EP2326602A1 - Procede de fabrication d'un masque a ouvertures submillimetriques pour grille electroconductrice submillimetrique, masque et grille electroconductrice submillimetrique - Google Patents
Procede de fabrication d'un masque a ouvertures submillimetriques pour grille electroconductrice submillimetrique, masque et grille electroconductrice submillimetriqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP2326602A1 EP2326602A1 EP09752408A EP09752408A EP2326602A1 EP 2326602 A1 EP2326602 A1 EP 2326602A1 EP 09752408 A EP09752408 A EP 09752408A EP 09752408 A EP09752408 A EP 09752408A EP 2326602 A1 EP2326602 A1 EP 2326602A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mask
- grid
- zone
- area
- electroconductive
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/001—General methods for coating; Devices therefor
- C03C17/002—General methods for coating; Devices therefor for flat glass, e.g. float glass
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/06—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/06—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with metals
- C03C17/09—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with metals by deposition from the vapour phase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/22—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with other inorganic material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/12—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces
- H05B33/26—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the composition or arrangement of the conductive material used as an electrode
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/805—Electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2217/00—Coatings on glass
- C03C2217/20—Materials for coating a single layer on glass
- C03C2217/25—Metals
- C03C2217/251—Al, Cu, Mg or noble metals
- C03C2217/252—Al
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2218/00—Methods for coating glass
- C03C2218/10—Deposition methods
- C03C2218/11—Deposition methods from solutions or suspensions
- C03C2218/116—Deposition methods from solutions or suspensions by spin-coating, centrifugation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2218/00—Methods for coating glass
- C03C2218/10—Deposition methods
- C03C2218/15—Deposition methods from the vapour phase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2218/00—Methods for coating glass
- C03C2218/30—Aspects of methods for coating glass not covered above
- C03C2218/34—Masking
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K2102/00—Constructional details relating to the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K2102/301—Details of OLEDs
- H10K2102/331—Nanoparticles used in non-emissive layers, e.g. in packaging layer
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24273—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including aperture
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24273—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including aperture
- Y10T428/24322—Composite web or sheet
- Y10T428/24331—Composite web or sheet including nonapertured component
Definitions
- the subject of the present invention is a method for manufacturing a mask with submillimeter openings for the production of a submillimetric electroconductive grid, such a mask, and the grid thus obtained.
- Manufacturing techniques are known that make it possible to obtain metal grids of micron size. These have the advantage of achieving surface resistances less than 1 Ohm / square while maintaining a light transmission (T L ) of the order of 75 to 85%.
- T L light transmission
- their method of obtaining is based on a technique of etching a metal layer by means of a photolithographic process inducing a significant manufacturing cost incompatible with the intended applications.
- the document US7172822 describes the realization of uneven network conductor based on the use of a cracked silica gel sol mask.
- a soil based on water, alcohol and a silica precursor (TEOS) is deposited, the solvent is evaporated and annealed at 120 ° C. for 30 minutes in order to form the cracked sol-gel mask. 0.4 ⁇ m thick.
- Figure 3 of this document US7172822 discloses the morphology of the sol gel silica mask. It appears as fine fracture lines oriented in a preferred direction, with bifurcations characteristic of the fracture phenomenon of elastic material. These main fracture lines are linked episodically between them by the bifurcations.
- the domains between the fracture lines are asymmetrical with two characteristic dimensions: one parallel to the crack propagation direction between 0.8 and 1 mm, the other perpendicular between 100 and 200 ⁇ m.
- This method of manufacturing an electrode by cracking the mask sol gel is certainly an advance for the manufacture of a network conductor by removing for example the use of photolithography (exposure of a resin to radiation / beam and development), but can still be improved, in particular to be compatible with industrial requirements (reliability, simplification and / or reduction of manufacturing steps, at a lower cost ).
- this manufacturing process necessarily requires the deposition of an modifiable sub-layer (chemically or physically) at the openings in order to either allow a preferred adhesion (of metal colloids for example) or to allow catalyst grafting. for post-growth of metal, this sub-layer therefore having a functional role in the growth process of the network.
- the crack profile is V due to the fracture mechanics of the elastic material which involves using a post-masking process to grow the metal network from the colloidal particles at the base of V.
- the present invention therefore aims at overcoming the drawbacks of the processes of the prior art by proposing a method of manufacturing an electroconductive grid having at least one submillimeter characteristic dimension (at least for the width of strands A 'or even the spacing between strands B ') in particular in electrical contact with at least one power supply element.
- This process must be simple, economical, especially devoid of step (s) of (photo) lithography, flexible (especially suitable for any design of connectors), achievable even on large surfaces.
- the optical properties and / or electrical conductivity of the grid must also be at least comparable to those of the prior art.
- the subject of the invention is firstly a method for manufacturing a mask with submillimetric openings, in particular micron least for the width of the openings), for submillimetric electroconductive grid, mask on a main surface of a substrate, in particular transparent and / or plane, by depositing a liquid masking layer in a given solution and drying, in which process - depositing for said masking layer a first solution of colloidal nanoparticles stabilized and dispersed in a first solvent, the nanoparticles having a given glass transition temperature Tg,
- the drying of the masking layer is carried out at a temperature lower than said temperature Tg until a bidimensional network mask of submillimeter openings, said network mask, is obtained with substantially straight mask area edges, the array mask being in a so-called network mask area, and the method further comprising forming a solid mask area by a liquid deposit, on the face, of a second masking layer, the full mask area being adjacent and in contact with the network mask area, and / or the method comprises forming at least one cache area by placing at least one cache on the face, the cache area being in contact with the network mask area, and / or after the drying of the first masking layer, the method comprises forming a mask area filled by liquid filling (especially partial, on a fraction of the thickness) of apertures in a portion of the net mask area, or even covering, by liquid deposition, apertures of a portion of the net mask area.
- the open-net mask according to the invention and its method of manufacture according to the invention has, first of all, a certain number of advantages.
- a mesh of openings is formed which can be distributed over the entire masking surface and make it possible to obtain isotropic properties.
- the array of openings has significantly more interconnections than the prior art cracked silica gel ground mask.
- the open-array mask has a random, aperiodic structure on at least one characteristic direction of the grating (thus parallel to the surface of the substrate), or even on two (all) directions.
- nanoparticles In order to obtain the substantially straight edges, it is necessary both: to choose particles of limited size, and therefore nanoparticles, to promote their dispersion, with preferably at least one characteristic (average) dimension, for example the average diameter, between 10 and 300 nm, or even between 50 and 150 nm, stabilize the nanoparticles in the solvent (in particular by treatment with surface charges, for example by a surfactant, by controlling the pH), in order to prevent them from occurring. agglomerate between them, that they do not precipitate and / or that they fall by gravity.
- characteristic dimension for example the average diameter, between 10 and 300 nm, or even between 50 and 150 nm
- the concentration of the nanoparticles is adjusted, preferably between 5% and even 10% and 60% by weight, more preferably between 20% and 40%. It avoids the addition of binder (or in a sufficiently small quantity not to influence the mask).
- the drying causes contraction of the first masking layer and friction of the nanoparticles at the surface inducing a tensile stress in the layer which, by relaxation, forms the openings.
- Drying leads in one step to the removal of the solvent and the formation of the openings.
- Nanoparticles After drying, a stack of nanoparticles is thus obtained, in the form of clusters of variable size and separated by the openings themselves of variable size. Nanoparticles remain discernible even if they can aggregate. The nanoparticles are not melted to form a continuous layer.
- the drying is carried out at a temperature below the glass transition temperature for the creation of the network of openings. It has indeed been observed that above this glass transition temperature, a continuous layer was formed or at least no openings over the entire thickness.
- a weakly adhering layer is thus deposited on the substrate. simply consisting of a stack of nanoparticles (hard), preferably spherical. These hard nanoparticles do not establish strong chemical bonds, neither with each other nor with the surface of the substrate. The cohesion of the layer is still ensured by weak forces, such as Van der Waals forces or electrostatic forces.
- the mask obtained can easily be removed using pure water, cold or warm, especially with an aqueous solvent, without the need for strongly basic solutions or potentially polluting organic compounds.
