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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D207/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D207/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by hetero atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

• the present invention relates to compounds that bind to and modulate the activity of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, to novel salts thereof, to processes for preparing these compounds, to pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, and to methods of using these compounds for treating a wide variety of conditions and disorders, including those associated with dysfunction of the central nervous system (CNS).
• CNS central nervous system
• NNRs neuronal nicotinic receptors
• nAChRs nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
• the nAChR subtypes which are predominant in vertebrate brain are ⁇ 4 ⁇ 2, ⁇ 7, and ⁇ 3 ⁇ 2, whereas those which predominate at the autonomic ganglia are ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 and those of neuromuscular junction are ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1 ⁇ and ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1 ⁇ .
• nicotinic compounds are associated with various undesirable side effects due to non-specific binding to multiple nAChR subtypes. For example, binding to and stimulation of muscle and ganglionic nAChR subtypes can lead to side effects which can limit the utility of a particular nicotinic binding compound as a therapeutic agent.
• compositions containing the drug substance should have adequate shelf life. That is, they should not exhibit significant changes in physicochemical characteristics such as, but not limited to, chemical composition, water content, density, hygroscopicity, stability, and solubility upon storage over an appreciable period of time. Additionally, reproducible and constant plasma concentration profiles of drug upon administration to a patient are also important factors.
• Solid salt forms are generally preferred for oral formulations due to their tendency to exhibit these properties in a preferential way; and in the case of basic drugs, acid addition salts are often preferred salt.
• different salt forms vary greatly in their ability to impart these properties and such properties cannot be predicted with reasonable accuracy.
• some salts are solids at ambient temperatures, while other salts are liquids, viscous oils, or gums at ambient temperatures.
• some salt forms are stable to heat and light under extreme conditions and others readily decompose under much milder conditions. Salts also vary greatly in their hygroscopicity, the less hygroscopic being more advantageous.
• the development of a suitable acid addition salt form of a basic drug for use in a pharmaceutical composition is a highly unpredictable process.
• One aspect of the invention is diethyl (R)-2-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl) pyrrolidin-3-yl-)malonate. Another aspect at the invention is (R)-2-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) malonic acid. Another aspect of the invention is tert-butyl(R)-3-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate. Another aspect or the invention is tert-butyl (R)-3-(2-iodoethyl) pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate.
• Another aspect includes a method of making tert -butyl (R)-3-vinylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate through the intermediacy of one or more of diethyl (R)-2-(1-( tert- butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)malonate, (R)-2-(1-( tert -butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)malonic acid, tert -butyl (R)-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrofidine-1-carboxylate, and tert -butyl (R)-3-(2-iodoethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate.
• One embodiment of the present invention relates to diethyl (R)-2-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl) malonate. Another embodiment of the present invention relates to (R)-2-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl) malonic acid. Another embodiment relates to tert-butyl (R)-3-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate. Another embodiment relates to tert-butyl(R)-3-(2-iodoethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate.
• One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for the preparation of tert-butyl(R)-3-vinylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (compound 9) as outlined in Scheme 1.
• Commercially available tert-butyl (R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (compound 1) is treated with methanesulfonyl chloride to give tert -butyl (R)-3-(methylsulfonyloxy)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (compound 2), which then is reacted with diethylmalonate and a suitable base (e.g., potassium tert -butoxide or sodium ethoxide) to give diethyl (R)-2-(1-( tert -butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)malonate (compound 3) with inverted stereochemistry around the chiral carbon.
• a suitable base e.g., potassium tert -butoxide or
• Suitable solvents for these reactions may be selected from the group of toluene, xylenes, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, ethanol, tert -butanol, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, dioxane, and mixtures thereof.
• the solvent for the methanesulfonic ester formation toluene, and the solvent for the malonate displacement is 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone.
• the solvent for the malonate displacement is ethanol.
• Suitable bases for these reactions may be selected from the group of triethylamine, diethylisopropylamine, diisopropylethylamine, potassium tert -butoxide, sodium metal, sodium hydride, sodium ethoxide, potassium hydride and lithium hydride.
• the base for the methanesulfonic ester formation is triethylamine
• the base for the malonate displacement is potassium tert -butoxide.
• the base for the malonate displacement is sodium ethoxide.
• the solvent for the ester hydrolysis is aqueous tetrahydrofuran, and the solvent for the decarboxylation is 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone.
• the solvent for the ester hydrolysis is ethanol, and the solvent for the decarboxylation is a mixture of dimethylsufloxide and toluene.
• Suitable bases for the hydrolysis reaction may be selected from the group of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, barium hydroxide and cesium carbonate. In one embodiment the base is potassium hydroxide.
• Suitable solvents for the reduction reaction may be selected from the group of tetrahydrofuran, ether, dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the solvent is tetrahydrofuran.
