EP2172834B1 - Kombinationsberührungs- und signalumwandlereingabesystem und -verfahren - Google Patents
Kombinationsberührungs- und signalumwandlereingabesystem und -verfahren Download PDFInfo
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- EP2172834B1 EP2172834B1 EP09012472.8A EP09012472A EP2172834B1 EP 2172834 B1 EP2172834 B1 EP 2172834B1 EP 09012472 A EP09012472 A EP 09012472A EP 2172834 B1 EP2172834 B1 EP 2172834B1
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Definitions
- the present invention generally relates to user interfaces for electric devices, and more specifically relates to touch sensors and digitizer systems.
- a variety of different types of input devices are commonly used in a variety of different electronic systems, including computers (e.g., laptop computers, tablet computers, personal digital assistants) and communication devices (e.g., mobile phones, wireless handheld communication devices).
- One type of input device is generally referred to as a touch sensor or proximity sensor.
- a touch sensor uses a variety of different techniques to determine the position of proximate objects, such as fingers.
- capacitive touch sensors determine the position of proximate objects by determining a change in capacitance that occurs due to the presence of proximate objects.
- Another type of input device is commonly referred to as a digitizer tablet, but also referred to as a graphics tablet, graphics pad, or drawing tablet.
- Digitizer tablets include a sensing surface upon which a user can enter input using a transducer, typically implemented as a stylus or other pen-like drawing apparatus.
- a transducer typically implemented as a stylus or other pen-like drawing apparatus.
- the transducer emits an electromagnetic signal, which is detected by the sensing surface.
- the electromagnetic signal detected by the sensing surface is then used and processed to determine the position of the transducer.
- digitizers offer increased position-detection accuracy and resolution when compared to typical touch sensors. Digitizers typically require the use of a specialized transducer for inputting. It has been desirable to combine the attributes (e.g., convenience) of touch sensors with the improved accuracy and resolution of digitizers. Unfortunately, combination touch sensor-digitizers have had limited applicability, mainly due to high cost and complexity associated with implementation, the additional three-dimensional space required to accommodate the combination, and the requirement for special types of displays that could support both touch sensing and transducer (e.g., stylus) sensing. Thus, there remains a continuing need for improved combination touch sensor and transducer-based input devices.
- WO 93/08551 A1 discloses a digitizer tablet with a cordless pointing device which allows detecting the position of the pointing device on the tablet and actuating switches on the pointing device. The respective signals are transmitted from the pointing device to the tablet.
- a pressure-responsive transducer is coupled to the tip of the pointing device and respective pressure signals can be transmitted to the tablet.
- WO 2008/007118 A2 disclosed a transducer for a position sensor, which comprises a single laminate sensor board carrying a plurality of windings formed by conductors on one or more layers of the sensor board, wherein the windings are arrayed over a first area of the sensor board and a detection circuitry is mounted on another layer of the sensor board over a second area of the circuit board and is electrically coupled to the windings.
- the detection circuitry has a first mode of operation in which signals inductively coupled to or from said windings are detected and a second mode of operation in which signals capacitively coupled to or from said windings are detected.
- US 2008/0099254 A1 shows a position-detecting apparatus includes a tablet for transmitting an electromagnetic wave and a position-indicating device for generating a transmission signal based on the electromagnetic wave received from the tablet.
- the position-detecting apparatus detects a position on the tablet indicated by the position-indicating device.
- the position-detecting device includes: a resonance circuit having a coil and a capacitor, a power supply extraction unit, an information reply unit, and a voltage conversion unit configured to generate a second power supply having a predetermined voltage level which is lower than a first power supply extracted by the power supply extraction unit.
- US 2005/0017958 A1 relates to a sensing device for sensing coded data disposed on or in a surface.
- the sensing device is provided in form of a pen which has operative circuitry including sensing means for sensing the coded data.
- the pen is provided with an infrared LED and infrared photodiode for detecting displacement in the cam barrel when either the stylus or the ink cartridge is used for writing, in order to enable a determination of the force being applied to the surface by the pen nib or stylus nib.
- the controller ASIC of the pen enters a quiescent state after a period of inactivity when the pen is not in contact with a surface. It incorporates a dedicated circuit which monitors the force sensor photodiode and wakes up the controller via the power manager on a pen-down event.
- the embodiments of the invention provide systems and methods for facilitating user input into an electronic system.
- Combination touch and transducer input systems are provided, which facilitate user input both with ordinary objects (e.g., fingers) and with transducers that emit an electric field for position detection.
- a combination touch and transducer input system which includes a transducer (e.g., a stylus), an array of electrodes, and a controller coupled to the array of electrodes.
- the array of electrodes and the controller together form a sensor that is used for detecting both the position of a proximate object, such as a finger, and the position of the transducer.
- the transducer is typically in the form of a stylus or other pen-like apparatus, and is configured to generate an electric field.
- the controller of the sensor is configured to operate in a proximate object sensing mode (hereinafter the "touch mode”) and in a transducer sensing mode (hereinafter the "transducer mode”), either simultaneously or in an alternating manner by switching between the two modes in successive sampling periods.
- a proximate object sensing mode hereinafter the "touch mode”
- a transducer sensing mode hereinafter the "transducer mode”
- the controller determines the position(s) of one or more proximate objects (e.g., fingers) by capacitively sensing the object(s) with the array of electrodes. In one example, the controller determines the position of each object by detecting a change in capacitance caused by that object in the array of electrodes.
- the controller determines a position of the transducer by measuring attributes (e.g., amplitudes, phases, etc.) of a plurality of sensing signals that are induced in the array of electrodes by the electric field generated by the transducer. Specifically, as the transducer (an antenna) and each of the array of electrodes are capacitively coupled, the controller determines the position of the transducer by measuring a charge induced at each of the array of electrodes.
- the transducer is further configured to send digital data to the sensor.
- the transducer may include electronic circuitry (e.g., a microcontroller unit (MCU) or microprocessor) configured to encode digital data in the electric field for transmission to the array of electrodes, and the controller of the sensor is configured to decode the digital data received by the array of electrodes.
- the digital data may include data related to the transducer's pen tip pressure, the transducer's switch status, or the transducer's unique ID.
- the transducer is configured to selectively generate an electric field at multiple frequencies and to encode digital data in frequency shifts of the generated electric field, while the controller is configured to detect the plurality of sensing signals at multiple frequencies and to decode the digital data encoded in the frequency shifts.
- the multiple frequencies may be determined, for example, by dividing down a base frequency, so as to avoid harmonics generated by any signal transmitted by the transducer.
- Any suitable Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) technique including the Manchester coding scheme, may be used to encode digital data.
- any other digital modulation technique may be used to encode digital data, including Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) technique, Phase-Shift Keying (PSK) technique, and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) technique.
- ASK Amplitude-Shift Keying
- PSK Phase-Shift Keying
- QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
- the digital data transmission may be bi-directional. That is, in addition to the transducer transmitting digital data to the controller, the controller may be configured to transmit digital data to the transducer.
- the transducer and the controller communicate asynchronously.
- the transducer is configured to selectively generate the electric field at multiple frequencies and the controller is further configured to select one (or more) of the multiple frequency channels as receiving channel(s). For example, the controller may determine a signal-to-noise ratio for each frequency channel and select the frequency channel having the highest signal-to-noise ratio as the receiving channel.
- the transducer of the first system is configured to generate the electric field at a first frequency (or a first set of frequencies) and the transducer of the second system is configured to generate the electric field at a second frequency (or a second set of frequencies) different from the first frequency (or the first set of frequencies), to avoid cross-coupling between the two systems that may be used proximate to each other.
- the array of electrodes includes a first set of elongate electrodes arranged substantially in parallel with each other and extending in a first direction and a second set of elongate electrodes arranged substantially in parallel with each other and extending in a second direction that is different from the first direction.
- the first and second directions may be generally perpendicular to each other.
- Each pair of at least one of the first set of elongate electrodes and at least one of the second set of elongate electrodes forms a capacitor.
- the controller When operating in the touch mode, the controller is configured to supply a signal to each of the first set of elongate electrodes, detect a capacitance change reflected in a signal outputted from each of the second set of elongate electrodes, and determine the position of the proximate object based on the detected capacitance change.
- the controller When operating in the transducer mode using the electric field coupling, the controller is configured to measure attributes (e.g., amplitudes and phases) of a plurality of sensing signals outputted from both the first and second sets of elongate electrodes and calculate the position of the transducer based on the measured attributes.
- the controller when operating in the transducer mode, is configured to measure an attribute of a sensing signal outputted from each of the first or second set of elongate electrodes while selectively terminating (e.g., floating, terminating via a resistor to ground, or grounding) two or more of the first or second set of elongate electrodes that are adjacent to that elongate electrode being sensed, to thereby improve the quality of the sensing signal.
- the two or more of the first set of elongate electrodes that are adjacent to the elongate electrode being sensed are grounded, and the two or more of the second set of elongate electrodes that are adjacent to the elongate electrode being sensed are grounded.
- the two or more of the first set of elongate electrodes that are adjacent to the elongate electrode being sensed are floated, and the two or more of the second set of elongate electrodes that are adjacent to the elongate electrode being sensed are floated.
- the two or more of the first set of elongate electrodes that are adjacent to the elongate electrode being sensed are terminated via an impedance to ground, and the two or more of the second set of elongate electrodes that are adjacent to the elongate electrode being sensed are terminated via an impedance to ground.
- the controller is configured to alter-nate between operating in the touch mode and operating in the transducer mode in successive sampling periods of the system.
- the operating mode may be selected by a user of the system.
- the controller is configured to selectively divide the array of electrodes into a touch mode section and a transducer mode section, and to simultaneously operate in the touch mode in the touch mode section and in the transducer mode in the transducer mode section.
- the touch mode section may consist of a plurality of touch mode sub-sections
- the transducer mode section may consist of a plurality of transducer mode sub-sections.
- the controller periodically switches the touch mode section and the transducer mode section such that a given point on the array of electrodes alternates between being in the touch mode section and being in the transducer mode section.
- the controller includes a cascoded transimpedance amplifier coupled to the array of electrodes.
