon which the cryogenic coolant may have impinged) and extends through the thickness of the pipe towards the outer surface (which has been heated).
  • the stress-relieved layer may extend partially through the thickness of the pipe.
  • the stress-relieved layer preferably includes an innermost region of compressive residual stress.
  • the heating and/or cooling is preferably applied for a sufficient duration to provide a tensile stress-relieved layer of a desired depth.
  • the tensile stress relieved layer preferably includes a region of compressive residual stress.
  • the duration of the cryogenic treatment should be sufficient to provide an adequate treatment depth.
  • the stress-relieved layer may cover approximately the innermost third of the thickness of the pipeline, for example if the pipeline has a wall thickness of at least 10 mm, then the depth of the tensile stress-relieved layer should be at least 3 mm. Thinner layers will suffice for thinner pipelines. All weld zones have tensile stress fields and are therefore susceptible to SCC. It has been found that super-cooling the inside surface of the weld zone on a pipeline with a cryogenic coolant results in a modification of the tensile residual stress field to a compressive residual stress field.
  • the compressive residual stress field has the benefit of resisting SCC as SCC only occurs in tensile stress fields.
  • the resistance to SCC is dramatically improved in piping, such as for example in austenitic stainless alloys, including austentic stainless steel piping, and high nickel piping, such as for example alloy 625, alloy 725, alloy C276, alloy C22, monel, alloy 905L, alloy 304L, alloy 316L.
  • the cryogenic coolant is preferably selected from one or more of solid carbon dioxide particles, liquid nitrogen, liquid air and liquid argon, or a mixture thereof.
  • the cryogenic coolant is preferably applied from at least one cooling nozzle.
  • cooling the inside surface of the weld zone of the pipeline with a cryogenic coolant may comprises expanding a liquid coolant through a nozzle proximal to the inside surface.
  • the expansion of the coolant may advantageously result in a change of state of the coolant from liquid to solid.
  • the coolant is applied around the full internal circumferential surface of the pipeline.
  • the cooling nozzle can be a 360° radial cooling nozzle, for example a spray ring.
  • the spray ring may be positioned within the pipeline to effect the cooling.
  • the cooling nozzle may for example comprise a circumferentially distributed array of nozzles, for example the cooling nozzle may comprise at least 12 nozzles.
  • the weld is heated to a temperature of between about 600°C and about 700°C using a suitable heat source, such as for example induction heating or oxy fuel heating burners.
  • a suitable heat source such as for example induction heating or oxy fuel heating burners.
  • a further aspect of the invention provides a method of assembling a pipeline comprising forming a root weld between adjacent pipe sections; and treating the weld according to the method of claim 1.
  • the pipeline/pipe is preferably composed of austenitic stainless steel or high nickel alloys, such as for example alloy 625, alloy 725, alloy C276, alloy C22, monel, alloy 905L, alloy 316L.
  • an austenitic stainless steel pipeline 4 comprises first and second pipe sections 4a and 4b joined by a weld 3.
  • a heat source 5 is arranged around the outside surface 2 of the pipeline 4.
  • a cooling apparatus 6 is provided within the pipeline 4 for delivering cryogenic coolant to the inside surface 12 of the weld 3 of the pipeline 4.
  • the cooling apparatus 6 is inserted into the pipeline 4 at a free end or via an access opening (not shown) and moved into alignment with the weld 3 prior to use.
  • the cooling apparatus may be attached to a pipe pig (not shown) for positioning within the pipeline (such pipe pigs are well known in the art and commercially available and are not, therefore, described herein).
  • the cooling apparatus 6 comprises an inlet 8 for delivering coolant, which in the preferred embodiment is provided as liquid carbon dioxide, along the pipeline 4.
  • the cooling apparatus is provided with multiple radial passageways 7 to distribute the coolant around the inner circumference of the pipeline 4. Each passageway terminates at a nozzle 10 arranged to eject coolant towards the inside surface 12 of the pipeline 4.
  • the heat sources 5 raise the temperature of the outside surface to between approximately 600°C and 700°C.
  • liquid carbon dioxide is pumped into the cooling apparatus 6 through inlet 8.
  • the liquid carbon dioxide is pumped out of the nozzles 10 under high pressure.
  • the liquid carbon dioxide turns into solid carbon dioxide snow, having a temperature of approximately -70°C, as it expands out of nozzles 10.
  • the carbon dioxide snow 14 sublimes immediately on contact with the inside surface 12 of the hot weld 3.
  • such sublimation means that spent coolant does not accumulate in the area of the weld 3. at high pressure to transform the liquid carbon dioxide to solid snow and gas.
  • This rapid cooling of the inside surface 12 of the hot weld 3 results in a modification of the tensile residual stress field to a compressive residual stress field.
  • the compressive residual stress field is able to resist SCC.
  • FIG 2 shows an alternative embodiment of the invention. This embodiment is identical to the embodiment of Figure 1 but uses an alternate heat source 5' in the form of an array of oxy fuel gas burners 50 arranged along the outer surface 2 of the pipeline 4.
  • the cooling apparatus 6 can comprise a body portion 62 having twelve radially extending nozzles 10.
  • the nozzles 10 are evenly distributed about the circumference of the body 62.
  • the cooling apparatus 6 comprises an inlet 64 which has a threaded connector 66 for receiving a pipe to provide a source of cryogenic coolant (not shown).
  • the inlet 64 of the cooling apparatus 6 is connected to a source of liquid carbon dioxide 68.
  • the liquid carbon dioxide is pumped out of the twelve radially extending nozzles 10 under high pressure. Due to the even distribution of the nozzles around the entire circumference of the body 62 the cooling apparatus ensures that coolant is delivered simultaneously and evenly to the entire internal circumferential surface of the weld 3. As the liquid carbon dioxide expands under pressure through the nozzles 10 it transforms into solid carbon dioxide snow 70.
  • the method is performed for a duration which is sufficient to transform the weld zone such that there is an adequate treatment depth.
  • pipeline having a 10mm wall thickness may be treated such that the tensile stress relieved layer is at least 3mm thick.
  • cryogenic coolants are available with significantly lower temperatures that carbon dioxide snow.
  • carbon dioxide has been found to have the highest heat transfer characteristics due to the immediate sublimation of the carbon dioxide snow upon contact with the hot weld surface.
  • other coolants may vaporise without contacting the weld surface.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Child & Adolescent Psychology (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
EP12250071.3A 2011-03-31 2012-03-26 Method and apparatus for relieving stress in a pipeline Active EP2505677B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB1105523.3A GB201105523D0 (en) 2011-03-31 2011-03-31 Treatment method