- the solvent is preferably water-based or even entirely aqueous.
- the drying step (as well as preferably the deposition step) can be carried out (substantially) at a temperature below 50 ° C., preferably at room temperature, typically between 20 ° and 25 ° C.
- annealing is not necessary.
- the difference between the given glass transition temperature Tg of the particles of the first solution and the drying temperature preferably being greater than 10 ° C. or even 20 ° C.
- the drying step of the first layer can be carried out substantially at atmospheric pressure rather than vacuum drying for example.
- control parameter in particular the degree of humidity, the drying speed
- the drying parameters can be modified to adjust the distance between the openings B, the size of the openings A, and / or the ratio B / A.
- the first solution (aqueous or non-aqueous) of colloids can be deposited by a usual liquid route technique.
- the first solution comprises polymeric nanoparticles and preferably the solvent is water-based or even entirely aqueous.
- acrylic copolymers for example, acrylic copolymers, styrenes, polystyrenes, poly (meth) acrylates, polyesters or mixtures thereof are chosen.
- the masking layer (before drying) can thus consist essentially of a stack of colloidal nanoparticles (thus nanoparticles of a material insoluble in the solvent) which are discernible, in particular polymeric ones.
- the polymeric nanoparticles may preferably consist of a solid polymer and insoluble in water.
- the masking layer may optionally comprise other compounds, as traces, and which do not affect the properties of the mask (formation of the network, easy removal ).
- the first colloidal aqueous solution is preferably composed of water and of polymeric colloidal particles, therefore excluding any other chemical agent (such as, for example, pigments, binders, plasticizers, etc.).
- the aqueous colloidal dispersion is preferably the only compound used to form the mask.
- the first solution is naturally stable, with nanoparticles already formed.
- the first solution preferably does not contain (or in negligible quantity) a polymer precursor type reactive element.
- the net mask (after drying) can thus consist essentially of a stack of nanoparticles, preferably polymeric, discernible.
- the polymeric nanoparticles consist of a solid polymer and insoluble in water.
- the first solution may include, alternatively or cumulatively mineral nanoparticles, preferably silica, alumina, iron oxide.
- the method according to the invention thus makes it possible to form one or more solid zones, in the zones intended to be electrically insulating.
- separating zone for separating the grid zone into at least two grid regions for example to adapt the heating power of a heating grid, or to form several electrodes, separating zone between the grid and the connections of the grid upper electrode,
- heating zones are generally created by chemical etching or laser etching of the continuous coating.
- an electrically controllable device particularly an OLED type
- an electroconductive gate acting as a lower electrode (the electrode closest to the substrate)
- ITO the electroconductive layer
- the solid zone design (by cache, by filling, by layer) in a manner, delimiting the zone or zones of deposits for the grid and the solid zone (s). , to protect the electroconductive deposit.
- At least one solid band (linear, curved) or a plurality of solid bands (parallel, of constant difference ... etc), in particular localized (s) on the edge of the gate region, band (s) preferably emerging (s) on a (same) gate edge,
- the formation of fine (or filled) solid patterns for example of width less than 500 ⁇ m, for example less than or equal to 250 ⁇ m, is particularly sought after.
- the fill layer as the second masking layer is uncracked, or at least all the depth.
- the second masking layer and / or the filled mask may have a sufficiently low mechanical strength to be removed (if necessary) without damaging the substrate, the connector or the grid, but remaining strong enough to support deposition of the electroconductive gate material and barrier therein.
- the liquid deposit may cover the net mask.
- a paste loaded with particles including mineral, micron.
- the particles may be, for example, metal oxides such as alumina, TiO 2 or BaTiO 3 .
- the dough is not consolidated by heat treatment.
- it may comprise glass frit, or any inorganic or organic non-crosslinked binder.
- the paste may preferably be soluble in water or in alcohol, especially diluted (eg 20% isopropanol and 35% water).
- the paste can be deposited by any known printing technique, for example screen printing, which allows a satisfactory resolution.
- a peelable adhesive polymer film deposited in the solid state could be used (as for example those described in application EP-AI 610 940).
- Solid state deposition requires a fairly complex deposition facility.
- the peeling step is often quite long and tedious and may leave traces of adhesives on the surface of the substrate.
- a material could be deposited by solid route (powder, etc.) or by CVD or PVD.
- solid route powder, etc.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- PVD physical vapor deposition
- the invention favors the use of deposit (s) by liquid route.
- a polymer film For the solid area, a polymer film can be used.
- liquid-formed peelable adhesive polymer films which until now have been known as surface protection films (transport etc.) are chosen.
- peelable films are sold among which:
- Plastosol solvent-free coating 140-60044 / 27 applicable by screen printing, with polymerization at 160-180 ° C. in a few minutes, or water-soluble during a treatment at 200 ° C.,
- polymeric films obtained from a liquid phase are selected and can be removed by cleaning with aqueous solutions. This film is removed with water, preferably at the same time as the network mask. Such films have also been developed as protective films until then.
- the application US 2002/0176988 describes for example the deposition of aqueous solutions of various polymers, which form protective films that can be removed by washing with water.
- films obtained from aqueous solutions of polymers are selected and can be removed by cleaning with aqueous solutions.
- water-soluble varnish 140-20004 PRINT COLOR sold by APCIS, applicable by screen printing
- a peelable polymeric film or a soluble polymeric film can be formed by depositing an aqueous solution of dissolved polymer (and not a dispersion), such as those mentioned above, in particular based on polyvinyl alcohol. Said film soluble polymer is then removed by washing with an aqueous solution.
- the filled zone it is also possible to fill the openings of the net mask with a polymer solution or dispersion mentioned above giving a peelable adhesive film, or else to deposit through the openings a polymeric solution of dissolved polymers, in particular based on polyvinylalcohol, the filled mask then being washed off with an aqueous solution, and the first solution then being chosen (essentially) aqueous.
- a liquid-deposited mask for the full or filled zone
- the solid forming zone or the filled mask zone it is thus preferable to deposit a solution of colloidal nanoparticles which are stabilized and dispersed in a preferably aqueous solvent, the nanoparticles (in at least one solid material which is insoluble in the solvent) having a given glass transition temperature Tg and the drying of the second masking layer or the filled zone being at a temperature above said temperature Tg and preferably less than or equal to 50 ° C.
- the second masking layer and / or the filling material can thus consist essentially of (e) a stack of colloidal particles (thus nanoparticles of a material insoluble in the solvent), which can be discernable, in particular polymeric .
- the polymeric nanoparticles consist of a solid polymer and insoluble in water.
- the second masking and / or filling layer may optionally comprise other compounds, as traces, and which do not influence the properties of the mask (formation of the network, easy removal ).
- the aqueous colloidal solution for the second masking and / or filling layer is preferably composed of water and polymeric colloidal particles, thus excluding any other chemical agent (such as pigments, binders, plasticizers ...) -
- the aqueous colloidal dispersion is preferably the only compound used to form the mask.
- the drying of the second masking and / or filling layer is carried out at a temperature above the glass transition temperature of the polymer Tg so as to obtain a continuous layer. As already indicated, it has indeed been observed that below this glass transition temperature drying was accompanied by the creation of openings, destroying the continuous nature of the masking layer.
- the drying of the second masking and / or filling layer based on polymeric nanoparticles is preferably carried out at a temperature of not more than 70 ° C., or even 50 ° C., so as to more easily preserve clearly discernible particles, which do not coalesce with each other at the time of drying. Too high a temperature may indeed create a film consisting no longer of small discernable hard spheres but particles stuck together, to the detriment of the ease of subsequent elimination ⁇
- the drying of the second masking and / or filling layer is preferably carried out at a temperature close to ambient temperature or at a slightly higher temperature, for example between 25 and 35 ° C.
- no heating means such as for example infrared lamps
- / or no forced drying means such as ventilation systems, hot or cold air blowing, is used, with the possible exception of mild drying means (at temperatures slightly above room temperature), which may use hot air drying or some infrared lamps.