- the cascoded transimpedance amplifier is configured to amplify the plurality of sensing signals induced by the electric field in the array of electrodes, while advantageously isolating the input capacitance of the array of electrodes from the feedback resistor of the transimpedance amplifier.
- the controller may include an amplifier selected from a group consisting of a charge amplifier, a voltage amplifier, a transimpedance amplifier, and a cascoded transimpedance amplifier, each being coupled to the array of electrodes and configured to amplify the plurality of sensing signals induced by the electric field in the array of electrodes.
- the transducer includes a capacitor or a battery that is configured to function as a power supply for the transducer.
- the controller is configured to determine the position of the transducer by fitting the measured attributes (e.g., amplitudes, phases, etc.) of the plurality of sensing signals to a pre-determined parameterized curve.
- the pre-determined parameterized curve relates a plurality of positions of the transducer relative to one electrode with a plurality of attributes of sensing signals induced in that electrode by the transducer at the plurality of positions, respectively.
- the pre-determined parameterized curve is empirically derived for use with the transducer having a particular tip shape and the array of electrodes having a particular electrode configuration pattern.
- the pre-determined parameterized curve includes a position parameter and at least one or more of a height parameter and a tilt parameter.
- the system further comprises an external processor, such as a processor in a host system (e.g., a PC that includes the combination touch and transducer input system), and the controller and the external processor perform the curve fitting operation, which may be computationally intensive, in distributed processing.
- a cordless transducer is provided, which is configured for use with an array of electrodes, wherein the cordless transducer and the array of electrodes are capacitively coupled.
- the cordless transducer includes a pen-shaped housing including a pen tip at its distal end, and a transducer controller arranged within the pen-shaped housing.
- the transducer controller controls the operation of the cordless transducer, and includes a pressure sensor for detecting the pressure applied to the pen tip.
- the cordless transducer also includes an antenna coupled to the transducer controller to transmit the pressure sensor data, which is detected by the pressure sensor, as digital data to the array of electrodes.
- the transducer controller includes a power storage device, such as a battery or a capacitor, which supplies power to drive the transducer controller, to thereby achieve the cordless transducer.
- the power storage device may comprise a battery.
- the power storage device may comprise a capacitor.
- the capacitor may preferably be configured to be charged with power transmitted from a powering antenna.
- the powering antenna may be located on or near the array of electrodes.
- the capacitor may be configured to be charged when the cordless transducer is placed in a charging station.
- the transducer controller may be configured to awaken the cordless transducer from a sleep mode based on the pressure sensor data detected by the pressure sensor.
- a combination touch and transducer input system which includes a cordless transducer described above, and a sensor.
- the sensor includes an array of electrodes and a sensor controller coupled to the array of electrodes.
- the sensor controller is configured to operate in both a touch mode to determine a position of a proximate object by capacitively sensing the object with the array of electrodes, and in a transducer mode to determine a position of the cordless transducer by measuring attributes of a plurality of sensing signals induced in the array of electrodes by the electric field generated by the cordless transducer.
- the cordless transducer transmits pressure sensor data as digital data to the sensor.
- a combination touch and transducer input system comprises (a) a cordless transducer configured to generate an electric field, the cordless transducer comprising: (i) a pen-shaped housing including a pen tip at its distal end; (ii) a transducer controller arranged within the pen-shaped housing and configured to control the operation of the cordless transducer, the transducer controller including a pressure sensor configured to detect the pressure applied to the pen tip, the transducer controller further including a power storage device; and (iii) an antenna coupled to the transducer controller to transmit the pressure sensor data, which is detected by the pressure sensor, as digital data, wherein the power storage device supplies power to drive the transducer controller; and (b) a sensor comprising: (i) an array of electrodes; and (ii) a sensor controller coupled to the array of electrodes, the sensor controller being configured to: when operating in a touch mode, determine a position of a proximate object by capacitively sensing the object with the array of electrode
- the power storage device of the cordless transducer comprises a capacitor
- the system may further comprise a charging station that is configured to charge the capacitor when the cordless transducer is placed in the charging station.
- the array of electrodes is formed on a single layer without substantially overlapping with each other.
- a combination touch and transducer input system comprises a transducer configured to generate an electric field; an array of electrodes, and a controller coupled to the array of electrodes, the controller being configured to: when operating in a touch mode, determine a position of a proximate object by capacitively sensing the object with the array of electrodes; and when operating in a transducer mode, determine a position of the transducer by measuring attributes of a plurality of sensing signals, the plurality of sensing signals being induced in the array of electrodes by the electric field generated by the transducer, wherein the controller is further configured to determine the position of the transducer by fitting at least some of the measured attributes of the plurality of sensing signals to a pre-determined parameterized curve, the pre-determined parameterized curve relating a plurality of positions of the transducer relative to one electrode with a plurality of attributes of sensing signals induced in that electrode by the transducer at the plurality of positions, respectively.
- the pre-determined parameterized curve is empirically derived for use with the transducer having a tip shape and the array of electrodes having an electrode configuration pattern.
- the pre-determined parameterized curve may include one or more of a position parameter, a height parameter, and a tilt parameter.
- an external processor wherein the controller and the external processor are configured to perform the fitting of at least some of the measured attributes of the plurality of sensing signals to a pre-determined parameterized curve in distributed processing.
- a combination touch and transducer input system comprises a transducer configured to generate an electric field; an array of electrodes, and a controller coupled to the array of electrodes, the controller being configured to: when operating in a touch mode, determine a position of a proximate object by capacitively sensing the object with the array of electrodes; and when operating in a transducer mode, determine a position of the transducer by measuring attributes of a plurality of sensing signals, the plurality of sensing signals being induced in the array of electrodes by the electric field generated by the transducer, wherein the controller is further configured to determine the position of the transducer by fitting at least some of the measured attributes of the plurality of sensing signals to a pre-determined parameterized curve, the pre-determined parameterized curve including a position parameter and at least one or more of a height parameter and a tilt parameter.
- the pre-determined parameterized curve is empirically derived for use with the transducer having a tip shape and the array of electrodes having an electrode configuration pattern.
- the controller and the external processor are configured to perform the fitting of at least some of the measured attributes of the plurality of sensing signals to a pre-determined parameterized curve in distributed processing.
- a combination touch and transducer input system comprises a transducer configured to generate an electric field; an array of electrodes; and a controller coupled to the array of electrodes, the controller being configured to: when operating in a touch mode, determine a position of a proximate object by capacitively sensing the object with the array of electrodes; and when operating in a transducer mode, determine a position of the transducer by measuring attributes of a plurality of sensing signals, the plurality of sensing signals being induced in the array of electrodes by the electric field generated by the transducer; wherein the controller includes a cascoded transimpedance amplifier coupled to the array of electrodes, the cascoded transimpedance amplifier being configured to amplify the plurality of sensing signals induced by the electric field in the array of electrodes.
- a method for selectively determining a position of a proximate object and a position of a transducer.
- the method includes eight steps. First, a proximate object is capacitively sensed with an array of electrodes. Second, a position of the proximate object is determined based on the capacitive sensing. Third, an electric field is generated with the transducer. Fourth, digital data is transmitted from the transducer. Fifth, a plurality of sensing signals are induced based on the electric field in a corresponding plurality of electrodes in the array of electrodes. Sixth, attributes of the plurality of sensing signals are measured.
- a position of the transducer is determined based on the measured attributes of the plurality of sensing signals.
- the digital data is received with the array of electrodes.
- the step of generating an electric field with the transducer may comprise selectively generating the electric field at multiple frequencies with the transducer, and the step of transmitting digital data with the transducer comprises encoding digital data in frequency shifts of the electric field for transmission.
- the data may include one or more of a pressure data, switch status data, and transducer identification data.
- the embodiments of the invention provide systems and methods for facilitating user input into an electronic system.
- a combination touch and transducer input system is provided, which facilitates user input with both ordinary objects (e.g., fingers) and transducers (e.g., styluses) that emit an electric field for position detection.
- FIG. 1 shows an exemplary tablet computer 100, suitable for incorporating a combination touch and transducer input system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the tablet computer 100 includes a display 102, such as a LCD device, over which a generally transparent sensing surface 104 is provided.
- the sensing surface 104 may form part of the combination touch and transducer input system of the present invention, which is used to detect ordinary objects (e.g., finger 106) as well as to detect one or more transducers (e.g., stylus 108).
- an array of electrodes (not shown in FIG. 1 ) that are configured to capacitively sense a proximate object as well as to receive an electric field generated by a transducer to thereby detect the position of the transducer.
- the combination touch and transducer input system is configured to operate in a touch sensing mode (or “touch mode” for short) and in a transducer sensing mode (or “transducer mode” for short), either simultaneously or in an alternating manner by switching between the two modes in successive sampling periods.
- touch mode the system is configured to determine a position of a proximate object by capacitively sensing the object with the array of electrodes.
- transducer mode the system is configured to determine a position of a transducer by measuring attributes (e.g., amplitudes, phases, etc.) of a plurality of sensing signals that are induced in the array of electrodes by an electric field generated by the transducer.
- the same array of electrodes is used for both touch sensing and transducer sensing.
- a user can thus interface with the tablet computer 100 with either an ordinary object (such as a finger 106) or with the transducer (such as a stylus 108).
- the finger 106 and/or the stylus 108 and the sensing surface 104 can perform a variety of user interface functions, such as activating icons, moving a cursor, and entering text and other data.
- the embodiments of the invention can be applied in any type of devices that utilize an input device. Examples include other computing devices, media devices, and communication devices.
- the illustrated embodiment shows a finger 106, any other capacitive object (having a size sufficient to form a mutual capacitance with at least one electrode) can be used for interfacing with the sensor operating in the touch mode.
- the illustrated embodiment shows a stylus 108, any other suitable transducer can be used, including other pen-like devices, pointers, cursors, pucks, mice, pawns, and other implements.
- a combination touch and transducer input system generally consists of a transducer (e.g., the stylus 108 in FIG. 1 ) and a sensor 150, which is shown in FIG. 2 .
- the sensor 150 includes a sensor controller 152 and an array of electrodes 154.
