EP2264243A1 - Procédé et dispositif de traitement d'une bande de matière fibreuse dans une unité de presse à longue ligne de contact - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif de traitement d'une bande de matière fibreuse dans une unité de presse à longue ligne de contact Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2264243A1
EP2264243A1 EP10004733A EP10004733A EP2264243A1 EP 2264243 A1 EP2264243 A1 EP 2264243A1 EP 10004733 A EP10004733 A EP 10004733A EP 10004733 A EP10004733 A EP 10004733A EP 2264243 A1 EP2264243 A1 EP 2264243A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
press
fibrous web
nip
transfer
extended
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP10004733A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2264243B1 (fr
Inventor
Wilhelm Mausser
Andreas Dr. Anzel
Harald Weigant
Dave Lange
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Andritz AG
Original Assignee
Andritz AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Andritz AG filed Critical Andritz AG
Priority to PL10004733T priority Critical patent/PL2264243T3/pl
Publication of EP2264243A1 publication Critical patent/EP2264243A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2264243B1 publication Critical patent/EP2264243B1/fr
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F3/00—Press section of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F3/02—Wet presses
    • D21F3/04—Arrangements thereof
    • D21F3/045—Arrangements thereof including at least one extended press nip
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F11/00—Processes for making continuous lengths of paper, or of cardboard, or of wet web for fibre board production, on paper-making machines
    • D21F11/006—Making patterned paper
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F3/00—Press section of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F3/02—Wet presses
    • D21F3/0209—Wet presses with extended press nip
    • D21F3/0218—Shoe presses
    • D21F3/0227—Belts or sleeves therefor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for treating a fibrous web in a paper or board machine in a long-nip press unit with a press roll having a rotating press shell and a counter roll, wherein the fibrous web is dewatered in an extended press nip between the counter roll and the press cover of the press roll ,
  • the invention also relates to a pressing arrangement with which the method according to the invention is carried out.
  • the EP 1 397 553 B1 describes a method of making a fibrous web in which the fibrous web is dewatered by a shoe press before being transferred to a thermal drying TAD.
  • the fibrous web is passed on a felt through an extended press nip formed by a shoe press roll having a rotating press shell and a counter roll. After the extended press nip, the felt is separated as quickly as possible from the fibrous web. The fibrous web is then carried on either a string, which was also passed through the extended press nip, or by the backing roll.
  • the press cover of Langnip press units has contact with a covering in conventional systems in the extended press nip and serves only for mechanical dewatering.
  • the further transport of the fibrous web is always realized by other components.
  • the aim of the present invention is to disclose a method for the treatment of a fibrous web, in which the dewatering and the further transport of the fibrous web is to be realized without an intervening web transfer.
  • a simpler and more compact construction of a press arrangement for a paper or board machine is to be disclosed.
  • the fibrous web is guided to a transfer region in which the fibrous web is transferred from the press cover to a transfer element.
  • the rotating press jacket meets So not only its function as a pressing element, but also serves as a means for further transport of the fibrous web after mechanical dewatering.
  • a transfer fabric which is performed in addition to the felt in some embodiments by the extended press nip, is thus superfluous.
  • the fibrous web adheres very well to the flexible press jacket due to the pressure.
  • the fibrous web is transferred from the press cover to a transfer cover.
  • the press cover can be partially wrapped in the transfer area of the transfer cover. This results in a prolonged transfer area, through which a reliable web transfer is ensured.
  • the web transfer from the press cover can also be done directly on a roller.
  • the transfer of the fibrous web to the transfer element can be supported by a suctioned roller.
  • the press jacket of the press roll is stabilized by an overpressure in the interior of the press roll.
  • the fibrous web is guided on a felt through the extended press nip.
  • the felt absorbs the moisture from the fibrous web in the extended press nip. To avoid rewetting of the fibrous web, it makes sense if the felt is separated from the fibrous web immediately after the extended press nip.
  • the felt on which the fibrous web is guided through the extended press nip has a three-dimensional structure, wherein the fibrous web is pressed in the extended press nip in this three-dimensional structure.