• Suitable reducing agents may be selected from the group of borane, diborane, boranetetrahydrofuran complex, borane-dimethyl ether complex and borane-dimethylsulfide complex.
• Suitable solvents for the methanesulfonic ester formation may be selected from the group of toluene, xylenes, ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, dioxane, and mixtures thereof.
• the solvent for the methanesulfonic ester formation is toluene.
• Suitable bases for the methanesulfonic ester formation may be selected from the group of triethylamine, diethylisopropylamine and diisopropylethylamine. In one embodiment the base for the methanesulfonic ester formation is triethylamine.
• Suitable solvents for the iodide displacement may be selected from the group of 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, ethanol, tert -butanol, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, dioxane, dimethylsulfoxide, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the solvent for the iodide displacement is 1,2-dimethoxyethane.
• Suitable solvents for this reaction may be selected from the group of 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the solvent is 1,2-dimethoxyethane.
• Suitable bases for this reaction may be selected from the group of potassium tert -butoxide, sodium ethoxide and diazabicycloundecane. In another embodiment the base is potassium tert- butoxide.
• Suitable solvents for the palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction may be selected from the group of 1-methyh-2-pyrrolidinone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide and acetonitrile. In one embodiment the solvent is 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone.
• Suitable bases for the palladium catalyzed coupling reaction may be selected from the group of triethylamine, diethylisopropylamine, diisopropylethylamine. In one embodiment the base is diisopropylethylamine.
• Suitable phosphine ligands for the palladium catalyzed coupling reaction may be selected from the group of tri-n-butylphosphine, tri-tert-butylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, triphenylphosphine and tri-o-tolylphosphine.
• the phosphine ligand is tricyclohexylphosphine.
• Suitable palladium catalysts for the palladium catalyzed coupling reaction may be selected from the group of palladium acetate, palladium chloride and dipalladium tris(dibenzylacetone). In one embodiment the palladium catalyst is palladium acetate.
• Suitable solvents for the de-protection reaction may be selected from the group of water, dichloromethane, chloroform and dichloroethane. In one embodiment the solvent is dichloromethane. In another embodiment the solvent for the de-protection reaction is water.
• Suitable acids for the de-protection reaction may be selected from the group of trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. In one embodiment the acid is trifluoroacetic acid.
• Preparation A To a solution of potassium tert -butoxide (187 g, 1.62 mol) in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (1.19 L) was added diethyl malonate (268 g. 1.67 mol) while maintaining the temperature below 35°C. The solution was heated to 40 °C and stirred for 20-30 min. tert- Butyl (R)-3-(methylsulfonyloxyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (112 g, 420 mmol) was added and the solution was heated to 65 °C and stirred for 6 h. The reaction solution was sampled every 2 h and analyzed by HPLC to establish completion of the reaction.
• Preparation B A reactor, maintained under a nitrogen atmosphere, was charged with 200 proof ethanol (5.50 kg) and 21% (by weight) sodium ethoxide in ethanol (7.00 kg, 21.6 mol) The mixture was stirred and warmed to 30 °C. Diethyl malonate (3.50 kg, 21.9 mol) was added over a 20 min period. The reaction mixture was then warmed at 40°C for 1.5 h.
• Procedure A To a solution of the product of Example 1, Procedure A (232 g), containing 123.8 g (380 mmol) of 3 and 121.8 g (760 mmol) of diethyl malonate, in tetrahydrofuran (1.2 L) was added a 21% potassium hydroxide solution (450 g in 0.50 L of deionized water) while maintaining the temperature below 25 °C. The reaction mixture was heated to 45 °C and stirred for 1 h. The reaction solution was sampled every hour and analyzed by HPLC to establish completion of the reaction. Upon completion of reaction (2-3 h), the mixture was cooled to around 25 °C. The aqueous layer was collected and cooled to 5 °C.
• the pH was adjusted to 2 by addition of 4N hydrochloric acid (750 mL), and the resulting suspension was held at 5 -10°C for 30 min.
• the mixture was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with hexanes (1 L).
• the aqueous filtrate was extracted with chloroform (1 L) and the chloroform layer was put aside.
• the solids collected in the filtration step were re-dissolved in chloroform (1 L) by heating to 40 °C.
• the solution was filtered to remove un-dissolved inorganic solids.
• the chloroform layers were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure at 50 - 55 °C to give an off-white solid (15 g).
• Procedure B A solution of the product of Example 1, Procedure B (4.35 kg), containing 2.13 kg (6.47 mol) of 3 , in tetrahydrofuran (13.9 kg) was added to a stirred, cooled solution of potassium hydroxide (1.60 kg, 40.0 mol) in deionized water (2.00 kg) under a nitrogen atmosphere, while maintaining the temperature below 35°C.
