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  • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
  • A61K31/4184—1,3-Diazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. benzimidazoles
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  • C07C259/04—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, an oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom being further bound to an oxygen atom and not being part of nitro or nitroso groups without replacement of the other oxygen atom of the carboxyl group, e.g. hydroxamic acids
  • C07C259/06—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, an oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom being further bound to an oxygen atom and not being part of nitro or nitroso groups without replacement of the other oxygen atom of the carboxyl group, e.g. hydroxamic acids having carbon atoms of hydroxamic groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
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  • C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
  • C07D235/06—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached in position 2
  • C07D235/16—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
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  • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
  • C07D235/24—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 2
  • C07D235/26—Oxygen atoms
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  • C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
  • C07D235/24—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 2
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  • C07D235/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings
  • C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
  • C07D235/24—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 2
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  • C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D239/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D239/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms directly attached in position 2
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  • C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D239/46—Two or more oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms
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  • C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D239/46—Two or more oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms
  • C07D239/47—One nitrogen atom and one oxygen or sulfur atom, e.g. cytosine
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  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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  • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
  • C07F15/0086—Platinum compounds
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• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• Cancer is one of the most life threatening diseases in which cells in a part of the body experience out-of-control growth. According to the latest data from American Cancer Society, cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States (second only to heart disease) and claimed more than 550,000 lives in 2007. In fact, it is estimated that 50% of all men and 33% of all women living in the United States will develop some type of cancer in their lifetime. Therefore cancer constitutes a major public health burden and represents a significant cost in the United States. For decades, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation were the established treatments for various cancers. Patients usually receive a combination of these treatments depending upon the type and extent of their disease. But the chemotherapy is most important option for cancer patient when the surgery treatment is impossible.
• DNA alkylating agents e.g. nitrogen mustards, platinum-based complex
• DNA alkylating agents generally exert cytotoxic activity by forming DNA adducts or crosslinks between DNA strands under conditions present in cells, directly interfering with the reproductive cycle of the cell.
• Mechlorethamine an analogue of mustard gas and derived from chemical warfare research during World War II, has been used in the cancer chemotherapy for over 60 years.
• Other approved nitrogen mustards for cancer treatment include the Chlorambucil, Melphalan, Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide, Bendamustine, Estramustine, and Uramustine.
• DNA alkylating agents include Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Oxaliplatin, Satraplatin, Picoplatin, Nedaplatin, Lobaplatin, and Heptaplatin ( Markus Galanski, et. al., Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2005, 12, 2075-2094 ).
• the DNA alkylating agent Bendamustine first synthesized in 1963, consists of an alkylating nitrogen mustard group and a purine-like benzimidazol moiety ( Barman Balfour JA, et al, Drugs 2001, 61: 631-640 ). Bendamustine has been shown to have substantial activity against low-grade lymphomas ( Herold M, et al., Blood, 1999, 94, Suppl 1: 262a ), multiple myelomas ( Poenisch W, et al., Blood 2000, 96, Suppl 1: 759a ), and several solid tumors ( Kollmannsberger C, et al., Anticancer Drugs 2000, 11: 535-539 ).
• bendamustine effectively induces apoptosis in lymphoma cells ( Chow KU, et al., Haematologica, 2001, 86: 485-493 ).
• CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia
• NHS indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
• bendamustine is in clinical trial for a variety of caner indications, such as leukemia, lymphoma, small cell lung cancer, multiple myeloma, MDS, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and brain tumor.
• Cisplatin is another widely used DNA alkylating agent for cancer treatment.
• the tumor-inhibiting properties of cisplatin were first reported in 1969 by Barnett Rosenberg four years after his pioneering work performed with the original intention of investigating the influence of an electric field on bacterial growth and 125 years after the first synthesis of cisplatin by Michele Peyrone.
• Today, cisplatin has become one of the most successful anticancer drugs and been used in nearly 50% of all tumor chemotherapies.