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2505677A2 EP2505677A2 (en) 2012-10-03
EP2505677A3 EP2505677A3 (en) 2016-08-17
EP2505677B1 true EP2505677B1 (en) 2022-09-21

Family

ID=44071787

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP12250071.3A Active EP2505677B1 (en) 2011-03-31 2012-03-26 Method and apparatus for relieving stress in a pipeline

Country Status (3)

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EP (1) EP2505677B1 (da)
DK (1) DK2505677T3 (da)
GB (1) GB201105523D0 (da)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN107511610B (zh) * 2017-08-22 2022-03-25 山东科技大学 一种降低换热器管子和管板焊缝残余应力的设备
CN114561526A (zh) * 2022-02-24 2022-05-31 山东齐鲁石化机械制造有限公司 一种管道有害残余应力消除装置及使用方法

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP3627194B2 (ja) * 1994-11-30 2005-03-09 株式会社石井鐵工所 オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼の溶接法

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS55122825A (en) * 1979-03-15 1980-09-20 Usui Internatl Ind Co Ltd High pressure fluid pipe and manufacture thereof
DE3614482A1 (de) * 1985-06-10 1987-01-15 Hoesch Ag Verfahren und verwendung eines stahles zur herstellung von stahlrohren mit erhoehter sauergasbestaendigkeit

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP3627194B2 (ja) * 1994-11-30 2005-03-09 株式会社石井鐵工所 オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼の溶接法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2505677A2 (en) 2012-10-03
EP2505677A3 (en) 2016-08-17
DK2505677T3 (da) 2022-11-07
GB201105523D0 (en) 2011-05-18

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