- Heating or drying too long or too strong may indeed form films in which the polymer particles will no longer be discernible, but will be glued together, partially or completely melted, the resulting films are then difficult to eliminate.
- the means of heating or forced drying are most of the time useless, since it has been observed that the drying of the layers could be done very naturally in a few minutes, typically less than 3 minutes, or even less than 2 minutes.
- the shape and size of the colloidal particles of the second masking and / or filling layer are not substantially modified by drying.
- This characteristic is generally a proof of the absence of strong bonds between the particles, which is decisive for obtaining the desired effect of elimination with water. It is generally obtained by fast drying and at a temperature which is not too high compared to the glass transition temperature of the polymer.
- the average diameter of the colloidal polymer particles in the colloidal aqueous dispersion and / or in the second masking and / or dried filling layer is preferably between 40 and 500 nm, in particular between 50 and 300 nm, and even between 80 and 250 nm.
- the polymer is preferably an acrylic polymer or copolymer, for example a styrene-acrylic copolymer.
- This type of polymer has the advantage of adhering very weakly to the surface of the glass, which allows easy removal of the layer.
- acrylic dispersions are easily obtained by emulsion polymerization reactions which provide controlled and reproducible size particles.
- Other types of polymers are usable, for example polyurethanes.
- the polymer used in the dispersion is preferably completely polymerized, in order to avoid any polymerization reaction between the different particles during drying and / or subsequently. These chemical reactions would undesirably increase the cohesion of the second masking and / or filling layer and prevent the elimination with pure water.
- the glass transition temperature of the or each polymer of the second masking and / or filling layer is preferably less than or equal to 30 ° C. It has indeed been observed that the glass transition temperature has an effect on the resistance of the polymer. water of the layers obtained. When the glass transition temperature of the polymer is less than about 20 0 C, the second layer of masking and / or filling is more easily removable in cold water. For higher glass transition temperatures (which therefore require drying at a higher temperature), the layer obtained is more resistant to cold water, but can be removed with warm water.
- the colloidal aqueous dispersion can be deposited by various techniques, such as spraying ("flow coating”), dipping (“dip-coating”), curtain or spray-coating.
- the full mask area and / or cache area is preferably performed after the grid area.
- the cache is thus deposited on the network mask.
- the cover is a solid element reported, typical plane, for example metal or plastic film. It may be for example a nickel mask or any other magnetic material (which can therefore stand thanks to magnets on the face opposite the face of the net mask), or in stainless steel or copper. The cover may be punctured.
- the network mask area may be of any shape, straight or curved, for example of geometric shape (rectangular, square, round).
- the filled zone and / or the second mask zone and / or the cache zone may also be of any straight or curved shape, for example of geometrical shape (rectangular, square, etc.).
- the first masking layer it is also possible to selectively remove a portion of the net mask without damaging it or damaging the underlying surface, in particular by the means soft and simple that are the optical and / or mechanical means.
- the network mask material has a sufficiently low mechanical strength to be removed without damaging the substrate, but remains strong enough to support the deposition of the electroconductive material for the grid.
- Such removal of the mask network can be done:
- the type of shrinkage can be chosen according to the desired resolution, the effect on the edges of the mask remaining in contact with the withdrawal means.
- one or more zones are prepared so as to receive an electroconductive deposit in full layer.
- One can thus form in one pass the grid and one or more elements of connection and / or other electrical functionality.
- connectivity zone means both a current supply area when the grid serves as an electrode or heating gate. It is thus possible to connect (by welding, gluing, by pressure) the supply wires or any other connection element, in the connection zone or zones. This solution is preferable to direct wire connection to the grid as proposed in the prior art document US7172822 for which the electrical connection is not weak (risk of poor electrical contact).
- contiguous full conductive area thus limits the risk of poor electrical contact without increasing the cost and the manufacturing time of the device concerned.
- design of "connectivity" by delimiting the zone or zones of deposits for the grid and the zone or zones for the solid driver (the power supply) and the zone or zones solid of masking .
- the method may also comprise the formation of a free masking zone on said face by mechanical and / or optical partial shrinkage of at least one full mask area (by liquid deposit) or filled. Deposition of the second masking layer or filler layer may separate the network mask area and the free masking area.
- a marker for example
- a decorative element for example
- sign for example
- logo for example
- mark for example
- partial withdrawal and / or full masking filled layer, cache Certainly
- the surface for the deposition of the masking layer is film-forming, especially preferably hydrophilic if the solvent is aqueous.
- Hydrophilic means a surface on which the contact angle of a drop of water 1 mm in diameter is less than 15 °, or even 10 °.
- transparent glass, plastic (polycarbonate for example), quartz or an optionally functional added underlayer: hydrophilic layer (silica layer, for example on plastic) and / or alkali barrier layer and / or adhesion promoting layer of the gate material, and / or electroconductive layer (transparent), and / or decor layer, colored or opaque and / or, if appropriate, etching stop.
- the method of manufacturing the electrode described in US7172822 necessarily requires the deposition of an modifiable under-layer (chemically or physically) at the level of cracks in order to either allow a preferred adhesion (of metal colloids for example) as already indicated, or allow the grafting of catalyst for a post-growth of metal, this sublayer therefore having a functional role in the growth process of the network.
- the under layer according to the invention is not necessarily a growth layer for electrolytic deposition of the gate material.
- the substrate according to the invention may thus comprise an underlayer which is a bottom layer, therefore the layer closest to the substrate, a continuous alkali barrier layer.
- a primer protects the gate material from pollution (pollutions which may cause mechanical defects such as delaminations), in the case of electroconductive deposition (to form an electrode in particular), and also preserves its electrical conductivity.
- the basecoat is robust, easy and fast to deposit according to different techniques. It can be deposited, for example by a pyrolysis technique, especially in the gas phase (a technique often referred to by the abbreviation of C.V. D, for "Chemical Vapor Deposition”). This technique is interesting for the invention because appropriate settings of the deposition parameters make it possible to obtain a very dense layer for a reinforced barrier.
- the primer may be optionally doped with aluminum and / boron to make its vacuum deposit more stable.
- the bottom layer (monolayer or multilayer, possibly doped) may be between 10 and 150 nm thick, more preferably between 15 and 50 nm.
- the bottom layer may preferably be:
- silicon nitride based on silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon oxycarbonitride, layer of general formula SiNOC, in particular SiN, in particular Si 3 N 4 .
- a bottom layer (substantially) of silicon nitride Si 3 l ⁇ l 4 / doped or undoped. Silicon nitride is very fast to deposit and forms an excellent barrier to alkalis.
- the metal grid material silver, gold
- the substrate is hydrophobic, one can add a hydrophilic layer such as a silica layer.
- the chosen glass substrate is generally glazing, such as flat or curved glazing, single or multiple (double, triple ...), tempered or annealed glazing, colorless or tinted glazing, the thickness of which is in particular between 1 and 19 mm, more particularly between 2 and 10 mm, or even between 3 and 6 mm.
- the opening network can be cleaned using a plasma source at atmospheric pressure.
- the invention also proposes a carrier substrate on a main surface: a submillimetric aperture mask, called a grating mask, with mask areas with substantially straight edges, a grating mask comprising (preferably essentially constituted) a stack of detectable nanoparticles, preferably polymeric, in particular substantially spherical, for example with a glass transition temperature greater than 50 ° C., masked in a so-called net mask area, the net mask being preferably on a hydrophilic surface,
- the thickness of the masking layer (s) is preferably between 2 and 100 micrometers, in particular between 5 and 50 micrometers, even between 10 and 30 micrometers.
- the solid masking zone and / or the filled zone and / or the cache can for example separate in at least two regions the network mask zone.
- the full masking area and / or the filled area and / or the cover can separate the network mask area with a free masking area.
- the main face may further include at least one second masking free area, adjacent and in contact with the network mask area.
- the full zone of masking is placed so as to adapt the heating power (adjust the distribution of the current).