  • the fibrous web can thus escape during the pressing process in the three-dimensional structure of the felt.
  • the pressing is done selectively and not flat, achieving better quality properties than for example in conventional tissue is possible.
  • the transfer of the fibrous web from the press cover to the transfer element is carried out with a speed difference between press cover and transfer element, a further treatment step of the fibrous web can be realized at the same time. If the transfer element moves in the transfer area at a lower relative speed than the press cover, creping of the fibrous web occurs during the transfer from the press cover to the transfer element. It is also conceivable that the transfer element moves at a higher relative speed than the press cover, thereby a tensile force can be exerted on the fibrous web in the web running direction.
  • the press cover is cleaned after the transfer of the fibrous web to the transfer element by a cleaning device. This ensures that no impurities or fibrous web remnants adhere to the press cover when it is passed through the press nip again.
  • an interface regulation mixture is applied to the surface of the press jacket before the press cover passes through the extended press nip.
  • the application can be carried out for example by a spray bar, which sprays the Grenz inhabitregultechniksgemisch on the press cover.
  • the dewatering of the fibrous web in the press nip can also be improved by heating the fibrous web with the aid of a steam blower box arranged in front of the extended press nip (change in viscosity).
  • the invention also relates to a press arrangement of a paper or board machine with which the method according to the invention is carried out.
  • the fibrous web is guided through an extended press nip of a long nip press unit, wherein the long nip press unit has a press roll with a rotating press cover and a counter roll.
  • the fibrous web is, following the extended press nip on the press cover of the shoe press roll to a transfer element, which takes over the fibrous web, out.
  • the press roll is a shoe press roll.
  • the transfer element is a transfer fabric, which may be structured or unstructured.
  • the press cover may be partially wrapped in the transfer area of the transfer cover.
  • a permeable transfer cover also offers the advantage that the fibrous web transfer from the press cover to the transfer cover is assisted by suction devices which draw in the fibrous web through the transfer cover.
  • a good web transfer can also be realized if an extended transfer nip for fibrous web transfer is formed between the transfer element and the press roll.
  • the length of the extended transfer gap between press cover and transfer element is adjustable, thereby the web transfer can be optimally adjusted depending on the fibrous web type and the machine speed.
  • This extended transfer nip which may preferably also be evacuated, extends the transfer area, as a result of which a reliable web transfer can be realized.
  • the fibrous web is guided on a felt through the extended press nip, wherein the position of a felt guide roll, which deflects the felt after the extended press nip, is adjustable so that thereby the contact surface or contact length after the extended press nip between the Felt and the fibrous web is adjustable.
  • this contact surface By enlarging this contact surface, it is possible to ensure that the felt travels a little longer along the fibrous web, this favors the passage of the fibrous web on the press cover or the transfer of the fibrous web onto the press cover.
  • by reducing the contact area between the felt and the fibrous web it is possible to achieve a particularly rapid separation of the felt from the fibrous web after the press nip and thus prevent or minimize rewetting.
  • a contact surface can be realized so that the EinfädelstMail runs securely on the press cover. After threading and spreading of the fibrous web, this contact surface can be reduced so that the rewetting of the fibrous web is minimized.
  • a conventional tissue machine with shoe press technology is shown.
  • the pulp suspension is fed to the forming unit, it occurs between a breast roll 4 and a forming roller 5 from the headbox 1 from.
  • the breast roll 4 is wrapped by an outer fabric 2.
  • the pulp suspension is dewatered so far that forms a fibrous web 9 on the fabric 3.
  • the fabric 3 is preferably a felt which conveys the fibrous web 9 to a shoe press roll 6.
  • an extended press nip is formed in which the fibrous web is mechanically dewatered and transferred to the Yankee cylinder 7.
  • the thermal drying of the fibrous web 9 takes place.
  • a scraper 8 releases the dry fibrous web 9 from the Yankee cylinder 7. Due to the direct contact pressure of the fibrous web 9 to the Yankee cylinder 7, the mechanical drainage is limited, since the shoe press roll 6 can not press any strength for reasons of stability to the Yankee cylinder 7. Most of the maximum line load is limited to 170 kN / m.