- the array of electrodes 154 includes a first set of generally elongate electrodes 154a extending in a first (e.g., horizontal) direction, and a second set of generally elongate electrodes 154b extending in a second (e.g., vertical) direction that is different from (e.g., perpendicular to) the first direction.
- a sheet or other geometrical arrangement of dielectric material (e.g., glass, not shown) is interposed between the first and second sets of elongate electrodes 154a and 154b. Also, another sheet of material such as glass (not shown in FIG. 2 ) overlays the array of electrodes 154 to insulate and physically protect the array of electrodes 154, to collectively function as the sensing surface 104 of FIG. 1 .
- the array of electrodes 154 is formed by depositing transparent conductive material on one or more sheets.
- a conductor such as indium tin oxide (ITO) may be patterned on one side or both sides of a glass sheet to form the first and second sets of elongate electrodes 154a and 154b, respectively, over which another glass sheet may be applied to form the sensing surface 104.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- a variety of different electrode shapes e.g., diamond-shaped electrodes and square-shaped electrodes
- array patterns may be used, and the array of electrodes 154 for use in the present invention is not limited to the specific configuration illustrated in FIG. 2 . For example, while FIG.
- the array of electrodes 154 formed with two layers of overlapping rectangular electrodes
- the first and second sets of electrodes e.g., diamond-shaped electrodes
- the first and second sets of electrodes do not extend substantially perpendicularly to each other but rather merely extend in two different directions.
- the electrodes in each set need not be substantially in parallel with each other.
- the array pattern may include not only the first and second sets of electrodes, but also the third, fourth, and additional sets of electrodes that are suitably arranged.
- the controller 152 of the sensor 150 is configured to perform signal processing for position determination in the combination touch and transducer input system.
- the sensor controller 152 suitably comprises any type of processing device, including single integrated circuits such as a microprocessor.
- the sensor controller 152 may include multiple separate devices, including any suitable number of integrated circuit devices and/or circuit boards working in cooperation.
- the sensor controller 152 may include devices such as microcontrollers, processors, multiplexers, filters, amplifiers and interfaces.
- the sensor controller 152 is configured to execute programs contained within a memory.
- the sensor controller 152 When operating in the touch mode, the sensor controller 152 is configured to determine positions of one or more proximate object(s) by capacitively sensing each object with the array of electrodes 154.
- Various techniques for capacitive touch detection are known in the art, including multi-touch detection techniques capable of detecting multiple touches at a time. For example, as the sensor controller 152 sequentially drives a signal to each of the first set of elongate electrodes 154a in the array of electrodes 154 as shown in FIG. 2 , each intersection of the first set of elongate electrodes 154a and the second set of elongate electrodes 154b forms a capacitor.
- each pair of at least one of the first set of elongate electrodes 154a and at least one of the second set of elongate electrodes 154b which may or may not overlap with the at least one of the first set of elongate electrodes 154a, forms a capacitor.
- an object such as a finger
- a portion of the electric field lines extending from that capacitor is drawn toward the finger, to thereby cause a decreasing change in capacitance of the capacitor.
- Such change in capacitance is reflected in a signal outputted from one of the second set of elongate electrodes 154b that is forming the capacitor.
- the controller 152 can determine the position of the proximate object based on which one of the first set of elongate electrodes 154a is receiving a driving signal (e.g., Y coordinate) and which one of the second set of elongate electrodes 154b is outputting a signal indicative of a capacitance change (e.g., X coordinate).
- a driving signal e.g., Y coordinate
- a capacitance change e.g., X coordinate
- FIG. 3A is a simplified block diagram of a transducer 175 for use in a combination touch and transducer input system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the transducer 175 includes a transducer controller 177 and an antenna 179.
- FIG. 3B is a partially cross-sectional view of a transducer 175 embodied as a stylus according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the stylus transducer 175 includes a generally cylindrical elongate body 330, which houses the transducer controller 177 (see FIG. 4 ), and an antenna 179 embodied as a pen tip of the stylus transducer 175.
- 3B is suitable for use in electrically (or capacitively) coupling the antenna 179 and the array of electrodes 154, using the electric field generated by the transducer 175.
- the following description is generally related to these embodiments in which a transducer and a sensor are electrically (or capacitively) coupled.
- a transducer and a sensor may be magnetically coupled, using the magnetic field component of an electromagnetic field generated by the transducer, as will be described later in reference to FIG. 11D .
- the transducer controller 177 controls the operation of the transducer 175 and, as will be more fully described below in reference to FIG. 4 , may suitably comprise any type of processing device, including single integrated circuits such as a microprocessor. Additionally, the transducer controller 177 may include multiple separate devices, including any suitable number of integrated circuit devices and/or circuit boards working in cooperation. For example, the transducer controller 177 may include devices such as pressure sensors, switches, capacitors, regulators, microcontrollers and processors.
- the transducer controller 177 regulates the emitting of an electric field from the antenna 179.
- the electric field emitted by the antenna 179 will induce sensing signals in one or more electrodes.
- an amount of charge Q is stored on the transducer antenna 179 that effectively forms a top plate of a capacitor, and an electric field is established between the transducer antenna 179 and one or more of the array of electrodes 154 that effectively form a bottom plate of the capacitor.
- This electric field induces an opposing charge on the one or more of the array of electrodes 154, wherein the amount of charge induced is proportional to the capacitance between the transducer antenna 179 and the one or more electrodes.
- the current flow or more particularly, attributes (e.g., amplitudes, phases, etc.) of the currents (sensing signals) induced in the array of electrodes 154 are measured and used to determine the position of the transducer 175.
- the sensor controller 152 when operating in the transducer mode, is configured to determine a position of the transducer 175 based on the attributes of a plurality of sensing signals that are induced in the array of electrodes 154.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the transducer 175 according to one embodiment of the invention.
- the transducer 175 includes a transducer controller 177 and an antenna 179.
- the transducer controller 177 controls the operation of the transducer 175 and may suitably comprise any type of processing device.
- the transducer controller 177 includes a pressure sensor 306, a power arbitrator 308, a side switch 310, a capacitor 314 (e.g., a super capacitor), a charge input connecter 315, a regulator 316, and a microcontroller unit (MCU) 318.
- the power arbitrator 308 and the MCU 318 are coupled via a general purpose input/output (GPIO) 312, and the MCU 318 and the antenna 179 are coupled via another GPIO.
- GPIO general purpose input/output
- the transducer controller 177 and their required interfaces may be mounted on an appropriately sized circuit board 329, which is then housed within an appropriate transducer body 330.
- all components except for the capacitor 314 are mounted on the board 329 inside the pen-shaped body 330.
- the pressure sensor 306 is provided near the tip of the stylus so as to detect a pressure applied to the tip formed by the antenna 179 when the tip is applied against the sensing surface. In other embodiments, though, the pressure sensor 306 may be placed further away from the tip via a mechanism or linkage that transmits the pressure information from the tip to the location of the pressure sensor 306.
- the side switch 310 is provided to be exposed on the side of the pen-shaped body 330.
- the capacitor 314, such as a super capacitor, is provided in the rear portion of the pen-shaped body 330, with the charge input connector 315 being exposed on the rear end of the pen-shaped body 330 to be connected to a charging docking station (not shown).
- the antenna 179 which functions as a pen tip for the stylus transducer 175 of FIG. 3B , may be configured of any suitable conductive material and may be formed in any suitable shape.
- the stylus illustrated in FIG. 3B has a length of 120 mm and a diameter of 11 mm, although the dimensions of the stylus transducer are not so limited according to the present invention.
- the capacitor 314 is provided to function as a power source for the transducer 175. Any capacitor, such as a super capacitor having a high energy density, to provide enough power to operate the transducer 175 for a sufficient length of time may be used. For example, a 0.2F capacitor with a rated voltage of 3.3V will be able to provide sufficient power in most applications.
- the diameter of the capacitor 314 may define the diameter of the stylus-type transducer 175 and, therefore, by reducing the diameter of the capacitor 314, the diameter of the transducer 175 may be made smaller to be in the range of 3-7 mm.
- the capacitor 314 can be charged from a variety of sources. For example, as illustrated, it may be charged via the charge input connector 315 when the transducer 175 is placed in a docking station or other storage area of an associated device (not shown). When the transducer 175 is placed in the docking station, power is transmitted through an ohmic contact or from an antenna of the docking station to the transducer 175 and more specifically to the capacitor 314. In another embodiment, the capacitor 314 may be charged by receiving an electromagnetic signal from the array of electrodes 154 or from powering antennas provided separately from the array of electrodes for this purpose. The powering antenna may be located on or near the array of electrodes 154.
- the transducer 175 may use the antenna 179 or a separate antenna that is provided specifically for this purpose. In these embodiments, the transducer 175 can be recharged during use, and therefore a smaller capacitor 314 may be used. It should be noted that the capacitor 314 is one example of a power source suitable for use with the transducer 175, and other types of power sources may likewise be used, such as a battery and a corded power supply.
- the pressure sensor 306 is used to detect pressure applied to the transducer 175 and, more specifically, to the tip of the transducer in case of a stylus-form transducer. The detected pressure is then used to control various operations of the transducer 175 and the combination touch and transducer input system.
- the pressure sensor 306 is mounted at the tip of a pen-like transducer such that the pressure sensor 306 can measure the pressure at which the tip is applied to the sensing surface 104.
- the detected pressure is used to "awaken" the transducer 175 from a default sleep mode. By providing a sleep mode, and awaking the transducer 175 only when tip pressure is detected, the operating time of the transducer 175 can be reduced to thereby conserve power.
- the pressure sensor 306 can be used to force the combination touch and transducer input system to remain operating in the transducer mode as long as a pressure value above a certain threshold is detected, instead of switching to operating in the touch mode.
- the pressure sensor 306 can be used to indicate the width or darkness of a user's stroke, such as a smaller pressure indicating a thin or light stroke, or a larger pressure indicating a wide or dark stroke desired by the user.
- a variety of different types of circuits can be used to implement the pressure sensor 306.
- a variable resistor that changes resistance as pressure is applied can be used. The change in resistance is measured and digitized by an appropriate analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and then transmitted to the MCU 318 for processing to determine the detected pressure level.
- ADC analog-to-digital converter
- the side switch 310 is a switch that allows a user to control operation of the transducer 175, similar to the right- and left-clicking of a mouse, for example.