• the first -generation cisplatin has a wide spectrum of anticancer activity, it does have significant side toxicity, and its clinical use can also be limited by the existence or development of resistance. In an attempt to overcome these problems, several thousand platinum-based compounds have been synthesized and screened.
• Antimetabolites are another class of extensively used chemotherapy for cancer treatment.
• Antimetabolite means a substance which is structurally similar to a critical natural metabolite in a biochemical pathway leading to DNA or RNA synthesis, but acts to inhibit the completion of said biochemical pathway. More specifically, antimetabilites typically function by (1) competing with metabolites for the catalytic or regulatory site of a key enzyme in DNA or RNA synthesis, or (2) substitute for a metabolite that is normally incorporated into DNA or RNA, and thereby producing a DNA or RNA that can't support replication.
• folic acid analogs which are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR);
• purine analogues which mimic the natural purines (adenine or guanine) but are structurally different so they competitively or irreversibly inhibit nuclear processing of DNA or RNA;
• pyrimidine analogues which mimic the natural pyrimidines (cytosine, thymidine, and uracil) but are structurally different so they competitively or irreversibly inhibit nuclear processing of DNA of RNA.
• Typical antimetabolite drugs include antifolate (such as Aminopterin, Methotrexate, Pemetrexed, and Raltitrexed), Purine analogues (such as Cladribine, Clofarabine, Fludarabine, Mercaptopurine, Pentostatin, and Thioguanine), and Pyrimidine analogues (such as Cytarabine, Decitabine, Fluorouracil, Capecitabine, Floxuridine, Gemcitabine, Enocitabine, and Sapacitabine).
• antifolate such as Aminopterin, Methotrexate, Pemetrexed, and Raltitrexed
• Purine analogues such as Cladribine, Clofarabine, Fludarabine, Mercaptopurine, Pentostatin, and Thioguanine
• Pyrimidine analogues such as Cytarabine, Decitabine, Fluorouracil, Capecitabine, Floxuridine, Gemcitabine, Enocitabine, and Sapacita
• Fluorouracil is an antimetabolite and has been in use as chemotherapy against cancer for about 40 years. As a pyrimidine analogue, it is transformed inside the cell into different cytotoxic metabolites which are then incorporated into DNA and RNA, finally inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by inhibiting the cell's ability to synthesize DNA. Like many anti-cancer drugs, 5-FU's effects are felt system wide but fall most heavily upon rapidly dividing cells that make heavy use of their nucleotide synthesis machinery, such as cancer cells. Some of the principal use of 5-FU is in colorectal cancer and breast cancer, in which it has been the established form of chemotherapy for decades.
• Gemcitabine is another well-known antimetabolite and chemically a nucleoside analog in which the hydrogen atoms on the 2' carbons of deoxycytidine are replaced by fluorine atoms.
• the drug replaces one of the building blocks of nucleic acids during DNA replication. The process arrests tumor growth, as new nucleosides cannot be attached to the "faulty" nucleoside, resulting in apoptosis.
• Gemcitabine is used in various carcinomas: non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.
• WO-A-2008/050125 discloses hydroxamic acids that have some inhibitory activity against histone deacetylase (HDAC). Paris et al, J. Med. Chem., 2008, 51, 1505-1529 and Miller et al, J. Med. Chem., 2003, 46, 5097-5116 are both review articles discussing HDAC inhibitors.
• HDAC histone deacetylase
• the present invention relates to a novel class of hydroxamic acid derivatives of the conventional chemotherapeutical drugs such as DNA alkylating drugs and antimetabolites.
• This invention is based on the unexpected discovery that certain hydroxamic derivatives show enhanced antitumor activities when compared to the activities of the parental chemotherapeutical drug.
• the compounds of the present invention are useful in treating a patient having a tumor.
• the compounds of the invention may also useful in the prevention and treatment of an immune disease.
• this invention relates to a hydroxamic compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein:
• a salt for example, can be formed between an anion and a positively charged group (e.g., amino) on a hydroxamic compound of this invention.
• Suitable anions include chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, bisulfate, sulfamate, nitrate, phosphate, citrate, methanesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, glutamate, glucuronate, glutarate, malate, maleate, succinate, fumarate, tartrate, tosylate, salicylate, lactate, naphthalenesulfonate, and acetate.