  • the inventive pressing arrangement the mechanical dewatering of the fibrous web 9 relative to the pressing arrangement in Fig. 1 be increased considerably.
  • Fig. 2 schematically shows a press section 11 of a board machine according to the prior art.
  • the press section 11 is arranged after a wet end 10 and before the dryer section 12.
  • the fibrous web 9 is passed through the wire 13 of the wet end 10 to the press section 11.
  • the web transfer to the press felt 14a is supported by the evacuated takeover roll 15.
  • the fibrous web 9 is mechanically dewatered by the two shoe presses 16a and 16b.
  • the shoe presses 16a, 16b each consist of a shoe press roll 18a, 18b and a counter roll 17a, 17b.
  • an extended press nip is formed, in which the fibrous web 9 is mechanically dewatered.
  • the moisture from the fibrous web 9 is thereby received by the press felts 14a, 14b, 14c and 14d, which are also performed together with the fibrous web 9 through the extended press nips.
  • the fibrous web 9 is transferred by means of the transfer roller 22 to the dryer wire 21 of the dryer section 12.
  • the fibrous web 9 is guided through the drying wire 21 meandering over the drying cylinder 19 and the suction rolls 20 and thereby thermally dried.
  • a Tissuemaschine is shown with the pressing arrangement according to the invention. It consists of a long-nip press unit 29, which has a press roll 24 with rotating press cover 25 and a counter-roller 23. Between the press roll 24 and the counter roll 23, an extended press nip 26 is formed.
  • the press arrangement according to the invention now works in the following way: The fibrous web 9 is guided on the felt 33 through the extended press nip 26. In the extended press nip 26, the felt 33 absorbs moisture from the fibrous web 9.
  • the felt 33 has a three-dimensional structure in the present example. The fibrous web 9 can thereby escape during the pressing process in the three-dimensional structure of the felt 33. The pressure is thus punctiform and not flat.
  • the felt 33 is separated from the fibrous web 9 immediately after the extended press nip 26 in order to avoid rewetting.
  • the fibrous web no longer runs on the felt 33 but on the press cover 25 on.
  • the press cover 25 transfers the fibrous web 9 onto a transfer element 31 in a transfer region 30.
  • the transfer element 31 is a transfer cover 27.
  • the transfer element can also be a roller which takes over the fibrous web 9 from the press cover 25. This roller can also be drained.
  • the fibrous web transfer to the transfer fabric 27 is supported by the drawn roll 28. Between the evacuated roll 28 and the press roll 24, an extended transfer nip 32 is formed.
  • the transfer fabric 27 is permeable in the present example, of course, the use of a non-permeable transfer fabric 27 is conceivable.
  • the transfer fabric 27 may have a smooth or a textured surface.
  • a further web treatment step of the fibrous web 9 can be carried out, namely a creping or stretching of the fibrous web 9.
  • the surface of the transfer fabric 27 moves slightly slower (lower relative speed) through the extended transfer nip 32 than the press cover 25, thus the fibrous web 9 is slightly compressed or creped during the transfer to the transfer fabric.
  • the transfer cover 27 moves slightly faster (higher relative speed) than the press cover.
  • a faster-moving transfer cover 27 can also have a positive effect on the fibrous web transfer.
  • the conditioning of the transfer fabric 27 should be such that there is no or only a very small humidification of the transfer fabric 27 through the conditioning process. Therefore, the conditioning can be carried out for example with compressed air or a compressed air sword. When conditioning with water, it must be ensured that the transfer fabric 27 is dried or sucked dry before it again takes over the fibrous web 9.
  • the region in which the transfer fabric 27 transports the fibrous web 9 is continuously evacuated. Following the mechanical dewatering in the long-nip press unit 29, the thermal drying takes place on a Yankee cylinder 7, from which the dry fibrous web 9 is scraped off with the aid of a scraper 8.
  • Fig. 3 also the adjustable felt guide 40 is shown.
  • the exit angle of the felt 33 can be adjusted from the long-nip press unit 29, for example by +/- 15 °.
  • the contact surface or the contact length of the felt 33 with the fibrous web 9 after the extended press nip 26 is adjustable.
  • the adjustability of the felt guide roll 40 is represented by a double arrow. By enlarging this contact surface or contact length, it is possible to ensure that the felt 33 runs along the press cover 25 for a little longer, the fibrous web 9 being clamped between the felt 33 and the press cover 25.
  • a reduction of this contact surface between felt 33 and fibrous web 9 causes a particularly rapid separation of the felt 33 from the fibrous web 9 after the extended press nip 26.
  • the fibrous web can be heated.