- the state of the side switch 310 is passed to the MCU 318 and used in controlling the operation of the transducer 175. For example, it can be used to put the transducer 175 into different operating modes, such as in different colors or in different types of stroke.
- the switch information received from the side switch 310, as well as the transducer ID information may be then encoded as digital data by the MCU 318, for transmission from the antenna 179 to the array of electrodes 154, as will be more fully described below.
- the regulator 316 provides power regulation for the transducer 175, and in particular provides a regulated power supply for the MCU 318. Especially in cordless transducer applications powered by the capacitor 314 or a battery, it is desirable to minimize power consumption.
- the power regulator 316 preferably provides a sleep or shut-down mode with low current draw, in addition to an awake mode with regular current draw.
- the power arbitrator 308 monitors a pressure signal received from the pressure sensor 306 and, when the detected pressure level exceeds a certain threshold value as determined by the MCU 318, may enable the regulator 316 to switch from the sleep mode to the awake mode to awaken the transducer 175. Substantial power saving is possible with awaking the transducer 175 only when sufficient tip pressure is detected.
- a variety of different types of power regulators can be used, including various programmable devices with controllable output levels. The operation of the transducer 175 to switch between the sleep mode and the awake mode will be described below in reference to FIG. 15 .
- the microcontroller unit (MCU) 318 carries out the overall processing for the transducer 175 and performs generally three functions: controlling the regulator 316 via the power arbitrator 308, providing a driving signal for the antenna 179, and hopping the driving signal frequency to provide noise immunity and/or to encode digital data in the driving signal.
- the MCU 318 is a programmable device that includes an onboard digitally controlled oscillator. The digitally controlled oscillator provides a driving signal for the antenna 179.
- the oscillator can be controlled to provide a range of different frequencies to achieve frequency hopping and to encode digital data (e.g., pressure data, switch status data, and pen ID data) in frequency shifts of the driving signal for the antenna 179.
- digital data e.g., pressure data, switch status data, and pen ID data
- the MCU 318 is configured to encode digital data in amplitude shifts or phase shifts of the driving signal for the antenna 179.
- the MCU 318 controls the timing, durations, frequencies, amplitudes, and phases of driving signals for the antenna 179. Therefore, the electric field generated by the antenna 179 is used by the sensor 150 not only to determine a position of the transducer 175, but also to receive and decode the digital data encoded therein by the transducer 175.
- the MCU 318 preferably provides a low power mode which reduces operating current.
- the lower power mode can be used between transmission times to reduce overall power consumption.
- a microcontroller unit with low power consumption suitable for use as the MCU 318 is a MSP430 microcontroller available from Texas Instruments.
- FIG. 5A is a block diagram of the sensor 150 including the array of electrodes 154 and the controller 152 (see FIG. 2 ).
- the controller 152 functions to perform signal processing for position determination of an object (e.g., a finger) and the transducer 175, as well as for decoding digital data encoded in the electric field generated by the transducer 175.
- the controller 152 includes an analog multiplexer (Mux) 410, another analog multiplexer 412, a processing stage 414, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 416, and a microprocessor unit (MPU) 420, which generally form the transducer's position and digital data sensing portion of the controller 152.
- Mux analog multiplexer
- ADC analog-to-digital converter
- MPU microprocessor unit
- the controller 152 also includes a filter and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 418 which together with the multiplexer 410 and the MPU 420 form the capacitive touch sensing portion of the controller 152.
- ADC analog-to-digital converter
- One example of a microprocessor unit suitable for use as the MPU 420 is a programmable system-on-chip (PSOC) microprocessor available from Cypress.
- PSOC programmable system-on-chip
- FIG. 5A is merely one example, and other configurations of the controller 152 are possible as should be apparent to one skilled in the art.
- the capacitive touch sensing portion and the transducer's position and digital data sensing portion can be partially or fully combined and integrated together.
- the MPU 420 is shared by both the capacitive sensing portion and the transducer's position and digital data sensing portion.
- the multiplexer 410 selectively couples the array of electrodes 154 to the capacitive touch sensing portion and/or to the transducer's position and digital data sensing portion of the controller 152 depending on the operational mode of the system.
- the multiplexer 410 can be implemented with suitable analog multiplexers. These multiplexers are preferably selected to have relatively low charge injection so as not to significantly disturb the capacitance of the array of electrodes 154.
- the multiplexer 410 is coupled to the analog multiplexer 412 in the transducer's position and digital data sensing portion, and to the filter and ADC 418 in the capacitive sensing portion.
- the filter and ADC 418 is configured to suitably amplify, filter, and digitize the received signals, which the MPU 420 processes to measure any capacitance change caused by object(s) to thereby determine the position of the object(s).
- the MPU 420 may drive an electric signal to each of the first set of elongate electrodes 154a, which forms a capacitor with each of the second set of elongate electrodes 154b, and any change in capacitance at each capacitor is monitored and measured through the corresponding one of the second set of electrodes 154b.
- the MPU 420 performs the processing necessary to determine the position of the object(s) based on the measured capacitance change.
- a combination touch and transducer input system may be advantageously constructed from any suitable capacitive touch sensor, to which the transducer's position and digital data sensing function can be added.
- the analog multiplexer 412 in the transducer's position and digital data sensing portion serves to connect individual electrodes in the array of electrodes 154 to the processing stage 414 during the transducer mode.
- the electrodes are not coupled to the processing stage 414, they are selectively terminated (e.g., grounded, terminated through a resistor to ground, or floated), as will be more fully described below in reference to FIGS. 11B and 11C .
- the processing stage 414 functions to amplify and filter the sensing signals received from the array of electrodes 154.
- the processing stage 414 can thus include a variety of amplifiers and filters. An example of the processing stage 414 will be described in detail below in reference to FIG. 6 .
- the amplified and filtered signals in analog form are then received by the ADC 416 and outputted therefrom in digital form to the MPU 420.
- the processing stage 414 includes an amplifier 502, an automatic gain control (AGC) 504, a notch filter 506, a bandpass filter 508 (e.g., a wideband bandpass filter), and an anti-aliasing filter 510.
- AGC automatic gain control
- notch filter 506 e.g., a notch filter
- bandpass filter 508 e.g., a wideband bandpass filter
- anti-aliasing filter 510 e.g., a wideband bandpass filter
- the amplifier 502 amplifies the signal received from the selected electrode.
- Various types of amplifiers may be used, including a charge amplifier, a voltage amplifier, a transimpedance amplifier, and a cascoded transimpedance amplifier.
- FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary charge amplifier 600, which may be used as the amplifier 502 of FIG. 6 .
- the charge amplifier 600 includes an operational amplifier (or "op amp") 602 set up with negative feedback through a capacitor 606.
- the inverting input of the op amp 602 is connected to the electrode line.
- a resistor 607 can be included in parallel with the feedback capacitor 606, to thereby create a DC path that allows the inverting terminal's bias currents to flow without compromising the characteristics of the charge amplifier as set by the feedback capacitor 606.
- This design differs from the transimpedance amplifier in the cascoded transimpedance amplifier of FIG. 10 , to be described below, wherein the feedback resistor 904 is sized in relation to the feedback capacitor 906 so that the impedance of the resistor 904 dominates in the feedback loop over the impedance of the capacitor 906.
- the appropriate values of the feedback resistors and capacitors as used in FIGS. 7 and 10 will be readily determinable by those skilled in the art.
- FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary voltage amplifier 700, which may be used as the amplifier 502 of FIG. 6 .
- the voltage amplifier 700 includes an op amp 702 and resistors 704 and 706.
- the electrode line is connected to the resistor 706.
- FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary transimpedance amplifier 800, which may be used as the amplifier 502 of FIG. 6 .
- the transimpedance amplifier 800 includes an op amp 802 and a resistor 804.
- the inverting input of the op amp 802 is connected to the electrode line.
- a current flowing through the feedback resistor 804 surrounding the op amp 802 is converted to a voltage.
- FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary cascoded transimpedance amplifier 900, which may be used as the amplifier 502 of FIG. 6 .
- the cascoded transimpedance amplifier 900 includes an op amp 902, a resistor 904, a capacitor 906, two constant current sources 908, 909, and a transistor, such as an NPN transistor 910.
- the cascoded transimpedance amplifier 900 is advantageous in that it isolates the input capacitance of the electrode line from the feedback resistor 904 of the transimpedance amplifier 900 with the NPN transistor 910, allowing higher transimpedance gains to be realized without sacrificing bandwidth or signal to noise ratio. It also has improved stability by incorporating the feedback capacitor 906 in parallel with the feedback resistor 904 to control the noise gain at higher frequencies.
- the NPN transistor 910 is configured as a common-base current buffer and, as such, allows a current flowing into its emitter (E) to flow through the transistor 910 and out to its collector (C). The current is then picked up by the transimpedance amplifier and converted to a voltage signal.
- the resistance r is seen by the electrode capacitance and creates a RC constant that can limit the bandwidth of the transimpedance amplifier.
- two equal constant current sources 908, 909 are included in this design to establish an appropriate bias current so that the emitter resistance r is set small enough to allow the signal picked up by the electrode to pass through to the transimpedance amplifier.
- one constant current source may be used to achieve the same effect, although with only one current source the bias current may have no other way but to flow through the transimpedance amplifier. This will cause a large DC offset to be detected which, with sufficient gain, will saturate the transimpedance amplifier and wipe out the desired signal.
- Using two matched constant current sources 908, 909, as illustrated, ensures that the bias current injected into the NPN transistors 900 is also picked up and drawn away from the transimpedance amplifier.
- the amplified signal from the amplifier 502 is passed to the automatic gain control (AGC) 504.
- AGC automatic gain control
- the AGC 504 uses feedback from the MPU 420, the AGC 504 automatically scales the output of the amplifier 502.
- the AGC 504 is adjusted so that the dynamic range of the signal eventually fed into the ADC 416 closely matches its full scale reference. This can reduce digitization noise that could otherwise result when weaker signals are received by the array of electrodes 154.
- the output of the AGC 504 is passed to the notch filter 506.