- width (mean) of the apertures of the micron or even nanometric grating A in particular between a few hundred nanometers to a few tens of micrometers, in particular between 200 nm and 50 ⁇ m,
- pattern B size between adjacent openings millimetric or even submillimetric, in particular between 5 to 800 ⁇ m, or even 100 to 250 ⁇ m,
- the open reason rate non-opening opening, "blind"
- the rate of breakage of interconnections is less than 5%, or even less than or equal to 2%, in a given region of the mask, or even on the majority or the whole surface, so with a limited network failure see almost zero, possibly reduced, and removable by etching the network
- the edges are of constant spacing, parallel, in particular at a scale of 10 ⁇ m (for example observed under an optical microscope with a magnification of 200).
- the width A may be for example between 1 and 20 microns, even between 1 and 10 microns, and B between 50 and 200 microns.
- the sizes of the strands A ' may preferably be between a few tens of microns to a few hundred nanometers.
- the ratio B '/ A' can be chosen between 7 and 20, or even 30 to 40.
- the patterns delimited by the openings (and in the meshes of the grids obtained) are of various shapes, typically three, four, five sides, for example mostly four sides, and / or of various sizes, distributed randomly, aperiodic.
- the angle between two adjacent sides of a pattern may be between 60 ° and 110 °, in particular between 80 ° and 100 °.
- a main network is obtained with openings (possibly approximately parallel) and a secondary network of openings (possibly approximately perpendicular to the parallel network), whose location and distance are random.
- the secondary openings have a width for example less than the main openings.
- control parameters chosen from the coefficient of friction between the compacted colloids can be modified, in particular by nanotextu ration of the substrate and the surface of the substrate, the size of the nanoparticles, and the initial concentration of nanoparticles, the nature of the solvent, the thickness depending on the deposition technique, to adjust B, A, and / or the ratio B / AT.
- the thickness of the net mask can be submicron up to several tens of microns. The greater the thickness of the masking layer, the larger A (respectively B) is.
- the edges of the network mask openings are substantially straight, that is to say in a mean plane between 80 ° and 100 ° relative to the surface, or even between 85 ° and 95 °.
- the characteristic dimensions of the grids made by pholitholithography are of regular and periodic shape (square, rectangular), constitute networks of wire strands 20 to 30 ⁇ m wide spaced apart for example from 300 ⁇ m, which are at the origin when illuminated by a point light source, diffraction patterns. And it would be even more difficult and expensive to make grids with random patterns. Each pattern to be made would require a specific mask.
- This manufacturing technique of the prior art also has a resolution limit of the order of a few tens of microns, leaving the patterns aesthetically visible.
- the network mask according to the invention therefore makes it possible to envisage, at lower cost, irregular grids, other shapes, of any size.
- the strand dimensions can be very small
- the mask makes it possible to manufacture an irregular grid with a real mesh or tiling, random grid in at least one (grid) direction, and not a simple conducting network as proposed in the document US7172822.
- the invention therefore also relates to the manufacture of a submillimetric electroconductive grid and a (so-called) functional zone on a main surface of a substrate successively comprising:
- This electroconductive grid can form one or more (semi) transparent electrodes of an electrically controllable system and / or a heating grid.
- the electroconductive deposit may also be deposited on the full mask area and / or the filled mask area and / or the cover.
- the arrangement of the strands (in other words the network of strands, the strands delimiting meshes) can then be substantially the replica of that of the network of openings. Thanks to the straight edges of the network mask openings
- the deposit can be made both through the openings and on the mask.
- the removal of the first masking layer is carried out by a liquid route, by an inert solvent for the grid, preferably with water, or alternatively with acetone, alcohol or NMP (N-Methyl). Pyrrolidone), solvent optionally hot and / or ultrasonically assisted.
- an inert solvent for the grid preferably with water, or alternatively with acetone, alcohol or NMP (N-Methyl). Pyrrolidone), solvent optionally hot and / or ultrasonically assisted.
- the removal of the second masking layer and / or the filling layer can be done before, after or simultaneously with the removal of the first masking layer.
- the removal of the first masking layer, the second masking layer and / or the filling layer are carried out in one step, by the liquid route, in particular by the same preferably aqueous solvent.
- the water is preferably pure, in the sense that it does not include organic compounds (for example detergents) or inorganic compounds (for example ammonium salts) with the exception of traces that are difficult to avoid.
- the pH of the water used is preferably between 6 and 8, especially between 6.5 and 7.5. The pH can sometimes be less than 6, especially in the case of deionized water.
- the method may further include depositing said conductive material in an adjacent masking free area and in contact with a network mask area or adjacent a full masking area or a filled mask area.
- the method may comprise the deposition of insulating material in the bare functional zone, for example silica or silicon nitride (in particular by magnetron or plasma CVD).
- insulating material for example silica or silicon nitride (in particular by magnetron or plasma CVD).
- the deposition of the electroconductive material may be a deposition at atmospheric pressure, in particular by plasma, vacuum deposition, sputtering, or evaporation.
- Electrically conductive material can be deposited on the electroconductive material by electrolysis.
- the deposit can thus possibly be supplemented by an electrolytic recharge by using an electrode made of Ag, Cu, Gold, or another metal of high conductivity that can be used.
- electrolytic deposition can be carried out indifferently before or after removal of the mask.
- ratio B '/ A' space between the strands B 'over the width of the strands A'
- fuzziness values of between 1 and 20% are obtained for the grid.
- the invention also relates to a substrate, preferably transparent, carrying on a main face of an irregular submillimetric electroconductive grid, that is to say a network of two-dimensional strands and mesh with (closed) meshes, in particular random in least one direction of the grid (and therefore parallel to the substrate) and an adjacent functional zone, preferably in contact with the grid.
- This grid and the functional zone may in particular be formed from the carrier substrate of the masks already defined above or from the manufacturing method already defined above.
- the face may also carry an adjacent solid electroconductive zone, preferably in contact, of an electroconductive material, for example said electroconductive material.
- This solid electroconductive zone may be a wide band, in particular rectangular.
- the grid may have one and / or the following characteristics:
- the meshes of the grid are random (aperiodic), of various shape and / or size,
- the meshes delimited by the strands are three and / or four and / or five sides, for example mostly four sides, the grating has an aperiodic (or random) structure in at least one grid direction, preferably in two directions,
- the difference between the greatest characteristic dimension of mesh and the smallest characteristic dimension of mesh is less than 2
- the angle between two adjacent sides of a stitch may be between 60 ° and 110 °, in particular between 80 ° and 100 °,
- the difference between the maximum width of strands and the minimum width of strands is less than 4, or even less than or equal to 2, in a given grid region, or even on the majority or the entire surface,
- the difference between the maximum mesh size (space between strands forming a mesh) and the minimum mesh size is less than 4, or even less than or equal to 2, in a given grid region, or even the majority or even all the surface,
- blind the rate of non-closed mesh and / or cut strand segment
- the edges of strands are constant spacing, including substantially linear, parallel to the scale of 10 microns (for example observed under an optical microscope with a magnification of 200).
- the grid according to the invention may have isotropic electrical properties.
- the irregular grid according to the invention may not diffract a point light.
- the thickness of the strands can be substantially constant in the thickness or be wider at the base.
- the grid according to the invention may comprise a main network with strands (possibly approximately parallel) and a secondary network of strands (possibly approximately perpendicular to the parallel network).
- the grid according to the invention may be deposited on at least one surface portion of the substrate, in particular with a glass function, made of plastic or mineral material, as already indicated.
- the grid according to the invention can be deposited on a sub-layer, hydrophilic and / or promoter adhesion and / or barrier and / or decor as already indicated.
- the electroconductive grid according to the invention may have a square resistance of between 0.1 and 30 Ohm / square.
- the electro-conductive grid according to the invention may exhibit resistance by square less than or equal to 5 Ohm / square, even less than or equal to 1 Ohm / square, or even 0.5 Ohm / square, especially for a gate thickness greater than or equal to 1 ⁇ m, and preferably less than 10 ⁇ m or less or equal to 5 ⁇ m.
- the substrate may be flat or curved, (for example a tube for a coaxial lamp, etc.) and furthermore rigid, flexible or semi-flexible.
- the main faces of the planar substrate may be rectangular, square or even any other shape (round, oval, polygonal ).
- the substrate may be large, for example, top surface to 0.02 m 2, or even 0.5 m 2 or 1 m 2.