  • Fig. 4 the long-nip press unit 29 according to the invention is shown in more detail. It can clearly be seen the extended press nip 26 between the press cover 25 of the press roll 24 and the backing roll 23. Also recognizes the extended transfer nip 32 between the press cover 25 of the press roll 24 and the transfer fabric 27.
  • the press roll 24 is designed as a shoe press roll.
  • the extended transfer nip 32 is formed by the transfer fabric 27 being pressed against the press cover 25 by a roller, in the present case by a drawn roller 28, the press cover 25 in the transfer region 30 substantially following the surface contour of the roller 28.
  • the support and guide surface of the press roller 24 for the press cover 25 is formed in the transfer region 30 so that the press cover 25 is pressed in this area to the center axis 39 of the press roller 24, similar to the case in the region of the extended press nip 26.
  • the backing roll 23 of the long-nip press unit 29 may have grooves in the cross-machine direction to improve the drainage.
  • the grooves should be as narrow as possible and be arranged as close together as possible, this can significantly improve the drainage.
  • a groove width smaller than 0.5 mm, especially smaller than 0.4 mm, and a groove number of 5 or more grooves per cm in the circumferential direction of the backing roll 23 is desirable.
  • the surface of the mantle roll 23 may for example be made of a hard elastomer or of metal, in these materials, the grooves can be incorporated well.
  • Fig. 4 are cleaning means 34 for cleaning the press jacket 25 after the transfer area 30 is provided.
  • the cleaning devices 34 may be one or more scrapers or spray nozzles for a cleaning fluid such as water or air.
  • the cleaning device 34 can also be used for the web removal during the transfer of the fibrous web 9.
  • the fibrous web 9 can be removed from the press cover 25, for example, be scraped, and a Pulper are fed until the web run has stabilized and the fibrous web 9 of the dryer section can be supplied.
  • an interface regulation mixture can be applied to the surface of the press jacket 25 before the press cover 25 passes through the extended press nip 26.
  • the application can be carried out for example by a spray bar 35 with spray nozzles which spray the Grenz inhabitregultechniksgemisch on the press cover 25.
  • the surface adhesion of the fibrous web 9 can be influenced on the press cover 25.
  • Interfacial control mixtures include, but are not limited to, all fluids used to surface finish Yankee cylinders 7, as well as TAD chemicals.
  • the dewatering of the fibrous web 9 in the extended press nip 26 can also be improved by heating the fibrous web 9, for example by means of a steam blower box 36, which is arranged in front of the extended press nip 26.
  • the adjustable felt guide roll 40 is also shown.
  • Fig. 5 shows a board machine according to Fig. 2 However, this time with the long-nip press unit 29 according to the invention.
  • the transfer of the fibrous web 9 from the press cover 25 is effected directly onto the dryer wire 21 of the dryer section 12.
  • the fibrous web transfer in the extended transfer nip 32 is assisted by the drawn-through roller 28.
  • the length of the extended transfer nip 32 can be controlled by the immersion depth of the evacuated roll 28 into the nip roll 24.
  • a precisely defined press profile can act on the fibrous web 9.
  • a press profile of a Langnip press unit 29 is in Fig. 6 shown as curve 37.
  • Curve 38 shows a press profile of a press unit with standard rollers without extended press nip 26.
  • the adjustable felt guide 40 also allows adjustment of the contact surface or the contact length between felt 33 and fibrous web 9 after the extended press nip 26th
  • a steam blower box (not shown) may be provided for heating the fibrous web 9 in front of the extended press nip 26.
  • the smallest possible pressing pressure on the fibrous web 9 should preferably act on entry of the fibrous web 9 into the extended press nip 26. This pressing pressure then rises slowly, as can be clearly seen from the curve 37 in FIG Fig. 6 is apparent. By this gentle increase of the pressing pressure, the specific volume (bulk) of the fibrous web 9 is maintained. With increasing dry content of the fibrous web 9, the pressing pressure for further dewatering can be increased, without thereby the bulk is significantly affected. At a dry content of 40 to 50%, the pressing pressure reaches a maximum. At the end of the extended press nip 26, the pressing pressure should drop as quickly as possible, since this largely prevents or minimizes rewetting of the fibrous web 9 by the felt 33.
  • the embodiments shown in the drawings represent only a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • the invention also includes other embodiments in which, for example, the press cover 25 is partially wrapped in the transfer region 30 by the transfer fabric 27. This also forms an extended transfer nip 32 for the transfer of the fibrous web 9.
  • the transfer element (31) is a roller.