• a salt can also be formed between a cation and a negatively charged group (e.g., carboxylate) on a hydroxamic compound of this invention.
• Suitable cations include sodium ion, potassium ion, magnesium ion, calcium ion, and an ammonium cation such as tetramethylammonium ion.
• the hydroxamic compounds of this invention also include those salts containing quaternary nitrogen atoms.
• Examples of prodrugs include esters and other pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives, which, upon administration to a subject, are capable of providing active hydroxamic compounds described herein.
• Compounds of the invention may contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms. Accordingly, the compounds may exist as diastereomers, enantiomers or mixtures thereof. Each of the asymmetric carbon atoms may be in the R or S configuration and both of these configurations are within the scope of the invention.
• composition containing one or more of the above-described hydroxamic compounds of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, preferably for use in treating a neoplastic or immune disorder.
• the invention encompasses any pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any one of the above-described hydroxamic compounds.
• a modified compound of any one of such hydroxamic compounds including a modification having an improved (e.g., enhanced, greater) pharmaceutical solubility, stability, and/or bioavailability as compared to the unmodified compound is also contemplated.
• Exemplary compounds described herein include, but are not limited, to the following:
• the starting material (1) a nitro-substituted N-methylbenzimidazole ring Q
• the resulting intermediate (3) can be easily converted to intermediate (4) and then intermediate (5) by standard organic synthesis techniques with high yield.
• the hydroxylamination of intermediate (5) in NH 2 OH can afford the final compound (6).
• Compounds of the invention may contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms. Accordingly, the compounds may exist as diastereomers, enantiomers or mixtures thereof.
• the syntheses of the compounds may employ racemates, diastereomers or enantiomers as starting materials or as intermediates. Diastereomeric compounds may be separated by chromatographic or crystallization methods. Similarly, enantiomeric mixtures may be separated using the same techniques or others known in the art. Each of the asymmetric carbon atoms may be in the R or S configuration and both of these configurations are within the scope of the invention.
• the invention further relates to a pharmaceutical composition and a use of said composition for the treatment of a neoplastic disorder in a mammal which comprises a compound represented by Formula I of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• neoplastic disease is selected from the group consisting of lung cancer, head and neck cancer, central nervous system cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, biliary tract cancer, esophageal cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, breast cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, leukemia, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, renal cancer, sarcoma, mesothelioma, thymoma, myelodysplastic syndrome and myeloproliferative disease.
• chemotherapeutial agents can be used to treat immune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and the suppression of transplant rejections.
• immune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and the suppression of transplant rejections.
• Methotrexate a well known chemotherapeutical agent recently has come into use as a treatment for some autoimmune diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma.
• Another well-known drug Mitoxantrone is used to treat multiple sclerosis, most notably the subset know as secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.
• the DNA alkylating agent Cyclophosphamide has been used in various non-neoplastic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), minimal change disease, severe rheumatoid arthritis,Wegener's granulomatosis (with trade name Cytoxan), and multiple sclerosis (with trade name Revimmune). Therefore it is not difficult to imagine that a compound represented by Formula I according to the present invention could be used for treatment of an immune disease.
• SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
• minimal change disease severe rheumatoid arthritis
• Wegener's granulomatosis with trade name Cytoxan
• multiple sclerosis with trade name Revimmune
• the invention further relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of an immune disease in a mammal which comprises a therapeutically-effective amount of the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a hydrate, a solvate, a prodrug, an antive metabolite, a corresponding enantiomer, a corresponding racemate, or a corresponding diastereomer thereof.