- the notch filter 506 is provided to remove noise spikes, such as those caused by powerline noise that is picked up by the array of electrodes 154.
- a 50/60 Hz notch filter can be used to remove typical power line noise.
- the output of the notch filter 506 is passed to the bandpass filter 508, such as a wideband bandpass filter.
- the bandpass filter 508 is provided to pass only the selected range of predefined frequencies while blocking or removing other frequencies.
- the output of the bandpass filter 508 is passed to the anti-aliasing filter 510.
- the anti-aliasing filter 510 is a filter to reduce noise above a certain frequency to match the output signal to the ADC 416, to ensure that the ADC sampling is not aliased or distorted.
- the anti-aliasing filter 510 is typically implemented with a filter having a very sharp cut-off frequency.
- the processing stage 414 thus amplifies and filters the signals induced in and received from the array of electrodes 154.
- the output of the processing stage 414 is passed to the analog to digital converter (ADC) 416.
- the ADC 416 digitizes the analog output of the processing stage 414.
- the ADC 416 has a sample rate of 1 million samples per second. This provides a sufficient sampling rate to avoid aliasing when the transducer 175 transmits at frequencies up to 250 kHz.
- the digitized output of the ADC 416 is passed to the MPU 420.
- the MPU 420 performs the processing for determining the position of the transducer 175 based on the received signals, as well as for decoding digital data (e.g., pressure data, switch status data, and pen ID data) encoded in the received signals. Exemplary processes used to encode digital data in the transducer signal, and to scan and decode the transducer signal both to determine a position of the transducer and to decode the digital data, will be described later in reference to FIGS. 11A-16 .
- the transducer 175 may transmit digital data (e.g., pressure data, switch status data, and pen ID data) to the sensor 150 using other RF techniques such as via a Bluetooth® device pursuant to IEEE 802.15 standards including Bluetooth and ZigBee protocols.
- digital data e.g., pressure data, switch status data, and pen ID data
- other RF techniques such as via a Bluetooth® device pursuant to IEEE 802.15 standards including Bluetooth and ZigBee protocols.
- the combination touch and transducer input system may be configured to operate in a touch sensing mode and in a transducer sensing mode in an alternating manner by switching between the two modes in successive sampling periods.
- the controller 152 and, more specifically the MPU 420 is configured to control the multiplexer 410 so as to perform the touch sensing and transducer sensing in an alternating manner.
- the operating mode may be selected by a user of the system.
- the sensor 150 may include a switch, which the user may operate to select one of the two modes.
- the system operating in the transducer mode may remain operating in the transducer mode as long as it is receiving digital data from the transducer 175 indicating that a pen pressure above a certain threshold value has been detected.
- the pressure sensor 306 may be used to sense the stylus-type transducer's tip pressure to thereby awaken the transducer only upon detecting a pen pressure exceeding a threshold value.
- either the pressure value, or the awake mode may be sent from the transducer 175 to the sensor 150.
- the digital data may be encoded in the electric field generated by the transducer 175 and transmitted to the sensor 150.
- the controller 152 may reset its timer to automatically remain operating in the transducer mode for a predetermined amount of time, without switching to the touch mode.
- the array of electrodes 154 is divided into a touch mode section, denoted by 1, and a transducer mode section, denoted by 2.
- the controller 152 is configured to simultaneously operate in the touch mode in the touch mode section 1 and in the transducer mode in the transducer mode section 2.
- the array of electrodes 154 needs to be suitably reconfigured, as well as its connection with the multiplexer 410.
- the array of electrodes 154 is divided into four quadrants, two quadrants 422 forming the touch mode section 1 and the other two quadrants 424 forming the transducer mode section 2, at Time 1.
- the controller 152 may be further configured to selectively switch the touch mode section 1 and the transducer mode section 2 so that a given point on the array of electrodes 154 alternates between being in the touch mode section and being in the transducer mode section. For example, in FIG. 5B , at Time 2, the touch mode section and the transducer mode section are switched, such that the two quadrants 422 that previously formed the touch mode section now form the transducer mode section 2, while the other quadrants 424 that previously formed the transducer mode section now form the touch mode section 1.
- each mode section may instead consist of one section or of three or more sub-sections.
- shape of each section and sub-section, as well as the pattern in which multiple sections and sub-sections are combined are not limited to what is illustrated in FIG. 5B .
- each section or sub-section may have an elongate shape and be arranged generally in parallel with each other to form stripes.
- FIG. 11A is a flow chart illustrating one example of a process performed by the sensor controller 152 to scan the signals from the array of electrodes 154 during the transducer mode.
- the multiplexers 410, 412 are set to receive a signal from the first horizontal ITO line, e.g., the first Y electrode.
- the selected horizontal ITO line is scanned.
- step 1007 the multiplexers 410, 412 are set to receive a signal from the first vertical ITO line, e.g., the first X electrode.
- step 1009 the selected vertical ITO line is scanned.
- step 1011 it is determined whether there are more vertical ITO lines to be scanned. If yes, in step 1013 the next vertical ITO line is selected, and returning to step 1009, the selected next vertical ITO line is scanned.
- step 1011 If in step 1011 it is determined that no more vertical ITO lines exist, i.e., if it is determined that the entire array of electrodes 154 has been scanned, proceeding to step 1015, feedback from the scanned data is used to adjust the gain of the AGC 504 in the processing stage 414 of the controller 152.
- the process of FIG. 11A runs concurrently with other software run by the MPU 420. This ensures that there is a constant stream of signal samples coming in from the array of electrodes 154.
- FIGS. 11B and 11C during the electrode scanning as described above in reference to FIG. 11A , it has been discovered that selectively terminating the electrodes adjacent to the electrode being sensed improves the capacitive response of the sensed electrode to thereby produce a stable signal with improved signal-to-noise ratio.
- FIG. 11B shows one of the second set of elongate electrodes 426 being sensed, while the adjacent electrodes in the second set of elongate electrodes 154b are all terminated via a resistor R to ground.
- the first set of elongate electrodes 154a are all grounded.
- selective terminated means any of the selected states including being grounded (zero or low impedance), being floated (i.e., not significantly constrained in its voltage relationship to ground, with high or infinite impedance), and being terminated via an impedance to ground, i.e., via a resistor or another electronic device (having a selected value of impedance) to ground.
- FIG. 11B shows all of the adjacent electrodes in the second set of elongate electrodes 154b, although in other embodiments only two or more of the adjacent electrodes may be terminated via a resistor (or floated, or grounded).
- FIG. 11C shows another exemplary embodiment according to the present invention, in which one of the second set of elongate electrodes 426 is sensed, while two adjacent electrodes 427 on either side of the electrode 426 (total four adjacent electrodes 427) are floated. The remaining electrodes are grounded. In this embodiment, these adjacent electrodes 427 are not coupled to ground even via another device such as a resistor.
- three or four adjacent electrodes on either side of the electrode 426 may be floated, or terminated via a resistor, with the rest of the electrodes being grounded. Contrary to conventional wisdom that not grounding all of the adjacent electrodes will trigger cross-coupling among adjacent electrodes, in some applications, floating or terminating via a resistor the adjacent electrodes surprisingly improves capacitive coupling between the transducer 175 and the electrode being sensed 426.
- grounding all of the adjacent electrodes will reduce capacitive coupling among adjacent electrodes to thereby improve the capacitive response of the electrode being sensed. This may be true, for example, when highfrequency signals are used or when the electrodes are very thin and have a width on the order of 1 mm and are finely spaced.
- a suitable manner of selective termination e.g., how many of the adjacent electrodes should be floated, terminated via a resister, or grounded
- FIG. 11D illustrates a sample configuration of a sensor 150' suitable for use in a magnetic coupling example.
- the second set of (vertical) electrodes 154b have one side of each shorted together through a trace "T 1 " while the other side of each is connected to switches S 1 S 14 , so that any of the second set of electrodes 154b may be connected to ground or to a sense line L connected to the controller 152 (not shown).
- the illustrated example only one electrode 154b' is connected to the sense line L at a time, though in other examples two or more of the second set of electrodes 154b or of the first set of electrodes 154a may be simultaneously connected to the sense line L.
- FIG. 11D shows switches S 1 - S 14 for the second set of electrodes 154b only, it should be understood that a similar set of switches are also connected to the first set of electrodes 154a.
- a loop is formed that is enclosed by the second and the fourth (from the left) electrodes 154b" and 154b', the section of the trace “T 1 " connecting these two electrodes, the sense line L (to the controller 152), and a return path P (from the controller 152) through ground that the signal must take to arrive back at the grounded electrode 154b".
- Any magnetic flux that flows through the area enclosed by this loop will produce an electromotive force, which can be interpreted as a current source or a voltage source connected in series with the loop.
- a voltage amplifier such as the one shown in FIG. 8
- a transimpedance amplifier such as those shown in FIGS.
- a signal induced in the loop by a magnetic transducer can be detected. Based on the detection of such signals across a number of loops, respectively, the position of the magnetic transducer can be calculated and determined.
- the magnetic transducer is configured similarly to the transducer shown in FIG. 3B , except that it will have a loop (or coil) antenna capable of producing a stronger magnetic field as compared to the generally pin-shaped antenna 179 of FIG. 3B .
- the first set of electrodes 154a are denoted as “ITO Bottom” and the second set of electrodes 154b are denoted as "ITO Top,” the top and bottom orientation of the electrodes is not so limited according to the present invention.
- the signals sequentially selected by the multiplexers 410, 412 are then amplified by the amplifier 502, scaled by the AGC 504, filtered by the notch filter 506, the bandpass filter 508, and the anti-aliasing filter 510, and then converted into digital values by the ADC 416.
- the MPU 420 is configured to perform filtering of the digital values received from the ADC 416.
- digital filtering may be implemented by a processor which is not part of MPU 420.
- the notch filter 506, the bandpass filter 508, and the anti-aliasing filter 510 substantially remove the noise, there may remain further noise that could be removed.
- the sensor controller 152 preferably uses a digital filtering technique, in the MPU 420 or in a separate processor, to remove this remaining noise from the digital values outputted from the ADC 416.
- a digital filtering technique in the MPU 420 or in a separate processor, to remove this remaining noise from the digital values outputted from the ADC 416.
