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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D233/66—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D233/84—Sulfur atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B55/00—Racemisation; Complete or partial inversion
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
  • C07B2200/07—Optical isomers

Definitions

• the present patent application relates to a new process for the synthesis of 2-thiohistidine and related derivatives.
• L-2-thiohistidine also called L-2-mercaptohistidine or ⁇ -amino-2,3-dihydro-2-thioxo-1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid, has the following formula I-1:
• L-2-thiohistidine is a good chelator of divalent metal ions such as Zn 2+ or Cu 2+ . It is used in particular in cosmetology, as a depigmenting agent or as a deodorant, and also as an antioxidant for a pharmaceutical, cosmetic or food use. In view of the interest of this compound, several syntheses of 2-thiohistidine or its derivatives have been described in the literature.
• a first synthesis describes the transformation of the methyl ester of L-histidine into a di-tert-butoxycarboxyl derivative (di-Boc).
• di-Boc di-tert-butoxycarboxyl derivative
• phenyl chlorothionoformate which, after treatment, gives a mixture of methyl esters of mono- and di-Boc-2-thiohistidine.
• L-2-thiohistidine is obtained with an overall yield of 70% ( J. Xu, JC Yadan, J. Org. Chem. 60, 6296 - 6301 (1995) ) ).
• tautomer means an isomer of constitution of the compound obtained by prototropy, ie by migration of a hydrogen atom and change of localization of a double bond.
• the different tautomers of a compound are generally interconvertible and present in equilibrium in solution, in proportions that may vary depending on the solvent used, the temperature or the pH.
• the 2-thioimidazole ring may be present in the following different tautomeric forms:
• physiologically acceptable is meant that which is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable and which is acceptable for pharmaceutical, cosmetic or food (human or animal) use.
• stereoisomers means diastereoisomers and enantiomers. It is therefore optical isomers. Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other are referred to as “diastereoisomers”, and stereoisomers that are mirror images of one another but not superimposable are designated by "Enantiomers”.
• racemic mixture A mixture containing equal amounts of two individual enantiomeric forms of opposite chirality is referred to as a "racemic mixture".
• (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl is meant, in the sense of the present invention, a saturated hydrocarbon chain, linear or branched, having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. It may be methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, or tert-butyl. In particular, it will be the methyl group.
• thiol is meant, within the meaning of the present invention, any reagent containing an SH group in its molecular structure. It will more particularly be a compound of formula R-SH with R representing a hydrocarbon chain saturated C 1 to C 8 , especially C 2 to C 6 , linear or branched, substituted by one or more polar substituents.
• saturated hydrocarbon chain is intended to mean a saturated, linear or branched hydrocarbon-based chain advantageously comprising 1 to 8 carbon atoms. It may be more particularly a saturated linear chain, such as a methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl group.
• polar substituents such as the groups OH, SH, NH 2 and COOH.
• cleavage reaction is meant, in the sense of the present invention, that the compound involved in this reaction is split in two parts during this reaction to allow to form the thiocarbonyl function of the compound of formula (I).
• the compound of formula (I) may in particular be a compound of formula (Ia) below: or a physiologically acceptable salt, a tautomer, a stereoisomer or a mixture of stereoisomers in all proportions, in particular a mixture of enantiomers, and in particular a racemic mixture thereof, for which R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are as defined above.
• the compound of formula (I) may be in particular 2-thiohistidine (in particular in D, L form or a racemic mixture D, L), ⁇ -methyl-2-thiohistidine and ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethyl-2- thiohistidine, and will be particularly 2-thiohistidine and especially L-2-thiohistidine.
• This cleavage reaction carried out in the presence of a thiol makes it possible to obtain the compound of formula (I) as well as pyruvic acid (CH 3 C (O) -CO 2 H) or a derivative thereof, in particular an ester (CH 3 C (O) -CO 2 R 6 ) or a derivative obtained by reaction with the thiol, such as a thioketal derivative (two thiol molecules that can react with the ketone function of pyruvic acid).
• the Ito reaction corresponds to a reductive hydrolysis giving 2-thiohistidine and (D, L) -alanine and not pyruvic acid.
• This result could be explained by the fact that the cleavage reaction is carried out in the presence of HI and red phosphorus which generates in situ hydrogen ( J. Organomet. Chem. 529, 295-299 (1997) )).
• the thiol should preferably be soluble in the reaction solvent which may be in particular water, which has the additional advantage of being more ecological.
• the thiol used in this step (i) may be more particularly a thiol corresponding to the formula R-SH, with R representing a linear or branched, and preferably linear, alkyl chain containing from 1 to 8, especially 2 to 6, in particular 2 to 4, carbon atoms, substituted with one or more groups selected from OH, SH, NH 2 and COOH.
• hydrophilic groups may in particular make it possible to make the thiol more soluble in water, when the water is used as a solvent.