- the substrate may be substantially transparent, mineral or plastic such as polycarbonate PC or polymethylmethacrylate PMMA or PET, polyvinyl butyral PVB, PU polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE etc.
- the substrate is preferably glass, especially in silicosodocalcic glass.
- the substrate may have a glass function when it is substantially transparent, and whether it is based on minerals (a silicosodocalcic glass, for example) or is based on a plastic material (such as polycarbonate PC or polymethylmethacrylate) PMMA or PET).
- minerals a silicosodocalcic glass, for example
- plastic material such as polycarbonate PC or polymethylmethacrylate PMMA or PET.
- the substrate may be chosen preferably from quartz, silica, magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ) or calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ), a borosilicate glass, a glass with less than 0.05% of Fe 2 O 3 .
- magnesium or calcium fluorides transmit more than 80% or even 90% over the entire UV range, that is to say UVA (between 315 and 380 nm), UVB (between 280 and 315 nm), the UVC (between 200 and 280 nm), or the VUV (between about 10 and 200 nm),
- quartz and certain high-purity silicas transmit more than 80% or even 90% over the entire range of UVA, UVB and UVC,
- borosilicate glass like Schott's borofloat, transmits more than 70% over the entire range of UVA, silicosodocalcic glasses with less than 0.05% Fe III or Fe 2 O 3 , in particular Saint-Gobain's Diamant glass, Pilkington's Optiwhite glass and Schott's B270 glass, which transmit more than 70% or even 80% % across the range of UVA.
- a silica-based glass such as Planilux glass sold by Saint-Gobain, has a transmission greater than 80% beyond 360 nm, which may be sufficient for certain embodiments and applications.
- the light transmission (overall) of the substrate coated with the grid may be greater than or equal to 50%, even more preferably greater than or equal to 70%, in particular between 70% to 86%.
- the (overall) transmission in a given UV range, of the substrate coated with the grid may be greater than or equal to 50%, even more preferably greater than or equal to 70%, in particular is between 70% to 86%.
- the ratio B '/ A' may be different, for example at least double, in a first gate region and in a second gate region.
- the first and second regions may be of a distinct or equal shape and / or of a distinct or equal size.
- the light transmission of the network depends on the ratio B '/ A' between the average distance between the strands B 'on the average width of the strands A'.
- the ratio B '/ A' is between 5 and 15 even more preferably of the order of 10 to easily retain transparency and facilitate manufacture.
- B 'and A' are respectively about 50 microns and 5 microns.
- an average width of strands A ' is chosen between 100 nm and 30 ⁇ m, preferably less than or equal to 10 ⁇ m, or even 5 ⁇ m to limit their visibility and greater than or equal to 1 ⁇ m to facilitate manufacture and to easily maintain a high conductivity and transparency.
- the thickness of the strands can be between 100 nm and 5 ⁇ m, especially micron, more preferably from 0.5 to 3 ⁇ m to easily maintain transparency and high conductivity.
- the grid according to the invention may be over a large area, for example an area greater than or equal to 0.02 m 2 or even greater than or equal to 0.5 m 2 or 1 m 2 .
- the gate may form an electrode divided into several zones, a plurality of coplanar electrodes at distinct potentials, or a heating grid and the functional zone may be a zone separating the grid zones (heating zones or electrode zones).
- the grid may also form a heating grid, the functional zone or zones (lines, etc.) serving to adapt the heating power.
- the substrate may comprise a solid electroconductive zone adjacent to the gate, the gate may form a lower electrode (the closest to the substrate) and the functional zone may serve as a separating zone of the solid electroconductive zone such as a connection zone for an electrode higher.
- the gate according to the invention can be used in particular as a lower electrode (closest to the substrate) for an organic electroluminescent device (OLED in English) in particular at the rear emission ("bottom emission” in English) or emission by the back and front.
- OLED organic electroluminescent device
- the grid may form an antenna coating of a vehicle antenna glazing (windshield, rear window, porthole, etc.) or a heating grid - of a building or vehicle glazing (windshield, rear window , porthole ..), the substrate may be too opaque to information-bearing radiation (glass or plastic substrate for example) and the functional area may form a communication window (electronic toll ).
- infrared transmitters and receivers are commonly used to remotely control alarm systems or closure.
- this technique allows the transmission of information relating to the traffic situation or the position of a vehicle, the dialogue with the tax accounting systems or the calculation of the distance separating a vehicle from the vehicles.
- emitters and receivers for microwaves (for example at 5.6 GHz) or ultraviolet.
- Microwave technology is able to perform many other functions, such as, for example, radiotelephone transmission within a digital network, digital broadcasting, whether it is via satellite or not, and locating a vehicle using a remote sensing system
- a communication window is provided.
- the communication window can be of any shape (square, rectangular ). It can be placed preferably at the periphery, for example along an edge of the glazing, preferably an edge without connectors
- the grid can be an electric function layer (electrode, heating grid), and the functional zone surrounds the grid ( forms a clipping), in particular a peripheral frame of the substrate.
- PU, PVB can incorporate a carrier substrate of the grid according to the invention with the functional zone.
- the invention also relates to the incorporation of grid as obtained from the development of the mask previously described in windows, operating in transmission.
- Glazing is to be understood in a broad sense and encompasses any essentially transparent, glass-function, glass and / or polymeric material (such as polycarbonate PC or polymethyl methacrylate PMMA).
- Carrier substrates and / or counter-substrates, that is to say the substrates surrounding the active system may be rigid, flexible or semi-flexible.
- the invention also relates to the various applications that can be found in these devices, glazing or mirrors: it may be to make glazing for building, including external glazing, internal partitions or glass doors). It can also be windows, roofs or internal partitions of means of transport such as trains, planes, cars, boats, construction equipment.
- It can also be display or display screens, such as projection screens, television or computer screens, touch screens, illuminating surfaces, heated windows.
- electrodes in an electrochemical device, and / or electrically controllable and with variable optical and / or energy properties, for example a liquid crystal device or a photovoltaic device, or an organic or inorganic electroluminescent device (“TFEL”) etc), a particularly flat lamp, a UV lamp possibly flat,
- TFEL organic or inorganic electroluminescent device
- - heating grid of a heating device for example for vehicle (windshield, rear window, window), for the radiator type of appliance, dry towel, refrigerated enclosure, for a defrosting action, anti-condensation, anti-fog,.
- the electroconductive grid in several zones, forms one or more electrodes, the functional zone serves to separate said zones.
- the "all solid” (the “all solid” are defined, within the meaning of the invention, for stacks of layers for which all the layers are of inorganic nature) or “all “(the” all polymers “are defined, within the meaning of the invention for stacks of layers for which all the layers are of organic nature), or alternatively mixed or hybrid electrochromes (the layers of the stack are of organic nature and inorganic in nature) or to liquid crystal systems or viologenic.
- the discharge lamps include with phosphor (s) as active element.
- Planar lamps in particular comprise two glass substrates kept at a small distance from one another, generally less than a few millimeters, and hermetically sealed so as to enclose a gas under reduced pressure in which an electric discharge produces a radiation generally in the ultraviolet range which excites a phosphor then emitting visible light.
- the UV flat lamps can have the same structure, one naturally chooses for at least one of the walls a material transmitting UV (as already described). The UV radiation is directly produced by the plasma gas and / or by a suitable additional phosphor.
- UV flat lamps As examples of UV flat lamps, reference may be made to the patents WO2006 / 090086, WO2007 / 042689 and WO2007 / 023237.
- the discharge between the electrodes may be non-coplanar ("plane plane"), with anode and cathode respectively associated with the substrates, by one face or in the thickness, (both internal or external, the internal one and the other external, at least one in the substrate %) for example as described in WO2004 / 015739, WO2006 / 090086, WO2008 / 023124 incorporated by reference.
- the discharge between the electrodes can be coplanar (anode and cathode in the same plane, on the same substrate) as described in patent WO2007 / 023237 incorporated by reference.
- the insulating zone or zones can therefore be used to separate the (groups of) electrodes at distinct potentials.