• the reaction mixture was heated and maintained at 40 - 45 °C for 24 h, by which time GC and TLC analysis indicated that the reaction was complete.
• the mixture was cooled to 25 °C and washed with MTBE (34 kg), using 15 min of stirring and 15 min of settling time.
• the aqueous layer was collected and cooled to 1 °C.
• the pH of the solution was adjusted to 3.7 by further addition of hydrochloric acid.
• the white solid was collected by filtration, washed with water (16 kg), and vacuum dried at ambient temperature for 6 d.
• the dry solid weighed 1.04 kg.
• the white solid was collected by filtration, washed with water (8 L), and vacuum dried at 40 °C for 3 d.
• the dry solid weighed 0.25 kg.
• the combined solids (1.29 kg, 73% yield) were chromatographically identical to previously prepared samples.
• Procedure A A solution of (R)-2-(1-( tert -butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)malonic acid (83 g) in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (0.42 L) was stirred under nitrogen at 110-112 °C for 2 h . The reaction solution was sampled every hour and analyzed by HPLC to establish completion of the reaction. Upon completion of reaction the reaction solution was cooled to 20-25 °C. The solution was mixed with de-ionized water (1.00 L), and MTBE (1.00 L) was added. The phases were separated, and the organic layer was collected. The aqueous phase was extracted with MTBE (1.00 L), then chloroform (1.00 L).
• the organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure at 50-55 °C to give a semi-solid which was suspended in 1:4 ethyl acetate/hexanes (50 mL), heated to 50 °C, held for 30 min, cooled to -10 °C, and filtered. The solids were collected, suspended in hexanes (200 mL), and collected by filtration to give 54.0 g (77.6%) of 5 .
• Procedure B A solution of (R)-2-(1-( tert -butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)malonic acid (1.04 kg, 3.81 mol) in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (6.49 kg) was stirred under nitrogen at 110 °C for 5 h , by which time TLC and HPLC analysis indicated that the reaction was complete.
• the reaction mixture was cooled to 25 °C (4 h) and combined with water (12.8 kg) and MTBE (9.44 kg). The mixture was stirred vigorously for 20 min, and the phases were allowed to separate (10 h). The organic phase was collected, and the aqueous phase was combined with MTBE (9.44 kg), stirred for 15 min, and allowed to settle (45 min).
• the organic phase was collected, and the aqueous phase was combined with MTBE (9.44 kg), stirred for 15 min, and allowed to settle (15 min).
• the three organic phases were combined and washed three times with 1 N hydrochloric acid (8.44 kg portions) and once with water (6.39 kg), using 15 min of stirring and 15 min of settling time for each wash.
• the resulting solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate (2.0 kg) and filtered.
• the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure at 31 °C (2 h) to give an solid. This solid was heated under vacuum for 4 h at 39 °C for 4 h and for 16 h at 25 °C, leaving 704 g (81%) of 5 (99.7% purity by GC).
• Procedure C (streamlined synthesis of 5 , using 2 as starting material): A stirred mixture of sodium ethoxide in ethanol (21 weight percent, 343 g, 1.05 mol), ethanol (anhydrous, 300 mL) and diethyl malonate (168 g, 1.05 mol) was heated to 40 °C for 1.5 h. To this mixture was added a solution of (R)- tert -butyl 3-(methylsulfonyloxy)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (138 g, 0.592 mol) in ethanol (100 mL) and the reaction mixture was heated to 78 °C for 8 h.
• the aqueous ethanol mixture was extracted with toluene (1.0 L), and the organic phase concentrated under vacuum to afford 230 g of a red oil.
• the red oil was added at 85 °C to a 22.5 weight percent aqueous potassium hydroxide (748 g, 3.01 mol).
• the reaction temperature was allowed to slowly rise to 102 °C while a distillation of ethanol ensued. When the reaction temperature had reached 102 °C, and distillation had subsided, heating was continued for an additional 90 min.
• Procedure A A solution of (R)-2-(1-( tert -butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidine-3-yl)acetic acid (49.0 g, 214 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (200 mL) was cooled to -10 °C. 250 mL (250 mmol) of a 1 M borane in THF solution was added slowly to the flask while maintaining the temperature lower than 0 °C. The solution was warmed to ambient temperature and stirred for 1 h. The solution was sampled hourly and analyzed by HPLC to establish completion of the reaction.
• THF tetrahydrofuran
• the solution was cooled to 0 °C, and a 10% sodium hydroxide solution (80 mL) was added drop-wise over a 30 minute period to control gas evolution.
• the solution was extracted with 500 mL of a 1:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate solution.
• the organic layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride solution and dried with 10 g of silica gel.
• the silica gel was removed by filtration and washed with 100 mL of 1:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate.