- Any suitable IIR (infinite impulse response) or FIR (finite impulse response) filters may be used.
- the digital filtering procedure is preferably implemented as software run by the MPU 420, though it may be implemented in another processor.
- the digital filtering procedure includes three channels of filtering. Each channel corresponds to one of multiple frequencies at which the electric field can be generated by the transducer 175.
- the transducer 175 is configured to selectively transmit at any of three frequencies, and thus the digital filtering procedure includes three corresponding channels, though in other embodiments more frequency channels may be included.
- Each filtering channel includes a band pass filter having a different pass frequency (F 1 , F 2 , F 3 ,), a rectification stage, and a low pass filter.
- the filter frequencies are selected to filter out noise from known nearby noise sources, such as the noise from a nearby LCD screen.
- the output of the three band pass filters is each rectified and passed to a corresponding low pass filter.
- the rectification and low pass filtering of the digital values filters out the remaining noise and extracts relevant attribute (e.g., amplitude, phase, etc.) information from the inputted digital values.
- the output of the digital filtering therefore provides an accurate basis for determining the position of the transducer 175 and for decoding digital data encoded in the signal received from the transducer 175.
- two or more frequency channels are used for better noise rejection.
- some LCD screens radiate sharp peaks at certain frequencies. If one of these frequencies is the same as the frequency used by the transducer 175, other frequencies also available to the transducer 175 can be used instead.
- the controller 152 of the sensor 150 is further configured to determine a signal-to-noise ratio for each of multiple frequency channels and selects the frequency channel(s) having the highest signal-to-noise ratio as the receiving channel(s), perhaps as part of the calibration process at design time.
- the controller 152 may then send digital data indicative of the selected receiving channel(s) to the transducer 175 during the transducer mode, as will be described below.
- the transducers of those systems are configured to transmit electric fields at different frequencies (or at different sets of frequencies) from each other, so as to avoid cross-coupling between the two or more systems.
- the position of the transducer 175 is determined based on measured attributes (e.g., amplitudes, phases, etc.) of a plurality of sensing signals, which are induced in the array of electrodes 154 by the electric field generated by the transducer 175. For example, amplitudes of the multiple signals induced in multiple electrodes, respectively, may be measured and compared with each other to identify the greatest amplitude.
- the position of the transducer 175 is determined based on the general notion that the signal having the greatest amplitude is induced in the electrode that is closest to the transducer 175. In other embodiments, phases of the multiple signals induced in multiple electrodes, respectively, may be measured and compared with each other to determine the position of the transducer 175.
- the phase difference in signals induced in two electrodes that are 5 cm apart would be 18 degrees.
- their phases can be reconstructed.
- the relative movement of the transducer with respect to each electrode can be determined. For instance, continuing with the same example, if the transducer moves by 1 cm away from an electrode, the phase of a signal induced in that electrode would shift by 3.6 degrees. With this method, only the relative movement of the transducer with respect to each electrode is known. By periodically changing the frequencies of the transducer signal, the timing at which different electrodes sense phase shifts can be detected and compared.
- the first electrode that senses a phase shift after a frequency change is the one that is closest to the transducer. Then, by detecting subsequent phase shifts sensed in other electrodes, the absolute position of the transducer can be determined. Thereafter, with the same frequency, the phase shifts in different electrodes are monitored to determine the relative movement of the transducer with respect to each electrode until the next frequency change, at which time the absolute position of the transducer can be determined again.
- a curve-fitting technique is employed in determining the position of the transducer 175 based on the attributes (e.g., amplitudes, phases, etc.) of the signals induced in the array of electrodes 154, which are subsequently converted to digital values and filtered.
- the MPU 420 is configured to perform a curve fitting with the digital values, either within MPU 420 or in combination with one or more processors, such as a main processor included in a host device (e.g., a PC that incorporates a combination touch and transducer input system of the invention as an input/display system).
- a main processor included in a host device e.g., a PC that incorporates a combination touch and transducer input system of the invention as an input/display system.
- Such distributed processing may be used in some applications when the curve-fitting processing is computationally intensive.
- the measured and filtered signals from the array of electrodes 154 may be ported from the MPU 420 to the processor in a host system for further processing, and thereafter the resulting signals may be ported back into the MPU 420, via a serial interface such as a selectable USB or RS232 interface (see FIG. 5A ).
- a suitable curve can be empirically derived for any combination touch and transducer input system including a transducer that has a particular tip (antenna) shape and an array of electrodes that has a particular electrode configuration pattern (i.e., the shape of each electrode and the pattern in which the array of electrodes are arranged).
- the transducer position determination based on curve-fitting is advantageous in that a suitable curve can be derived for virtually any combination touch and transducer input system, and also a curve derived for a particular combination touch and transducer input system can be robustly applied in the same combination touch and transducer input systems that are then mass produced.
- the curve-fitting technique is sufficiently robust to account for normal variations expected in the manufacturing processes of the systems, such as in an ITO manufacturing process. Because such curves can be calibrated for a wide variety of different electrode shapes and array patterns, this technique facilitates the use of many different shapes and configurations of the array of electrodes, including those shapes and configurations that have been primarily designed for capacitive touch sensing.
- FIG. 13A is a flow chart illustrating a sample process used to determine a position of the transducer based on a curve-fitting technique, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- step 1300 signal data induced in the array of electrodes 154 are collected as the transducer 175 is placed at multiple known positions over the array of electrodes.
- step 1302 a parameterized curve is defined that best fits the collected signal data. These two steps may be performed at design time, and the defined curve is then stored in the controller 152 of the sensor 150.
- step 1304 during a transducer mode, signal data induced in the array of electrodes 154 by the transducer 175 are collected, wherein the position of the transducer is unknown to the controller 152.
- step 1306 the position of the transducer is determined by fitting the data collected at step 1304 above to the defined curve.
- two fitting curves may be derived, one for the X-position determination and the other for the Y-position determination, though the same curve may be used for both of the X- and Y-position determinations in some applications.
- the attributes e.g., amplitudes, phases, etc.
- One experimental method of establishing the attributes involves scanning a transducer 175 over and across the array of electrodes 154 with a robotic arm or other suitable instrument.
- the robotic arm may be commanded to move to a known position, with a known tilt (e.g., during the x-position scan, an angle formed between the transducer axis that lies in the X-Z plane and a line normal to the sensing surface), and with a known height above the sensing surface.
- a known tilt e.g., during the x-position scan, an angle formed between the transducer axis that lies in the X-Z plane and a line normal to the sensing surface
- the attributes of signals induced in the X electrodes are continuously recorded in an automated fashion as the transducer is moved across and over the array of electrodes until a good coverage of the entire array of electrodes is achieved. Together with the movement of the transducer in the X and Y directions, the tilt and/or height of the transducer may also be changed.
- X electrodes For example, for twenty (20) X electrodes, 2000 transducer positions (with tilt and/or height) may be used to record the attributes of signals induced in the X electrodes.
- the actual number of measurements needed would typically depend on the symmetries in the configuration of the array of electrodes 154. If symmetries exist, the measurement data recorded for a portion of the array of electrodes 154 may be used to infer the measurement data for a corresponding symmetrical portion. (Step 1300 in FIG. 13A .) A similar process may be repeated for the Y-position scan.
- the data can be arranged to be a set of measurement data, in which each position (and tilt/height) of the transducer 175 is associated with the attributes of signals induced in the X and Y electrodes by the electric field generated by the transducer at that position.
- a curve fitting equation or a parameterized curve, is established that fits the data.
- Possible curves that can be used are polynomials, rational polynomials, and combinations of trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions. In very simple geometries, a straight linear interpolation may suffice. A rational polynomial may provide a good compromise between accuracy and speed for computation.
- poly x a x 4 + b x 2 + c d x 4 + e x 2 + f
- An example curve based on Equation (6) is shown in FIG. 13B .
- the values for a, b, c, d, e and f are calibration parameters determined empirically for the particular transducer tip shape and the electrode configuration pattern being used. In this embodiment, because each electrode in the array of electrodes 154 is configured the same, the same curve may be generated for each of the X electrodes.
- Equation (6) is one example of a rational polynomial that can be used. Other polynomials or combinations of functions may also be used. (Step 1032 in FIG. 13A .)
- the MPU 420 With the curve fitting equation (or the parameterized curve) selected, and the calibration values determined empirically, the MPU 420 is now ready to fit the incoming data to the derived curve to determine the position of the transducer 175.
- This "second" curve fitting can be performed using a variety of different techniques. For example, the position of the transducer can be determined by minimizing the sum of the squares between the curve fitting equation and the measured amplitudes, respectively.
- the amplitudes induced in a series (or a plurality of) the X electrodes such as x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 are measured as A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , A 5 , respectively, and inputted to the problem above, where p ( x ) is the curve fitting equation derived above.
- the position of the transducer x pen relative to x 3 (e.g., a negative value to the left of the center of x 3 and a positive value to the right of the center of x 3 ) can be determined by solving the problem, i.e., by determining the value x pen that minimizes the sum.
- the process may be then repeated for another set of X electrodes, such as for x 6 , x 7 , x 8 , x 9 , x 10 .
- the process is repeated to find the value y pen , along the Y direction.
- the accurate position of the transducer can be determined. (Steps 1304 and 1306 of FIG. 13A .)
- Another technique for fitting the incoming amplitude measurement data to the predefined curve uses the greatest distance between any two points.
- This technique entails solving the following problem: min x pen max i ⁇ A i ⁇ p x i ⁇ x pen ⁇ This technique finds the value x pen that minimizes the greatest distance between any two points, and thus finds the best worst-case fit. This technique may be useful if a derived curve has a very flat response.
- techniques such as Marquardt-Levenberg and Gauss-Newton can be used to quickly determine the minimum values as in Problems (7) and (8) above. These techniques typically start by using an initial estimate for x pen followed by refining the estimate using the derivatives of p(x). The process is continued iteratively, with the estimate for x pen being adjusted, until little further improvement in the minimum value is achieved. At this point, a minimum value is found and x pen is determined.