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  • Paper (AREA)
EP10004733A 2009-05-19 2010-05-05 Procédé et dispositif de traitement d'une bande de matière fibreuse dans une unité de presse à longue ligne de contact Active EP2264243B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL10004733T PL2264243T3 (pl) 2009-05-19 2010-05-05 Sposób i urządzenie do obróbki pasma materiału włóknistego w jednostce prasującej o długiej szczelinie roboczej

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT0078109A AT508331B1 (de) 2009-05-19 2009-05-19 Verfahren und vorrichtung zur behandlung einer faserstoffbahn in einer langnip-presseinheit

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2264243A1 true EP2264243A1 (fr) 2010-12-22
EP2264243B1 EP2264243B1 (fr) 2012-03-14

Family

ID=42799765

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP10717020A Withdrawn EP2432932A2 (fr) 2009-05-19 2010-04-09 Dispositif et procédé de traitement d'une bande continue de matière fibreuse dans un ensemble de presse à longue zone de pression
EP10004733A Active EP2264243B1 (fr) 2009-05-19 2010-05-05 Procédé et dispositif de traitement d'une bande de matière fibreuse dans une unité de presse à longue ligne de contact

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP10717020A Withdrawn EP2432932A2 (fr) 2009-05-19 2010-04-09 Dispositif et procédé de traitement d'une bande continue de matière fibreuse dans un ensemble de presse à longue zone de pression

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (2) US20120055644A1 (fr)
EP (2) EP2432932A2 (fr)
CN (2) CN102428230A (fr)
AT (3) AT508331B1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2703265C (fr)
ES (1) ES2384090T3 (fr)
PL (1) PL2264243T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO2010132903A2 (fr)

Cited By (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100300635A1 (en) * 2009-05-19 2010-12-02 Wilhelm Mausser Process and device for treating a pulp web in an extended nip pressing unit
AT16404U1 (de) * 2017-05-18 2019-08-15 Voith Patent Gmbh Vorrichtung zur Reinigung einer umlaufenden Bespannung einer Maschine zur Herstellung oder Behandlung einer Faserstoffbahn
EP3623525A1 (fr) * 2018-09-17 2020-03-18 Voith Patent GmbH Machine et procédé de fabrication d'une bande fibreuse