- This layer is preferably separated from the electrodes by insulating layers. Examples of such glazings are described in the EP1 553 153 A (with the materials for example in Table 6).
- a liquid crystal glazing can be used as glazing with variable light diffusion. It is based on the use of a film placed between two conducting layers and based on a polymeric material in which droplets of liquid crystals, in particular nematic with positive dielectric anisotropy, are dispersed.
- the liquid crystals when the film is energized, are oriented along a preferred axis, which allows vision. When the crystals are not aligned, the film becomes diffused and prevents vision. Examples of such films are described in particular in European patents EP0238164 and US Pat. Nos. 3,443,504, 4,806,922 and 4,373,256.
- These may further contain dichroic dyes, especially in solution in the liquid crystal droplets. It is then possible to modulate the light scattering and the light absorption of the systems.
- cholesteric liquid crystal-based gels containing a small amount of crosslinked polymer such as those described in patent WO-92/19695.
- the invention thus finally relates to the use of the carrier substrate of the irregular submillimetric electroconductive gate and of a functional zone, the electroconductive gate in several zones forming one or more electrodes, the functional zone serving to separate said zones, in a device electrochemical, and / or electrically controllable and with variable optical and / or energy properties, in particular liquid crystal, or a photovoltaic device, or a light-emitting device, in particular an organic or inorganic device, a particularly flat discharge lamp, a UV discharge lamp especially flat.
- the invention therefore finally relates to the use of the carrier substrate of the irregular submillimetric electroconductive gate with a functional zone and with a solid electroconductive zone, the electroconductive gate being a so-called lower electrode, the functional zone serving to separate the gate from the zone.
- electroconductive solid for connecting a so-called upper electrode in an organic electroluminescent device or any other device with an electroactive system between a lower electrode and an upper electrode connected on a single substrate.
- FIGS. 1 to 2d show network masks obtained by the method according to the invention
- FIG. 3a is an SEM view illustrating the profile of the opening of a net mask according to the invention.
- FIG. 3b is an SEM view illustrating a full mask area
- FIG. 3c schematically represents a front view of the network mask according to the invention with two solid masking zones according to the invention and two free zones of masking according to the invention
- FIG. 3d schematically represents a front view of the network mask according to the invention with three solid masking zones according to the invention and with three free zones of masking according to the invention
- FIG. 3e schematically represents a front view of the network mask according to the invention with three solid zones of masking according to the invention and with six free zones of masking according to the invention
- FIG. 3f schematically represents a front view of the network mask according to the invention with three solid zones of masking according to the invention and with two free zones of masking according to the invention
- FIG. 3g schematically represents a front view of the network mask according to the invention with two solid zones of masking according to the invention and with four free zones of masking according to the invention
- FIG. 4 represents an electroconductive grid according to the invention in a view from above
- FIGS. 5 and 6 represent network masks with different drying fronts
- FIGS. 7 and 8 show partial views SEM of electroconductive gate according to the invention
- FIGS. 9 and 10 show partial top views of the electroconductive grids according to the invention.
- FIG. 11 and 12 schematically show electrically conductive grids according to the invention in top view.
- a substrate with a glass function 1 for example planar and mineral
- a glass function 1 for example planar and mineral
- spin coating a single emulsion of colloidal nanoparticles based on acrylic copolymer stabilized in the water in a mass concentration of 40%, a pH of 5.1, with a viscosity of 15 mPa.s.
- the colloidal nanoparticles have a characteristic dimension of between 80 and 100 nm and are marketed under the company DSM under the trademark Neocryl XK 52® and have a Tg equal to 115 ° C.
- the layer incorporating the colloidal particles is then dried so as to evaporate the solvent and to form the openings.
- This drying can be carried out by any suitable method and at a temperature below Tg (hot air drying, etc.), for example at room temperature.
- the system self-arranges, forms a network mask 1 comprising an array of openings 10. It describes patterns, examples of which are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 (views (FIG. 400 ⁇ m x 500 ⁇ m)).
- a stable network mask 1 is obtained without resorting to an annealing with a structure characterized by the (average) width of the aperture hereinafter referred to as A and the (middle) gap between the apertures, hereinafter referred to as B.
- This stabilized network mask will subsequently be defined by the ratio B / A.
- the layer based on XK52 is this time deposited by flow coating, which gives a variation in thickness between the bottom and the top of the sample (from 10 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m) leading to a variation in mesh size. .
- This ratio B / A is also modified by adapting, for example, the coefficient of friction between the compacted colloids and the surface of the substrate, or the size of the nanoparticles, or even the rate of evaporation, or the initial concentration of particles, or the nature of the solvent, or the thickness depending on the deposition technique ...
- the surface roughness of the substrate was finally modified by atmospheric plasma etching of the glass surface via a mask of Ag nodules. This roughness is of the order of magnitude of the size of the contact areas with the colloids which increases the coefficient of friction of these colloids with the substrate.
- the following table shows the effect of the change of coefficient of friction on the ratio B / A and the morphology of the mask. It appears that we obtain smaller mesh sizes with identical initial thickness and an increasing ratio B / A.
- the dimensional parameters of the network of openings obtained by spin coating of the same emulsion containing colloidal particles previously described are given below.
- the different rotational speeds of the "spin coating" apparatus modify the structure of the mask.
- a network mask 1 is obtained.
- Figure 3a is a partial transverse view of the mask 1, obtained by SEM.
- the profile is shown in Figure 3a has a definite advantage for:
- the network mask 1 thus obtained can be used as modified or modified by different post treatments. If there are no colloidal particles in the bottom of openings, there will therefore be a maximum adhesion of the material that is expected to provide to fill the opening (this will be described in detail later in the text) with the substrate with glass function.
- the inventors have furthermore discovered that the use of a plasma source as a cleaning source for the organic particles located at the bottom of the opening subsequently makes it possible to improve the adhesion of the material used for the grid.
- a cleaning using a plasma source at atmospheric pressure, plasma blown based on a mixture of oxygen and helium allows both the improvement of the adhesion deposited material at the bottom of the openings and widening of the openings. It will be possible to use a plasma source of "ATOMFLOW" brand marketed by the company Surfx.
- a single emulsion of colloidal particles based on acrylic copolymer stabilized in water is deposited in a mass concentration of 50%, a pH of 3, with a viscosity equal to 200 mPa.s.
- the colloidal particles have a characteristic dimension of about 118 nm and are marketed under the company DSM under the trademark Neocryl XK 38® and have a Tg equal to 71 ° C.
- the resulting network is shown in Figure 2c.
- the gap between the openings is between 50 and 100 ⁇ m and the width range of the openings is between 3 and 10 ⁇ m.
- a solution of 40% silica colloid with a characteristic dimension of about 10 to
- the ratio B / A is approximately 30, as shown in FIG.
- silica colloids typically, it is possible to deposit, for example, between 15% and 50% of silica colloids in an organic solvent (in particular aqueous).
- the network mask 1 obtained, preferably covering the entire main face of the substrate 2, it may be desired to mask (completely) one or more zones.
- the full mask can first be obtained by filling the net mask.
- the interstices of the network mask a dispersion aqueous nanoparticles of an acrylic copolymer sold under the name NéoCryl XK-240 by the company DSM NeoResins.
- This dispersion is composed of 48% by weight of water and 52% by weight of particles of an acrylic copolymer whose average diameter is about 180 nm (measured by known methods, using light scattering ).
- the glass transition temperature of the polymer is -
- the viscosity of the dispersion at 25 ° C. is 160 mPa.s and its pH of
- the dispersion is deposited on the glass substrate by dipping, and after drying at room temperature without forced ventilation for a few minutes (typically 2 to 3 minutes), the layer obtained is continuous, about 20 micrometers thick.
- the light transmission of the protective layer is of the order of 88%, the blur of the order of 30%.
- the layer can nevertheless be very easily removed by spraying pure water (not containing organic additives) at room temperature.
- the colloidal dispersion employed is an aqueous dispersion of an acrylic copolymer sold under the name NeoCryl XK-87 by the company DSM NeoResins.
- This dispersion is composed of 49% by weight of water and 51% by weight of particles of a styrene-acrylic copolymer whose average diameter is about 210 nm.