- Another type of curve fit algorithm uses a binary type search. In this case, a likely starting value is chosen, and a value is searched backward and forward, starting with no more than an electrode strip difference, and sub-dividing the difference until a best answer is achieved. This technique may be useful where Marquardt-Levenberg or Gauss-Newton methods are unsuited in a particular application. As another example, a 2D fitting simultaneously for X-Y directions may also be used.
- the attributes of signals induced in the array of electrodes 154 may be measured with the tilt and/or height of the transducer being changed.
- a parameterized curve may be derived or adjusted, which further accounts for other data such as the tilt and/or height of the transducer.
- seven X electrodes are used (with x 4 as a center electrode), with amplitude Ai detected in the i th electrode, and h is the height.
- the X position of the transducer x pen relative to x 4 and the height h are found by determining the values x pen and h that minimize the sum.
- the signal strength decreases proportionally to 1/h, as the transducer moves away from the sensing surface.
- the curve fitting can be weighted to increase accuracy. Typically this is done by weighting stronger signals a greater amount, as the stronger signals typically have a higher signal to noise ratio. In some cases, it may be desirable to start with an initial estimate for x pen at the center of the strongest-signal electrode. This improves the probability that the actual minimum will be found by a search algorithm.
- curve fitting refers to one or more of a wide range of techniques used to construct one or more curves that best fit "test" data and to subsequently use the one or more curves to process "actual” data.
- Various examples are disclosed, in which a defined curve is fitted to actual data by minimizing error (e.g., the sum of the squares) between the curve and the actual data, or in which the curve is fitted through an iterative process.
- error e.g., the sum of the squares
- a non-iterative process may be used, For example, with least squares linear regression, a good fit can be obtained without iteration and without having to minimize error. It is also possible to sacrifice some positioning data in exchange for a faster algorithm. For example, with certain arrays of electrodes having linear electrodes with good signal to noise ratio, a simple linear interpolation method can be used between two electrodes with the highest amplitudes, to thereby determine the position of the transducer.
- the transducer controller 177 selectively generates an electric field at multiple frequencies and, more specifically, at sequentially different frequencies using a frequency hopping technique.
- the MCU 318 in the transducer controller 177 includes an onboard digitally controlled oscillator that is configured to selectively generate an antenna driving signal at a range of different frequencies. Hopping from one frequency to another in driving the antenna 179 correspondingly changes the frequency of the electric field generated by the antenna 179, to achieve improved noise rejection.
- these different frequencies can be used to encode and send digital data from the transducer 175 to the array of electrodes 154 and hence to the sensor controller 152.
- suitable Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) techniques can be used to encode and transmit digital data regarding the transducer, such as pressure data, switch status data, and transducer ID data.
- the transducer ID data may be useful for the sensor 150 to uniquely identify a particular transducer. For example, when the sensor 150 is used in a point-of-sale system and different sales agents carry different transducers, the sensor can automatically identify a particular sales agent inputting data based on the transducer ID data received from the agent's transducer.
- each sensor when a plurality of combination touch and transducer input systems in accordance with the present invention are used close to each other, it would be desirable for each sensor to uniquely identify its corresponding transducer (while discriminating against other transducers) so as to process only the signal received from the corresponding transducer.
- the frequencies used in communication between the transducer 175 and the sensor 150 may be defined by dividing down a known (base) frequency. This method provides an advantage of avoiding harmonics of a base frequency and providing better noise rejection.
- the transducer 175 operates in two modes. The first mode is a low power mode, which can generate four frequencies. The second mode is a high power mode, which consumes more power than the low power mode, but provides a larger number of frequencies that are not harmonics of the base frequency. Table 1 below shows the possible frequencies that could be used by the transducer according to one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 13C A sample PLL suitable for use pursuant to an embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 13C , which includes a reference frequency (Rf) 1310, a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) 1312, a phase detector 1314, and a loop filter consisting of an operational amplifier 1316 and two resistors 1318a and 1318b.
- Rf reference frequency
- VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator
- the PLL includes one or more frequency dividers ("M" divider 1320 and "N" divider 1322 in the illustrated embodiment).
- the illustrated PLL can generate frequencies of the form M/N based on the reference frequency (Rf).
- the PLL can advantageously generate a range of frequencies that are closer together with little similar harmonic content. This allows for the use of narrower bandpass filters (508) in the analog processing stage 414 of the sensor controller 152, thereby increasing the signal to noise ratio before the digitization of the signal.
- the transducer 175 is configured to generate four different frequencies within a specified range (e.g., 100 kHz, 125 kHz, 166 kHz, and 250 kHz as in the "low power" mode in Table 1 above).
- the transducer controller 177 is configured to switch between these four different frequencies as needed for noise rejection or to encode digital data in frequency shifts.
- a variety of techniques can be used to encode digital data using frequency hopping, and any suitable Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) technique may be used.
- FSK Frequency-Shift Keying
- any suitable Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) technique, Phase-Shift Keying (PSK) technique, or more complicated encoding schemes such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) scheme may be used to encode digital data.
- ASK Amplitude-Shift Keying
- PSK Phase-Shift Keying
- QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
- Manchester type code may be used to encode digital data, wherein a transition of frequencies from high to low transmits a "1," while a transition of frequencies from low to high transmits a "0.”
- Table 2 below illustrates a sample data encoding scheme based on Manchester type code. Table 2 Encoding Meaning 111 Start of frame (SOF) 001 Send a 0 011 Send a 1 000 End of frame (EOF)
- Table 3 shows one example of data frame formats for each type of data.
- Table 3 DATA TYPE VALUE DATA LENGTH (BITS) COMMENTS PEN ID 00 24 ENOUGH FOR 16 MILLION UNIQUE FACTORY-PROGRAMMED PEN ID'S SWITCH 01 3 CAN PROVIDE FOR 3 SWITCHES, EACH WITH TWO OR MORE STATES (E.G., ON/OFF) PRESSURE 10 8 UP TO 256 PRESSURE VALUES
- 2 bits of "00” indicate “pen ID” data, to be followed by 24 bits indicating a unique pen ID number.
- 2 bits of "01” indicate “switch status” data, to be followed by 3 bits indicating a status of one of up to three switches.
- 2 bits of "10” indicate “pressure” data, to be followed by 8 bits indicating the detected pressure value.
- data derived from any other sensors provided on the transducer 175, such as a tilt sensor or a rotational sensor, or the operating mode of the transducer 175 may be defined and digitally encoded.
- Table 4 shows one example of a data frame containing switch status data.
- the rate of data transmission would depend upon the rate of frequency hopping. For example, if the frequency hopping can be made to occur every 250 ⁇ s, with four possible frequencies, the system can transmit a throughput of 1000 bits per second.
- the present invention is not limited to the particular examples described above, and various other digital encoding or modulation techniques may be used as well as other data frame formats.
- other encoding techniques with advanced features such as error correction may be used (e.g., Reed-Solomon coding technique).
- FIG. 15 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary process to be performed generally by the transducer controller 177, and more specifically by the MCU 318 thereof, including the process of encoding and transmitting digital data to the sensor 150, according to one embodiment of the invention.
- a timer is set to go to "sleep.” Once the timer is set to "sleep" and a certain amount of time elapses, i.e., when the timer expires, the transducer goes to "sleep.”
- the pen tip pressure is read from the pressure sensor 306.
- step 1066 the timer is reset to go to "sleep".
- step 1068 the pen tip pressure is encoded as digital data and transmitted to the sensor 150.
- step 1070 the side switch status is encoded as digital data and transmitted to the sensor 150.
- step 1072 it is determined whether the side switch status has been changed. If yes, in step 1074, the timer is reset to go to "sleep". Then, in step 1076, pen ID information is encoded as digital data and transmitted to the sensor 150. In step 1078, it is determined whether the timer has expired.
- step 1078 If not (for example, due to the timer having been reset in steps 1066 and 1074), the process returns to step 1062, and the pen tip pressure is read again and the process repeats itself. If, on the other hand, it is determined in step 1078 that the timer has expired, it proceeds to step 1080 and the transducer goes to "sleep.” Thus, the transducer wakes up (and resets the "sleep" timer) whenever an interrupt is generated. An interrupt is generated when the detected pen tip pressure exceeds a threshold value (step 1064) or when the side switch status has been changed (step 1072).
- FIG. 16 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary process to be performed generally by the sensor controller 152 for decoding digital data encoded in frequency shifts of a signal generated by the transducer 175.
- a pen frequency state is set to "unknown.”
- step 1024 it is determined that the pen frequency detected in step 1022 is one of the "known" frequency states, then proceeding to step 1028, it is determined whether the frequency has changed since the last detection. If no, again returning to step 1022, it is determined whether a pen frequency has been detected.
- step 1028 it is determined that the frequency has changed since the last detection, proceeding to step 1030, it is determined whether the frequency-moving direction needs to be searched. Initially, the frequency-moving direction is unknown and thus needs to be searched. Therefore, proceeding to step 1032, it is determined whether the presently-detected frequency is lower than the last-detected frequency. If yes, proceeding to step 1034, it is marked that the frequency is going "high to low,” while if no, proceeding to step 1036, it is marked that the frequency is going "low to high.” From either of steps 1034 and 1036, returning to step 1022, it is again determined whether a pen frequency has been detected ("yes" in this case coming from either of steps 1034 and 1036).
- step 1030 it is determined whether the frequency-moving direction needs to be searched. At this time, the frequency-moving direction has already been marked as either "high to low” (in step 1034) or “low to high” (in step 1036). Thus, the frequency-moving direction need not be searched, and proceeding to step 1038, it is determined whether the presently-detected frequency has moved from the last-detected frequency in the same direction as the frequency-moving direction as previously marked in steps 1034 or 1036. If yes, proceeding to step 1040, "1" is recorded if the frequency-moving direction is "high to low” and "0" is recorded if the frequency-moving direction is "low to high.”
- a predefined threshold such as 143 kHz in the illustrated embodiment.
- the threshold is predefined generally near a middle point in the range of predefined frequencies (e.g., 143 kHz, within the range expanding from 100 kHz to 250 kHz in the illustrated embodiment).