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FI123582B (fi) * 2010-04-29 2013-07-31 Metso Paper Inc Menetelmä ja laitteisto kuiturainan käsittelemiseksi
JP5716378B2 (ja) * 2010-12-17 2015-05-13 王子ホールディングス株式会社 繊維シートの製造装置
AT517329B1 (de) * 2015-10-05 2017-01-15 Andritz Ag Maschf Verfahren zur herstellung einer faserstoffbahn
US10208426B2 (en) * 2016-02-11 2019-02-19 Structured I, Llc Belt or fabric including polymeric layer for papermaking machine
DE102016209780A1 (de) * 2016-06-03 2017-12-07 Voith Patent Gmbh Pressenpartie
AT520319B1 (de) * 2018-03-01 2019-03-15 Andritz Ag Maschf Verfahren und vorrichtung zum behandeln einer faserstoffbahn in einer langnip-presseinheit
DE102018114748A1 (de) 2018-06-20 2019-12-24 Voith Patent Gmbh Laminierte Papiermaschinenbespannung
DE102018119383A1 (de) * 2018-08-09 2020-02-13 Voith Patent Gmbh Maschine und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Wellpappenrohpapierbahn
AT522784B1 (de) * 2020-02-25 2021-02-15 Andritz Ag Maschf Vorrichtung und verfahren zum herstellen einer faserstoffbahn
CN113737559B (zh) * 2021-08-06 2023-07-18 金顺重机（江苏）有限公司 薄页长网造纸设备

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EP1075567B1 (fr) 1998-03-20 2003-08-06 Metso Paper Karlstad Aktiebolag Machine et procede de fabrication pour papier doux
EP1397553B1 (fr) 2001-06-21 2007-01-03 Voith Patent GmbH Procede et machine permettant de produire des bandes de matiere fibreuse
DE10233920A1 (de) 2002-07-25 2004-02-12 Voith Paper Patent Gmbh Schuhpresse
DE102005060379A1 (de) * 2005-12-16 2007-06-21 Voith Patent Gmbh Vorrichutng und Verfahren zur Behandlung einer Faserstoffbahn, insbesondere zur Herstellung einer Tissuepapierbahn

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100300635A1 (en) * 2009-05-19 2010-12-02 Wilhelm Mausser Process and device for treating a pulp web in an extended nip pressing unit
US20120055644A1 (en) * 2009-05-19 2012-03-08 Wilhelm Mausser Apparatus and method for treating a fibrous material web in a long nip press unit
US8349138B2 (en) * 2009-05-19 2013-01-08 Andritz Ag Device for treating a pulp web in an extended nip pressing unit
AT16404U1 (de) * 2017-05-18 2019-08-15 Voith Patent Gmbh Vorrichtung zur Reinigung einer umlaufenden Bespannung einer Maschine zur Herstellung oder Behandlung einer Faserstoffbahn
EP3623525A1 (fr) * 2018-09-17 2020-03-18 Voith Patent GmbH Machine et procédé de fabrication d'une bande fibreuse

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2384090T3 (es) 2012-06-29
CA2703265C (fr) 2016-08-23
AT508305A2 (de) 2010-12-15
AT508331A1 (de) 2010-12-15
AT508305A3 (de) 2013-03-15
CN101892605A (zh) 2010-11-24
ATE549456T1 (de) 2012-03-15
AT508331B1 (de) 2011-05-15
US8349138B2 (en) 2013-01-08
US20120055644A1 (en) 2012-03-08
EP2264243B1 (fr) 2012-03-14
US20100300635A1 (en) 2010-12-02
CN101892605B (zh) 2015-01-14
PL2264243T3 (pl) 2012-08-31
CA2703265A1 (fr) 2010-11-19
CN102428230A (zh) 2012-04-25
WO2010132903A2 (fr) 2010-11-25
EP2432932A2 (fr) 2012-03-28
WO2010132903A3 (fr) 2011-01-06

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