• the thiol may be chosen from cysteine, dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptoethanol, 2-mercaptopropionic acid, 3-mercaptopropionic acid and thioglycolic acid, and preferably will be 3-mercaptopropionic acid.
• It may also be mercaptoacetic acid and mercaptohexanoic acid.
• At least 2 molar equivalents of thiol relative to the compound (II) will be used, that is to say at least 2 moles of thiol are used for one mole of compound (II) used.
• at least 5 molar equivalents of thiol, and in particular 5 to 10 molar equivalents of thiol, relative to the compound (II) may be used.
• the reaction mixture is heated to a temperature above 60 ° C because below this temperature, the kinetics of the reaction would be too slow.
• the reaction may be carried out at a temperature of between 60 and 120 ° C., in particular between 80 and 100 ° C., more particularly after addition of the thiol.
• the reaction may be carried out in particular in an acid medium.
• the final product obtained may be separated from the reaction medium by techniques well known to those skilled in the art and applicable on an industrial scale, in particular by precipitation of the compound of formula (I) in particular by adjusting the pH of the solution to arrive for example at a pH between 5.5 and 6.5, preferably about 6 (more particularly in the case of 2-thiohistidine) or by evaporation, possibly partial, solvents followed preferably by recrystallization to purify the product.
• the compounds of formula (I) being soluble in water, one or more preliminary extractions with an organic solvent, such as ethyl acetate or tert-butyl-methyl ether, may make it possible to eliminate the sub-groups. organic products formed during the reaction, such as pyruvic acid or its derivatives, as well as excess thiol.
• an organic solvent such as ethyl acetate or tert-butyl-methyl ether
• the product obtained can be purified if necessary by techniques well known to those skilled in the art, for example by recrystallization.
• a salt of the compound formed may be prepared, if desired, in particular by addition of a physiologically acceptable acid or base as defined above.
• the compound of formula (II) may be prepared from an acid addition salt, with the exception of a salt of hydriodic acid (HI), of the compound of formula (III) below: or a tautomer or stereoisomer or a mixture of stereoisomers in all proportions, in particular a mixture of enantiomers, and especially a racemic mixture thereof, for which R 3 and R 4 are as defined above, by reaction successively with bromine, then with a cysteine derivative of formula (IV) below: or a stereoisomer or mixture of stereoisomers in all proportions, in particular a mixture of enantiomers, and in particular a racemic mixture thereof, in which R 5 and R 6 are as defined above.
• HI salt of hydriodic acid
• III a salt of hydriodic acid
• a tautomer or stereoisomer or a mixture of stereoisomers in all proportions, in particular a mixture of enantiomers, and especially a racemic mixture thereof, for which
• acid addition salt of the compound of formula (III) is meant, in the sense of the present invention, a salt of the compound of formula (III) obtained by addition of an acid, to the exclusion of hydroiodic acid HI.
• the acid may in particular be hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid.
• the dibroma may be used in a proportion of 1 to 1.5 molar equivalents relative to the compound of formula (III).
• the bromine is added cold (very rapid addition preferably), at a temperature below 10 ° C, preferably below 5 ° C.
• the addition of the dibrome may therefore be carried out at a temperature between -10 ° C and 10 ° C, preferably between -5 ° C and 5 ° C.
• the cysteine derivative may be in particular N-acetylcysteine or cysteine (in particular in D, L or racemic form), and in particular cysteine and in particular L-cysteine.
• the cysteine derivative will advantageously be used in excess, in particular in a proportion of 2 to 7, advantageously 3 to 5, molar equivalents of cysteine derivative relative to the compound of formula (III), that is to say from 2 to 7, advantageously 3 to 5 moles of cysteine derivative are used for one mole of compound (III) used.
• This reaction may be carried out in a solvent such as water.
• the yield of this step may be greater than or equal to 50%, or even greater than or equal to 70%.
• the compound of formula (II) will not be isolated from the reaction medium but will be directly engaged in the following step (i).
• the preparation of the compound (I) from the compound (III) can be carried out in a single reactor, without isolation of the compound (II) intermediate ("one-pot" reaction).
• Steps (b1) and (c1) correspond respectively to steps (i) and (ii) above.
• Step (a1) in turn, corresponds to the step of preparing the compound of formula (II) described above.
• the steps (a1) and (b1) will be carried out in the same solvent, such as water, preferably in the same reactor, that is to say without isolation of the intermediate products (compound of formula (II) ) in particular).
• the reaction medium may contain a cysteine derivative preferably used in excess in step (a1).
• a cysteine derivative preferably used in excess in step (a1).
• it may therefore be necessary to remove the excess of cysteine derivative in order to facilitate the isolation and the purification of the compound of formula (I ).
• it may be added for example benzaldehyde which will then form with the excess cysteine derivative a 2-phenylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid derivative, which compound precipitates in a solvent such as water.
• the excess cysteine derivative could be recycled.