• the organic layers were combined and concentrated under vacuum to give 6 (42 g, 91.3 %) as a light-orange oil that solidified upon sitting.
• the mixture was stirred 1 h at 25 °C, and then combined with 1:1 (v/v) heptane/ethyl acetate (7 L). The mixture was stirred for 15 min and allowed to separate into phases (1h). The organic phase was withdrawn, and the aqueous phase was combined with a second 7 L portion of 1:1 heptane/ethyl acetate. This was stirred for 15 min and allowed to separate into phases (20 min). The organic phase was again withdrawn, and the combined organic phases were washed with saturate aqueous sodium chloride (4.16 kg), using 15 min of mixing and 1 h of settling time. The organic phase was combined with silica gel (140 g) and stirred 1h.
• the anhydrous sodium sulfate (700 g) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1.5 h.
• the mixture was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with 1:1 heptanelethyl acetate (2 L).
• the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum at ⁇ 40 °C for 6 h.
• the resulting oil weighed 670 g (103% yield) and contains traces of heptane, but is otherwise identical to previously prepared samples of 6, by NMR analysis.
• Procedure B Under a nitrogen atmosphere, a solution of triethylamine (460 g, 4.55 mol) and tert -butyl (R)-3-(2-hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (the entire sample from Example 7, Procedure B, 3.03 mol) in toluene (5.20 kg) was stirred and cooled to 5 °C. Methanesulfonyl chloride (470 g, 4.10 mol) was added slowly, over a 1.25 h, keeping the temperature below 15 °C using ice bath cooling. The mixture was gradually warmed (over 1.5 h) to 35 °C, and this temperature was maintained for 1.25 h, at which point GC analysis indicated that the reaction was complete.
• the mixture was cooled to 25 °C, and solids were filtered off and the filter cake washed with toluene (1.28 kg).
• the filtrate was stirred with 10% aqueous sodium bicarbonate (4.0 kg) for 15 min, and the phases were allowed to separate for 30 min.
• the organic phase was then stirred with saturated aqueous sodium chloride (3.9 kg) for 30 min, and the phases were allowed to separate for 20 min.
• the organic phase was combined with silica gel (160 g) and stirred for 1 h.
• Anhydrous sodium sulfate (540 g) was added, and the mixture was stirred an additional 40 min.
• the mixture was then filtered, and the filter cake was washed with toluene (460 g).
• the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum at 50 °C for 5 h, and the resulting oil was kept under vacuum at 23 °C for an additional 8h. This left 798 g of 7, 93% pure by GC analysis.
• Procedure A A solution of tert -butyl (R)-3-((methylsulfonyloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (49.0 g, 167 mmol), sodium iodide (30.0 g, 200 mmol) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (450 mL) was stirred at 50-60 °C for 4h. The solution was sampled hourly and analyzed by HPLC to establish completion of the reaction. Upon completion of reaction, the solution was cooled to -10 °C, and solid potassium tert -butoxide (32.0 g, 288 mmol) was added while maintaining temperature below 0 °C. The reaction mixture was warmed to ambient temperature and stirred for 1 h.
• the mixture was sampled hourly and analyzed by HPLC to establish completion of the reaction. Upon completion of reaction, the mixture was filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth (25 g dry basis). The cake was washed with 1,2-dimethoxyethane (100 mL). The combined filtrates were concentrated under vacuum, to yield an orange oil with suspended solids. The oil was dissolved in hexanes (400 mL), stirred for 30 min, and filtered to remove the solids. The organic layer was dried over silica gel (10 g), and concentrated under vacuum to give 9 (26.4 g, 82.9 %) as a colorless oil.
• Procedure B A solution of tert -butyl (R)-3-(2-(methylsulfonyloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (792 g of the product of Example 5, Procedure B, -2.5 mol), sodium iodide (484 g, 3.27 mol) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (7.2 L) was stirred at 55 °C for 4.5 h under nitrogen, at which time GC analysis indicated that the reaction was complete. The solution was cooled to ⁇ 10 °C, and solid potassium tert -butoxide (484 g, 4.32 mol) was added in portions (1.25 h addition time) while maintaining temperature below 15 °C.
• the reaction mixture was stirred 1 h at 5 °C, warmed slowly (6 h) to 20 °C, and stirred at 20 °C for 1 h.
• the solution was filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth (400 g dry basis).
• the filter cake was washed with 1,2-dimethoxyethane (1.6 kg).
• the combined filtrates were concentrated under vacuum, and the semisolid residue was stirred with heptane (6.0 L) for 2h.
• the solids were removed by filtration (the filter cake was washed with 440 mL of heptane), and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum at 20 °C to give 455 g of 9 (90.7% pure).
• a sample of this material (350 g) was fractionally distilled at 20-23 torr to give 296 g of purified 9 (bp 130-133 °C) (>99% pure by GC analysis).

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