• the immune disease is selected from the group consisting of the rejection of transplanted organs and tissues, a graft-versus-host disease, a non-autoimmune inflammatory disease, and an autoimmue disease, wherein said autoimmue disease is selected from the group consisting of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, addison's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune inner ear disease, bullous pemphigoid, coeliac disease, chagas disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, churg-strauss syndrome, dermatomyositis, Crown's disease, diabetes mellitus type 1, endometriosis, goodpasture's syndrome, graves' disease, guillain-barré syndrome, hashimoto's disease, hidradenitis suppurativa, idiopathic thrombocytopenic pur
• alkyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon containing 1-20 carbon atoms (e.g., C 1 -C 10 ). Examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, methylene, ethyl, ethylene, n -propyl, i -propyl, n -butyl, i -butyl, and t -butyl.
• alkenyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon containing 2-20 carbon atoms (e.g., C 2 -C 10 ) and one or more double bonds. Examples of alkenyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propenyl, and allyl.
• alkynyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon containing 2-20 carbon atoms (e.g., C 2 -C 10 ) and one or more triple bonds.
• alkynyl include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 1- and 2-butynyl, and 1-methyl-2-butynyl.
• amino means a nitrogen moiety having two further substituents where each substituent has a hydrogen or carbon atom alpha bonded to the nitrogen.
• the compounds of the invention containing amino moieties may include protected derivatives thereof. Suitable protecting groups for amino moieties include acetyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, and the like.
• Bioavailability is the fraction or percentage of an administered dose of a drug or pharmaceutical composition that reaches the systemic circulation intact. In general, when a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%. However, when a medication is administered via other routes (e.g., orally), its bioavailability decreases (e.g., due to incomplete absorption and first-pass metabolism). Methods to improve the bioavailability include prodrug approach, salt synthesis, particle size reduction, complexation, change in physical form, solid dispersions, spray drying, and hot-melt extrusion.
• Halo means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
• Haldroxy means the radical -OH.
• “Isomers” mean any compound having identical molecular formulae but differing in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or in the arrangement of their atoms in space. Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “stereoisomers”. Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed “diastereomers” and stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images are termed “enantiomers” or sometimes "optical isomers”. A carbon atom bonded to four nonidentical substituents is termed a "chiral center”. A compound with one chiral center has two enantiomeric forms of opposite chirality. A mixture of the two enantiomeric forms is termed a "racemic mixture”.
• Niro means the radical -NO 2 .
• Protected derivatives means derivatives of inhibitors in which a reactive site or sites are blocked with protecting groups. Protected derivatives are useful in the preparation of inhibitors or in themselves may be active as inhibitors. A comprehensive list of suitable protecting groups can be found in T. W. Greene, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999 .
• Substituted or unsubstituted means that a given moiety may consist of only hydrogen substituents through available valencies (unsubstituted) or may further comprise one or more non-hydrogen substituents through available valencies (substituted) that are not otherwise specified by the name of the given moiety.
• Animal includes humans, non-human mammals (e.g., dogs, cats, rabbits, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine, deer, and the like) and non-mammals (e.g., birds, and the like).
• non-human mammals e.g., dogs, cats, rabbits, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine, deer, and the like
• non-mammals e.g., birds, and the like.
• Disease specifically includes any unhealthy condition of an animal or part thereof and includes an unhealthy condition that may be caused by, or incident to, medical or veterinary therapy applied to that animal, i.e., the "side effects" of such therapy.
• DNA alkylating agents are capabe of forming DNA adducts or crosslinks between DNA strands conditions present in cells.
• Example of DNA alkylating agents include (1) Nitrogen mustards such as Cyclophosphamide, Mechlorethamine, Uramustine, Melphalan, Chlorambucil, and Ifosfamide; (2) Platinum-based chemotherapeutic drug such as Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Oxaliplatin, and Satraplatin. Platinum-based chemotherapeutic drug is frequently designated as an alkylating agent, but it has no alkyl group and cannot carry out alkylating reactions. It is correctly classified as alkylating-like.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable” means that which is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable and includes that which is acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” means salts of compounds of the present invention which are pharmaceutically acceptable, as defined above, and which possess the desired pharmacological activity. Such salts include acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids, or with organic acids. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts also include base addition salts which may be formed when acidic protons present are capable of reacting with inorganic or organic bases.
• Prodrug means a compound that is convertible in vivo metabolically into an inhibitor according to the present invention.