- the glass transition temperature of the polymer is 24 ° C.
- the viscosity of the dispersion at 25 ° C. is 250 mPa.s and its pH is 7.4.
- This dispersion is applied as in the case of the first example, but the drying is carried out here at 35 ° C., in order to maintain a temperature greater than the glass transition temperature of the polymer.
- the optical and frictional properties are similar to those of the first example.
- the layer is however resistant to cold water.
- the layer is easily removable with warm water (about 30 to 35 ° C) by applying a light rub with a sponge or a cloth.
- the solid mask may also be obtained by liquid deposition of a masking material, for example identical to those mentioned above for filling. One or more adjacent solid mask areas (possibly in contact) are thus formed at the network mask area partially covering the substrate.
- FIG. 3b thus represents a view taken by scanning electron microscopy of a section of a glass sample covered with a solid masking layer according to the invention obtained from a colloidal solution of the type of those described. .
- a portion of the glass substrate 2 covered with a solid masking layer according to the invention only part of which is visible in the figure.
- the layer is constituted by an assembly of a multitude of nanoparticles, perfectly discernable.
- the one or more solid mask areas are first formed and then deposited in the remaining zones (and / or in overlay in the solid zones) the colloidal solution for the network mask.
- the full mask can also be obtained by placing a cache preferably on the net mask. For example, a nickel cover, held by magnets placed on the face opposite to the main masking face, is chosen. This forms one or more cache areas.
- a water-soluble film is formed by screen printing. 20 g of PVA powder are used, for example MOWIOL sold by KU KARAY, mixed with 80 g of cold water. The mixture is heated at 90-95 0 C while mixing for 30 minutes. It is then cooled with ambient air and applied by screen printing on the grating mask (forming filled mask area), and / or adjacent to the grating mask area (forming an adjacent full area).
- the film is removed with water, preferably at the same time as the network mask.
- the network mask 1 preferably occupies the entire face of the substrate 2.
- FIG. 3c schematically represents a front view of the network mask 1 according to the invention with two solid masking zones 30, 31 according to the invention and two free masking zones 41, 42 according to the invention.
- the first solid masking zone 30 is rectangular, on a longitudinal edge, for example centered. It allows for example to achieve a communication window in a car glazing or building.
- the second full mask area 31 surrounds (completely) the net mask, thereby forming a peripheral frame ("teardown area"). It allows for example to avoid grounding and / or protect the electroconductive grid from corrosion.
- Each solid zone may be produced by depositing a solution of polymeric nanoparticles, by forming a water-soluble film, by forming a peelable film, by depositing a charged paste, as previously illustrated.
- the two free masking areas 41, 42 are in the form of two parallel parallel strips, on the lateral edges, this in order to achieve connection zones (current supply commonly called bus bar.
- bar buses can be formed by additional deposition on the grid, for example by serigraphy of a silver paste and / or by depositing a full / filled mask in these zones and additional deposit.
- FIG. 3d schematically represents a front view of the network mask 1 according to the invention with three solid masking zones 31 to 33 according to the invention and with three free masking zones 41 to
- the first full mask area 31 completely surrounds the net mask, thereby forming a peripheral frame ("teardown area"). It allows for example to avoid grounding and / or protect the electroconductive grid from corrosion. This also avoids performing a demargage of a full layer.
- the second and third solid masking areas 32, 33 are in the form of two parallel strips separating the net mask into three regions 11 to 13.
- the three free masking areas 41, 42, 43 are in the form of peripheral strips, for example along the same longitudinal edge, this in order to achieve connectivity areas (current supply commonly called bus bar) for the electroconductive grid formed in the network mask area. It is thus possible to manufacture, for example, an electrochromic device with in each of the regions an active material of variable color.
- the electroconductive grid forms an electrode.
- Figure 3e schematically shows a front view of the network mask according to the invention with three solid masking zones according to the invention 31, 32, 33 and with six free zones of masking according to the invention.
- the first full mask area 31 completely surrounds the net mask, thereby forming a peripheral frame ("teardown area"). It allows for example to avoid grounding and / or protect the electroconductive grid from corrosion. This also avoids performing a demargage of a full layer.
- the second and third solid masking areas 32, 33 are in the form of two parallel strips separating the network mask 1 into three regions 11 to 13.
- the six free masking zones 41 to 46 are in the form of two series of three parallel peripheral bands, for example along the two longitudinal edges, in order to produce connection zones (current supply commonly called busbar) for the electroconductive grid formed in the network mask area.
- connection zones current supply commonly called busbar
- the electroconductive grid forms a heating grid.
- FIG. 3f schematically represents a front view of the net mask 1 according to the invention with three solid masking zones 34 to 36 according to the invention and with two free masking zones 41, 42 according to the invention.
- free masking 41, 42 are in the form of two parallel parallel strips, on the side edges, this in order to achieve connection areas (current supply commonly called bus bar) for the electroconductive grid formed in the network mask area .
- the three solid masking areas 34, 35, 36 are in the form of parallel strips partially interrupting the net mask 1.
- the electroconductive grid forms a heating grid.
- Each solid zone may be produced by depositing a solution of polymeric nanoparticles, by forming a water-soluble film, by forming a peelable film, by depositing a charged paste, as previously illustrated.
- a water-soluble film for example of the order of one hundred microns, it is preferred, for example, to form a water-soluble film by screen printing.
- FIG. 3g schematically represents a front view of the network mask 1 according to the invention with two solid masking zones according to the invention 37, 38 and with four free zones of masking according to the invention 41, 41 ', 42 , 42 '.
- Two free masking zones 41, 42 are in the form of two parallel peripheral bands, for example along the longitudinal edges, in order to produce connection zones (current supply commonly called bus bar) for the electroconductive grid formed in the network mask area.
- Two other free masking zones 41 ', 42' are in the form of two parallel peripheral strips, for example along the longitudinal edges, in order to produce connection zones (current supply commonly called bus bar) for a top electrode. .
- Each solid zone may be produced by depositing a solution of polymeric nanoparticles, by forming a water-soluble film, by forming a peelable film, by depositing a charged paste, as previously illustrated.
- the electroconductive grid can then form an electrode of an OLED device.
- an electroconductive grid 5 is produced by electroconductive deposition (and preferably with at least one or more zones of connection). To do this, depositing on the free masking zone and depositing, through the mask 1, an electroconductive material until the openings 10 are partially filled.
- the material chosen is from electrically conductive materials such as aluminum, silver, copper, nickel, chromium, alloys of these metals, conductive oxides chosen especially from ITO, IZO, ZnO: Al; ZnO: Ga ZnO: B; SnO2: F; SnO2: Sb.
- This deposition phase may be carried out for example by magnetron sputtering or by gas phase deposition.
- the material is deposited inside the network of openings so as to fill the openings, the filling taking place in a thickness, for example of the order of 1/2 mask height.
- the substrate is then immersed in a solution containing water and acetone (the cleaning solution is chosen according to the nature of the nanoparticles), then rinsed so as to remove all the parts coated with nanoparticles.
- the cleaning solution is chosen according to the nature of the nanoparticles
- FIG. 4 shows a photograph obtained by SEM of an electroconductive grid 5 with its strands 50 thus obtained.
- Figures 7 and 8 show SEM views from above (in perspective) and detail of the strands of an aluminum grid 5. It is observed that the strands 50 have relatively smooth and parallel edges.
- the electrode incorporating the gate 5 according to the invention has an electrical resistivity of between 0.1 and 30 Ohm / square and a TL of 70 to 86%, which makes its use as a transparent electrode perfectly satisfactory.
- the metal gate has a total thickness of between 100 nm and 5 ⁇ m.
- the electrode remains transparent, that is to say that it has a low light absorption in the visible even in the presence of the grid (its network is almost invisible given its dimensions).
- the grid has an aperiodic or random structure in at least one direction to avoid diffractive phenomena and induces a shadowing of 15 to 25% of the light.
- a grid 5 as represented in FIG. 4 having metal wires 50 of 700 nm wide spaced apart by 10 ⁇ m, gives a bare light transmission substrate 92% an 80% light transmission.