- step 1044 If the presently-detected frequency is greater than the predefined threshold, in step 1044 it is marked that the frequency-moving direction is "high to low", while if the presently-detected frequency is equal to or less than the predefined threshold, in step 1046 it is marked that the frequency-moving direction is "low to high.” From either of steps 1044 and 1046, returning to step 1022, it is again determined whether a pen frequency has been detected. If not, proceeding to step 1048, it is determined whether more than a predefined amount of time has elapsed since the last detection of a frequency. If so, proceeding to step 1050, a start of a new word (or a new data frame) is indicated.
- digital encoding and communication using frequency hopping is achieved bi-directionally between the transducer 175 and the sensor 150.
- Digital data can be encoded in a similar manner by the sensor 150 and transmitted to the transducer 175.
- the types of data that are digitally encoded by the sensor 150 may include, for example, sensor ID data, receiving channel data (i.e., which frequency channels should be used), and the operating mode of the sensor 150.
- digital data regarding pressure, switch status, pen ID and others may be transmitted between the transducer 175 and the sensor 150 using other RF techniques such as via a Bluetooth® device pursuant to IEEE 802.15 standards including Bluetooth and ZigBee protocols.
- a cordless transducer 175 is provided, which is configured for use with an array of electrodes 154, wherein the cordless transducer 175 and the array of electrodes 154 are capacitively coupled.
- the cordless transducer 175 includes a pen-shaped housing (330 in FIG. 3B ) including a pen tip (179 in FIG. 3B ) at its distal end, and a transducer controller 177 arranged within the pen-shaped housing 330.
- the transducer controller 177 controls the operation of the cordless transducer 175, and includes a pressure sensor 306 for detecting the pressure applied to the pen tip.
- the cordless transducer 175 also includes an antenna 179 coupled to the transducer controller 177 to transmit the pressure sensor data, which is detected by the pressure sensor 306, as digital data to the array of electrodes 154.
- the transducer controller 177 includes a power storage device, such as a battery or a capacitor (314), which supplies power to drive the transducer controller 177 and the antenna 179, to thereby achieve the cordless transducer.
- the cordless transducer 175, described above, may be provided with a suitable sensor 150 to together form a combination touch and transducer input system.
- the combination touch and transducer input system may further include a docking (charging) station, suitably formed to receive the cordless transducer 175 therein to charge the capacitor (314 in FIG. 4 ) via the charge input connector 315.
- a method for selectively determining a position of a proximate object and a position of a transducer.
- the method includes eight steps. First, the proximate object is capacitively sensed with an array of electrodes 154. Second, a position of the proximate object is determined based on the capacitive sensing. Third, an electric field is generated with the transducer 175. Fourth, digital data is transmitted from the transducer 175. Fifth, a plurality of sensing signals are induced based on the electric field in a corresponding plurality of electrodes in the array of electrodes 154. Sixth, attributes of the plurality of sensing signals are measured. Seventh, a position of the transducer 175 is determined based on the measured attributes of the plurality of sensing signals. Eighth, the digital data is received with the array of electrodes 154.
- the transducer 175 and the sensor 150 can communicate asynchronously for the purpose of both transducer position determination and digital data communication.
- the systems and methods of the present invention rely on determining the amplitude and frequencies of the signals induced in the electrodes, it does not require a specific phase correlation between the transducer 175 and the sensor 150.
- This has many potential advantages. For example, it does not require the use of a wired or dedicated wireless link for syncing.
- Dedicated wireless links for syncing can require a bulky transmitter on the part of the sensor 150.
- the dedicated wireless links for syncing could provide a possible source of interference with other devices, and also are more likely to be interfered with by other devices.
- the asynchronous design achievable with the present invention facilitates the use of different frequencies between the transducer 175 and the sensor 150. Asynchronous designs are also less likely to degrade over time, and are more likely to be compatible with a wide range of devices.
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- Position Input By Displaying (AREA)
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Claims (11)
- Kombinationsberührungs- und Messwertgebereingabesystem, aufweisend:einen schnurlosen Transducer (108, 175), der dazu eingerichtet ist, ein elektrisches Feld zu erzeugen, wobei der schnurlose Transducer (108, 175) aufweist:ein stiftförmiges Gehäuse mit einer Stiftspitze (179) an seinem körperfernen Ende;eine Messwertgebersteuereinrichtung (177), die innerhalb des stiftförmigen Gehäuses angeordnet und dazu eingerichtet ist, den Betrieb des schnurlosen Transducer (108, 175) zu steuern, wobei die Messwertgebersteuereinrichtung (177) einen Drucksensor (306) enthält, der dazu eingerichtet ist, einen Druckpegel zu detektieren, der auf die Stiftspitze (179) des schnurlosen Transducers (108, 175) ausgeübt wird, wobei die Messwertgebersteuereinrichtung (177) ferner eine Energiespeichervorrichtung enthält, wobei die Energiespeichervorrichtung Energie liefert, um die Messwertgebersteuereinrichtung (177) zu betreiben; undeine Antenne (179), die mit der Messwertgebersteuereinrichtung (177) verbunden ist;wobei die Messwertgebersteuereinrichtung (177) dazu eingerichtet ist, Drucksensordaten, die durch den Drucksensor (306) detektiert sind, als digitale Daten zu einem Sensor (150) zu senden; undder Sensor (150) enthält:eine Gruppe von Elektroden (154); undeine Sensorsteuereinrichtung (152), die mit der Gruppe von Elektroden verbunden ist, wobei die Sensorsteuereinrichtung, wenn sie in einem Messwertgebermodus arbeitet, dazu eingerichtet ist, durch Messen von Attributen mehrerer Sensorsignale eine Position des schnurlosen Transducers (108, 175) zu bestimmen, wobei die mehreren Sensorsignale durch das elektrische Feld, das durch den schnurlosen Transducers (108, 175) erzeugt ist, in die Gruppe von Elektroden (154) induziert werden;wobei der Sensor (150) dazu eingerichtet ist, die Drucksensordaten als digitale Daten von dem schnurlosen Transducer (108, 175) zu empfangen;dadurch gekennzeichnet, dassdie Messwertgebersteuereinrichtung (177) einen Energieentscheider enthält, der dazu dient, den auf die Stiftspitze (179) ausgeübten Druck, der durch den Drucksensor (306) erfasst ist, zu überwachen und den schnurlosen Transducer (108, 175) von einem Schlafmodus in einen Wachmodus zu schalten, wenn ein Druckwert auf der Stiftspitze (179), der durch den Drucksensor (306) während Schlafmodus erfasst ist, einen Schwellenwert überschreitet, und die Drucksensordaten zu dem Sensor (150) zu senden;wobei die Sensorsteuereinrichtung (152), wenn sie in einem Berührungsmodus arbeitet, dazu eingerichtet ist, eine Position eines nahen Objekts zu bestimmen, indem sie ein nahes Objekt mittels der Gruppe von Elektroden (154) kapazitiv erfasst; undwobei die Sensorsteuereinrichtung (152), wenn sie in dem Messwertgebermodus arbeitet, dazu eingerichtet ist, bei Empfang von Drucksensordaten, die einen Schwellenwert überschreiten, einen Zeitgeber zurückzusetzen, um automatisch für eine vorbestimmte Zeitdauer in dem Messwertgebermodus zu verbleiben, anstatt in den Berührungsmodus umzuschalten.
- Kombinationsberührungs- und Messwertgebereingabesystem nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Energiespeichervorrichtung des schnurlosen Transducers (108, 175) einen Kondensator (314) enthält, und wobei das System ferner eine Ladestation enthält, die dazu eingerichtet ist, den Kondensator (314) zu laden, wenn der schnurlose Messwertgeber in der Ladestation angeordnet ist.
- Kombinationsberührungs- und Messwertgebereingabesystem nach Anspruch 2, wobei der Sensor (150) eine Energieversorgungsantenne zum Laden des Kondensators des Transducers (108, 175) enthält.
- Kombinationsberührungs- und Messwertgebereingabesystem nach Anspruch 3, wobei die Energieversorgungsantenne an der Gruppe von Elektroden (154) oder in deren Nähe angeordnet ist.
- Kombinationsberührungs- und Messwertgebereingabesystem nach Anspruch 1 oder 4, wobei die Messwertgebersteuereinrichtung (177) dazu eingerichtet ist, bei einem Schalten des schnurlosen Transducers (108, 175) in den Wachmodus einen Zeitgeber zu starten und den schnurlosen Transducer (108, 175) in dem Wachmodus zu belassen bis der Zeitgeber abgelaufen ist.
- Kombinationsberührungs- und Messwertgebereingabesystem nach Anspruch 5, wobei der schnurlose Transducer (108, 175) dafür ausgelegt ist, den Zeitgeber jedesmal erneut zu starten, wenn ein Druckwert an der Stiftspitze (179), der durch den Drucksensor (306) erfasst ist, den Schwellenwert überschreitet.
- Kombinationsberührungs- und Messwertgebereingabesystem nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die digitalen Daten in einem Datenrahmen enthalten sind,
wobei die Messwertgebersteuereinrichtung (177) dazu eingerichtet ist, den Datenrahmen für eine Übertragung als ein Sendesignal über die Antenne zu codieren, wobei das Sendesignal ein Anfangssignal, das den Anfang des Datenrahmens (Start Of the Data Frame, SOF) kennzeichnet, und ein Endsignal aufweist, das das Ende des Datenrahmens (End Of the Data Frame, EOF) kennzeichnet. - Kombinationsberührungs- und Messwertgebereingabesystem nach Anspruch 7, wobei die digitalen Daten ferner eine Stiftkennnummer enthalten.
- Kombinationsberührungs- und Messwertgebereingabesystem nach Anspruch 7 oder 8, wobei die Messwertgebersteuereinrichtung (177) dazu eingerichtet ist, die digitalen Daten mittels eines Codierungsverfahrens zu codieren.
- Kombinationsberührungs- und Messwertgebereingabesystem nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Energiespeichervorrichtung einen Kondensator oder eine Batterie enthält.
- Kombinationsberührungs- und Messwertgebereingabesystem nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die digitalen Daten in dem Datenrahmenformat zu dem Sensor gemäß einem IEEE 802,15 Standard übertragen werden.
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US12/568,066 US8482545B2 (en) | 2008-10-02 | 2009-09-28 | Combination touch and transducer input system and method |
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