• an inhibitor comprising a hydroxyl group may be administered as an ester that is converted by hydrolysis in vivo to the hydroxyl compound.
• Stability in general refers to the length of time a drug retains its properties without loss of potency. Sometimes this is referred to as shelf life. Factors affecting drug stability include, among other things, the chemical structure of the drug, impurity in the formulation, pH, moisture content, as well as environmental factors such as temperature, oxidization, light, and relative humidity. Stability can be improved by providing suitable chemical and/or crystal modifications (e.g., surface modifications that can change hydration kinetics; different crystals that can have different properties), excipients (e.g., anything other than the active substance in the dosage form), packaging conditions, storage conditions, etc.
• suitable chemical and/or crystal modifications e.g., surface modifications that can change hydration kinetics; different crystals that can have different properties
• excipients e.g., anything other than the active substance in the dosage form
• treating refers to administering a hydroxamic compound to a subject that has a neoplastic or immune disorder, or has a symptom of or a predisposition toward it, with the purpose to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve, or affect the disorder, the symptoms of or the predisposition toward the disorder.
• an effective amount refers to the amount of the active agent that is required to confer the intended therapeutic effect in the subject. Effective amounts may vary, as recognized by those skilled in the art, depending on route of administration, excipient usage, and the possibility of co-usage with other agents.
• a "subject” refers to a human and a non-human animal.
• non-human animal examples include all vertebrates, e.g., mammals, such as non-human primates (particularly higher primates), dog, rodent (e.g., mouse or rat), guinea pig, cat, and non-mammals, such as birds, amphibians, reptiles, etc.
• the subject is a human.
• the subject is an experimental animal or animal suitable as a disease model.
• the compounds of the present invention may be present and optionally administered in the form of salts, solvates and prodrugs that are converted in vivo into the compounds of the present invention.
• Prodrug derivatives of compounds according to the present invention can be prepared by modifying substituents of compounds of the present invention that are then converted in vivo to a different substituent. It is noted that in many instances, the prodrugs themselves also fall within the scope of the range of compounds according to the present invention.
• prodrugs can be prepared by reacting a compound with a carbamylating agent (e.g., 1,1-acyloxyalkylcarbonochloridate, para-nitrophenyl carbonate, or the like) or an acylating agent. Further examples of methods of making prodrugs are described in Saulnier et al. (1994), Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Vol. 4, p. 1985 .
• the invention further encompasses pharmaceutical compositions comprising any solid or liquid physical form of the compound of the invention.
• the compounds can be in a crystalline form, in amorphous form, and have any particle size.
• the particles may be micronized, or may be agglomerated, particulate granules, powders, oils, oily suspensions or any other form of solid or liquid physical form.
• solubilizing the compounds may be used. Such methods are known to those of skill in this art, and include, but are not limited to, using cosolvents, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), using surfactants, such as TWEEN, or dissolution in aqueous sodium bicarbonate.
• cosolvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)
• surfactants such as TWEEN
• compositions may be used in conjunction with the compounds of the present invention.
• Such compositions may include, in addition to the compounds of the present invention, conventional pharmaceutical excipients, and other conventional, pharmaceutically inactive agents.
• the compositions may include active agents in addition to the compounds of the present invention.
• These additional active agents may include additional compounds according to the invention, or one or more other pharmaceutically active agents.
• compositions of the present invention may be in the form of controlled release or immediate release formulations.
• compositions comprising the compounds of the present invention may be administered or coadministered orally, parenterally, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intraarterially, transdermally, sublingually, intramuscularly, rectally, transbuccally, intranasally, liposomally, via inhalation, vaginally, intraoccularly, via local delivery (for example by catheter or stent), subcutaneously, intraadiposally, intraarticularly, or intrathecally.
• the compounds and/or compositions according to the invention may also be administered or coadministered in slow release dosage forms.
• Compositions may be in gaseous, liquid, semi-liquid or solid form, formulated in a manner suitable for the route of administration to be used.
• suitable solid oral formulations include tablets, capsules, pills, granules, pellets, sachets and effervescent, powders, and the like.