- Another advantage of this embodiment method is that it is possible to modulate the blur value in reflection of the grids.
- the fuzziness value is of the order of 4 to 5%.
- the blur value is less than 1%, with B '/ A' being constant.
- a promoter-adhesion sub-layer of the gate material Prior to the deposition of the mask material, it is possible to deposit, in particular by vacuum deposition, a promoter-adhesion sub-layer of the gate material.
- nickel is deposited and as a gate material aluminum. This grid is shown in Figure 9.
- ITO ITO, NiCr, or Ti is deposited and as silver gate material.
- the glass coated with the adhesion promoting sublayer and the magnetron sputtering silver grid constitutes the cathode of the experimental device; the anode consists of a copper plate. Its role in dissolving, to maintain constant throughout the deposition process concentration of Cu 2+ ions and thus the deposition rate.
- the temperature of the solution during the electrolysis is 23 ⁇ 20 ° C.
- the deposition conditions are: voltage ⁇ . 1.5 V and current ⁇ . 1 A.
- the anode and cathode, spaced 3 to 5 cm apart and of the same size, are positioned parallel to obtain perpendicular field lines.
- the copper layers are homogeneous on the silver grids.
- the thickness of the deposit increases with the duration of the electrolysis and the density of current as well as the morphology of the deposit. The results are reported in the table below and in Figure 10.
- Figures 11 and 12 schematically show electrically conductive grids 5 according to the invention in plan view.
- the gate area is divided into four disjoint, round regions 51 to 54.
- Each of the regions is surrounded by a zone of annular solid connection 61 to 64, for example made by removing the network mask before depositing the grid material.
- Each annular connector zone is connected to a connection track 61 'to 64' opening onto a common peripheral track 65.
- the substrate 2 is devoid of electroconductive material, forming an electrically insulating zone 70. This has, for example, been achieved by filling in this zone the grating mask deposited on the entire surface.
- the gate area 5 is divided into six electrode groups 51 to 56 ': anode and cathode.
- the anodes 51 to 56 are connected to a first peripheral busbar 61, for example made by removing the net mask before deposition of the gate material.
- the cathodes 51 'to 56' are connected to a second peripheral busbar 62, for example made by removing the grating mask before deposition of the gate material.
- the discharge space 80 between each anode 51 to 56 and cathode respective 51 'to 56' is confined.
- the substrate 2 is devoid of electroconductive material, forming an electrically insulating zone 70. This has for example been achieved by filling in this area the net mask deposited on the entire surface.
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- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
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- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
- Shielding Devices Or Components To Electric Or Magnetic Fields (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0856429A FR2936360B1 (fr) | 2008-09-24 | 2008-09-24 | Procede de fabrication d'un masque a ouvertures submillimetriques pour grille electroconductrice submillimetrique, masque et grille electroconductrice submillimetrique. |
PCT/FR2009/051816 WO2010034945A1 (fr) | 2008-09-24 | 2009-09-24 | Procede de fabrication d'un masque a ouvertures submillimetriques pour grille electroconductrice submillimetrique, masque et grille electroconductrice submillimetrique |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2326602A1 true EP2326602A1 (fr) | 2011-06-01 |
Family
ID=40796219
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP09752408A Withdrawn EP2326602A1 (fr) | 2008-09-24 | 2009-09-24 | Procede de fabrication d'un masque a ouvertures submillimetriques pour grille electroconductrice submillimetrique, masque et grille electroconductrice submillimetrique |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8697186B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2326602A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP5677961B2 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR20110060946A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN102164868A (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2936360B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2010034945A1 (fr) |
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CN101983181B (zh) * | 2008-06-13 | 2015-10-14 | Lg化学株式会社 | 加热件及其制备方法 |
FR2958750B1 (fr) * | 2010-04-13 | 2012-03-30 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de determination de la viscosite d'un film mince. |
TWI584485B (zh) * | 2011-10-29 | 2017-05-21 | 西瑪奈米技術以色列有限公司 | 於基材上對齊的網路 |
TW201325335A (zh) * | 2011-10-29 | 2013-06-16 | Cima Nanotech Israel Ltd | 經圖案化基材上之導電網路 |
CN102617046B (zh) * | 2012-04-11 | 2014-12-10 | 林嘉宏 | 含有保护性涂料层的玻璃 |
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US9537031B2 (en) * | 2013-06-28 | 2017-01-03 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Nozzle assembly and method for fabricating a solar cell |
EP3046113A4 (fr) * | 2013-09-09 | 2017-06-14 | Limited Liability Company "Funktsionalnye Nanosistemy" | Micro- et nanostructure en maillage et procédé de production |
US20160090488A1 (en) * | 2013-09-09 | 2016-03-31 | FunNano USA, Inc. | Mesh-like micro- and nanostructure for optically transparent conductive coatings and method for producing same |
CN103771727A (zh) * | 2013-12-31 | 2014-05-07 | 河南安彩高科股份有限公司 | 减反射玻璃基板及其制法和用途 |
CA2977324C (fr) | 2015-03-19 | 2020-04-07 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Procede de depot d'une barre omnibus sur des vitres en plastique de vehicule avec fonction de chauffage |
DE102015007238B4 (de) * | 2015-06-05 | 2017-06-22 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Verfahren zum Herstellen einer optoelektronischen Vorrichtung |
CN108136633B (zh) | 2015-09-07 | 2021-02-05 | 沙特基础工业全球技术公司 | 具有塑料玻璃的后挡板的照明系统 |
WO2017042699A1 (fr) | 2015-09-07 | 2017-03-16 | Sabic Global Technologies B.V. | Moulage d'un vitrage en matière plastique de hayons |
US10597097B2 (en) | 2015-09-07 | 2020-03-24 | Sabic Global Technologies B.V. | Aerodynamic features of plastic glazing of tailgates |
WO2017042698A1 (fr) | 2015-09-07 | 2017-03-16 | Sabic Global Technologies B.V. | Surfaces de vitrage en matière plastique de hayons arrière |
KR20180082561A (ko) | 2015-11-23 | 2018-07-18 | 사빅 글로벌 테크놀러지스 비.브이. | 플라스틱 글레이징을 갖는 윈도우를 위한 라이팅 시스템 |
JP7008075B2 (ja) | 2016-12-21 | 2022-01-25 | メルク パテント ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング | 金属酸化物ナノ粒子及び有機ポリマーを含むスピンオン材料の組成物 |
CN107910104B (zh) * | 2017-10-09 | 2021-01-15 | 厦门大学 | 一种导电膜及其制备方法 |
CN110600165B (zh) * | 2019-08-24 | 2023-12-08 | 厦门派恩杰科技有限公司 | 一种柔性透明导电膜及其制备工艺 |
CN114038622B (zh) * | 2021-09-16 | 2024-06-25 | 华南师范大学 | 一种二次润湿调控龟裂的方法 |
CN114843035B (zh) * | 2022-05-23 | 2024-06-21 | 中国人民解放军国防科技大学 | 基于逆向提拉法的曲面裂纹模板制备方法及金属网格导电薄膜制备方法 |
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-
2008
- 2008-09-24 FR FR0856429A patent/FR2936360B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2009
- 2009-09-24 JP JP2011528401A patent/JP5677961B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-09-24 US US13/120,292 patent/US8697186B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-09-24 KR KR1020117009189A patent/KR20110060946A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2009-09-24 EP EP09752408A patent/EP2326602A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-09-24 WO PCT/FR2009/051816 patent/WO2010034945A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2009-09-24 CN CN2009801376368A patent/CN102164868A/zh active Pending
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2010034945A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2936360B1 (fr) | 2011-04-01 |
JP5677961B2 (ja) | 2015-02-25 |
WO2010034945A1 (fr) | 2010-04-01 |
KR20110060946A (ko) | 2011-06-08 |
JP2012503852A (ja) | 2012-02-09 |
FR2936360A1 (fr) | 2010-03-26 |
US8697186B2 (en) | 2014-04-15 |
US20110250387A1 (en) | 2011-10-13 |
CN102164868A (zh) | 2011-08-24 |
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