• the overall yield of preparation of the compound of formula (I) from the compound of formula (III) may be greater than or equal to 40%.
• Steps (a2), (b2) and (c2) respectively correspond to the preceding steps (a1), (b1) and (c1).
• the compounds of formula (IIa) represent particular forms of the compound of formula (II).
• the compounds of formula (IIIa) represent particular forms of the compound of formula (III).
• This compound may be in particular the 2- ⁇ 2 - [(2-ammonio-2-carboxyethyl) thio] -1 H -imidazol-4-yl ⁇ -1-carboxy-N, N -diméthyléthanaminium (HisNMe 2 -Cys) or its dihydrochloride, and 2- ⁇ 2 - [(2-ammonio-2-carboxyethyl) thio] -1 H -imidazol-4-yl ⁇ -1-carboxy-N -méthyléthanaminium (HisNHMe-Cys) or its dihydrochloride.
• the dibroma may be used in a proportion of 1 to 1.5 molar equivalents relative to the compound of formula (III).
• the bromine is added cold (very rapid addition preferably), at a temperature below 10 ° C, preferably below 5 ° C.
• the addition of dibroma can therefore be carried out at a temperature between -10 ° C and 10 ° C, preferably between -5 ° C and 5 ° C.
• This reaction may be carried out in a solvent such as water.
• the filtrate is loaded onto a column filled with 75g of Dowex ® 50WX2-400, previously conditioned with HCl 1N hydrochloric acid. After elution with 750 ml of 1N hydrochloric acid HCl, then 500 ml of 2N hydrochloric acid HCl, the fractions containing the desired product are combined. After evaporation and 2 coevaporations with 2 ⁇ 20 ml of toluene, 1.5 g (56%) of the desired product are obtained after drying in the form of yellow crystals.
• the mixture becomes discolored.
• the mixture is deposited onto a column filled with 50g of Dowex ® 50WX2-400, previously conditioned with 0.5 N hydrochloric acid.
• 250 ml of 0.5N hydrochloric acid then 250 ml of 1N hydrochloric acid and 500 ml of 1.5N hydrochloric acid, the fractions containing the desired product are combined.
• 1.427 g (68%) of the desired product is obtained as yellow crystals.
• the mixture of a dark brown color is extracted with 4x3 L of ethyl acetate.
• the aqueous phase is retained and placed under a strong stream of nitrogen in a bath at 40 ° C.
• the pH of the mixture is adjusted to 8.5 by rapidly adding a 20% aqueous ammonia solution (about 580 mL). Under nitrogen, 37% concentrated hydrochloric acid (approximately 120 ml) is then added dropwise to a pH of 6.5. A colorless precipitate is formed during the addition of the acid, and the suspension is maintained for one hour at 40 ° C with stirring (under nitrogen).
• Examples 5 to 8 below show the variability of the acid addition salt of the compound of formula (III) that can be used as well as the variability of the thiol that can be used. These examples are illustrative only and in no way serve to limit the scope of the present invention.
• Example 2 The procedure is as described in Example 2, except that 5 g (32.2 mmol) of L-Histidine are used, dissolved in 65 ml of water and 900 ⁇ l (1.66 g, 16.1 mmol, 1 equiv.) Of 98% sulfuric acid. 2.72 g (45%) of L-2-thiohistidine are obtained in the form of a white powder.
• the 1 H-NMR (D 2 O / DCI) analysis is identical to that described in Example 1.
• Example 2-1 The procedure is as described in Example 2-1, except that 10.32 g (65.84 mmol) of D-Histidine, dissolved in 132 ml of water and 5.5 ml (6.48 g) are used. 65.84 mmol) of concentrated hydrochloric acid. 4.4 g (35%) of D-2-thiohistidine is obtained in the form of a white powder.
• the 1 H-NMR (D 2 O / DCI) analysis is identical to that described in Example 1.
• the mixture of a dark brown color is extracted with 4x100mL of ethyl acetate.
• the aqueous phase is retained and placed under a strong stream of nitrogen in a bath at 40 ° C.
• the pH of the mixture is adjusted to 6 by rapidly adding a 20% aqueous ammonia solution.
• a colorless precipitate is formed, and the suspension is maintained for 25 min at 40 ° C. with stirring (under nitrogen).
• the solid obtained is dried over P 2 O 5 under vacuum (20 mbar).
• D, L-2-thiohistidine are obtained in the form of a white powder containing approximately 10% of the cysteine.
• the product is purified by acid-base treatment: for this purpose, 585 mg (3.79 mmol) of dithiothreitol are dissolved in 100 ml of demineralized water, and then the product obtained above (5.2 g) is added.
• the suspension is placed under nitrogen in a water bath at 40 ° C., and 10 ml (11.84 g) of concentrated hydrochloric acid are very slowly added dropwise until the solid is completely dissolved. Then the pH is adjusted to 6 by slow addition of 3 mL (2.735 g) of a 20% aqueous ammonia solution.

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