• suitable liquid oral formulations include solutions, suspensions, dispersions, emulsions, oils and the like.
• reconstitution of a lyophilized powder is typically used.
• the hydroxamic acid derivative according to the present invention may be synthesized according to a variety of reaction schemes. Some illustrative schemes are provided herein in the example. Other reaction schemes could be readily devised by those skilled in the art.
• Hydroxamic acid is a well know metal-chelating agent, especially for Zn atom.
• the hydroxamic acid moiety has been demonstrated as the key structural element in many highly potent and selective inhibitors against a variety of metalloenzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ converting enzyme (TACE), Histone Deacetylase (HDAC), Peptidyl deformylase (PDF), A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAM), UDP-3-O-[R-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-GlcNAc deacetylase, Clostridium Histolytium Collagenase (ChC), Procollagen C-Proteinase (PCP), and Aggrecanase.
• MMP matrix metalloproteinases
• TACE tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ converting enzyme
• HDAC Histone Deacetylase
• PDF Peptidyl deformylase
• ADAM A Dis
• the buffer used in this assay is 25 mM HEPES, pH 8.0, 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl 2 and the subtrate is Boc-Lys(Ac)-AMC (Fluor-de-Lys substrate, Cat. # KI-104) in a 50 mM stock solution in DMSO.
• the enzyme stock solution is 4 ⁇ g/mL in buffer.
• the compounds are pre-incubated (2 ⁇ l in DMSO diluted to 13 ⁇ l in buffer for transfer to assay plate) with enzyme (20 ⁇ l of 4 ⁇ g/ml) for 10 minutes at room temperature (35 ⁇ l pre-incubation volume).
• the mixture is pre-incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature.
• the reaction is started by bringing the temperature to 37°C and adding 16 ⁇ l substrate. Total reaction volume is 50 ⁇ l.
• the reaction is stopped after 20 minutes by addition of 50 ⁇ l developer, prepared as directed by Biomol (Fluor-de-Lys developer, Cat. # KI-105).
• Such assays carried out with a range of doses of test compounds, allow the determination of an approximate IC50 value.
• the HDAC inhibitor SAHA was used as reference compound.
• All compounds exemplified in the application show inhibitory activity against one or more of HDAC-1, HDAC-2, HDAC-3, HDAC-4, HDAC-5, HDAC-6, HDAC-7, HDAC-8, HD AC-9, HDAC- 10, and HDAC- 11.
• the following is the structure of DNA alkylating drug Bendamustine and its corresponding hydroxamic acid derivative CY190602.
• the following table lists the HDAC IC50 values of the hydroxamic acid derivative CY190602.
• Bendamustine CY190602 The Parental DNA Alkylating Drug Hydroxamic Derivative of Bendamustine HDAC subtype CY 190602 (nM) SAHA(nM) Bendamustine HDAC-1 17 32 No activity HDAC-2 9 16 No activity HDAC-3 25 50 No activity HDAC-6 6 17 No activity HDAC-8 107 103 No activity HDAC-10 72 63 No activity
• Cell antiproliferation was assayed by PerkinElmer ATPliteTM Luminescence Assay System.
• the cancer cell lines were plated at 10k cells per well in Costar 96-well plates with different concentration of compounds for 72 hours with 5% FBS. After that, one lyophilized substrate solution vial was reconstituted by adding 5 mL of substrate buffer solution and was agitated gently until the solution is homogeneous. 50 ⁇ L of mammalian cell lysis solution was added to 100 ⁇ L of cell suspension per well of a microplate and the plate was shaken for five minutes in an orbital shaker at 700 rpm. This procedure will lyses the cells and stabilizes the ATP.
• the following table lists the IC50 values of the Bendamustien and its hydroxamic acid derivative CY190602 in the cell anti-proliferative assays.
• the present inventors have surprisingly found that, in many cancer cell lines such as RPMI8226, MM1R, and MM1S, the anti-tumor activities of the hydroxamic acid derivative are significantly better than the parental drug Bendamustine.

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