EP2135324B1 - Dispositif d'antenne pour émettre et recevoir des signaux électromagnétiques - Google Patents

Dispositif d'antenne pour émettre et recevoir des signaux électromagnétiques Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2135324B1
EP2135324B1 EP08707217.9A EP08707217A EP2135324B1 EP 2135324 B1 EP2135324 B1 EP 2135324B1 EP 08707217 A EP08707217 A EP 08707217A EP 2135324 B1 EP2135324 B1 EP 2135324B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ground plane
parasitic elements
antenna device
radiator
electromagnetic signals
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EP08707217.9A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2135324A1 (fr
Inventor
Alexander Popugaev
Rainer Wansch
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Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/045—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna with particular feeding means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49016—Antenna or wave energy "plumbing" making

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an antenna device for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic signals, such as those used in navigation systems, in particular in satellite navigation systems such as GPS, GLONASS and Galileo.
  • Satellite-based navigation systems are currently being used intensively and have already opened up the private consumer market.
  • GPS Global Positioning System
  • GLONASS GLOBAL navigation satellite system
  • GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
  • the European system Galileo will also be used over the next few years. It is expected that the Galileo system will be fully operational in four to five years.
  • the satellite navigation systems mainly use a frequency range between 1 and 2 GHz.
  • the Fig. 9 shows the currently used frequency plan of the so-called Lower-L-Band, the Upper-L-Band and the C-Band.
  • the frequency ranges used are plotted over a frequency axis, given in units of MHz.
  • the lower L band is shown in which frequencies are assigned to all three navigation systems.
  • identifiers are assigned to the individual bands, such as for example, in the range of 1164 MHz to 1188 MHz, which is associated with the GPS system under the identifier L5, as well as the Galileo system with the identifier E5A.
  • the Fig. 9 also shows in the lower left area the upper L band, which is also used for navigation systems and is subdivided similarly to the lower L band.
  • the Fig. 9 shows in the lower area on the right side the C-band, which is used in the uplink of the Galileo system and which lies in a frequency range around 5 GHz. This frequency range is used to send information from a ground station to a satellite.
  • antennas which allow a correspondingly accurate location of the satellites, and thus of the receiver.
  • precision applications which for example have accuracy requirements of less than five meters, attempts are made to develop antennas that can be operated in all three frequency bands, if possible.
  • These antennas are currently offered, for example, by the Russian company Javad, www.javad.com , and by North American companies, www. Ovatel.com and www.sanav.com .
  • antennas are in single-band versions, z. B. GPS-L1, or in two-band variations, eg. GPS-L1 + L2, available.
  • the current systems have the disadvantage that they are very expensive.
  • multi-band systems are only available from a price level above 1,000 euros. These systems usually use planar structures on very expensive ceramic substrates, which contribute significantly to the high costs.
  • FIG EP 1536511 A1 An antenna device in which capacitor electrode sections arranged under a radiator are formed by elements bent out of its ground plane is shown in FIG EP 1536511 A1 described.
  • the US 5 200 756 A discloses a three-dimensional microstrip patch antenna having a base, a base-mounted dielectric substrate having a polyhedral configuration, and an antenna element formed on the substrate.
  • the antenna element consists of a conductive layer whose corners are bent downwards and which is fed in the corners of the surface.
  • an antenna device for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic signals which comprises a ground plane and a radiator which is arranged at a radiator spacing above the ground plane.
  • the antenna device further includes a plurality of parasitic elements disposed on the ground plane radially symmetric about the radiator, wherein the parasitic elements are electrically connected to the ground plane.
  • the object is further achieved by a manufacturing method for manufacturing an antenna device for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic signals, comprising a step of arranging a radiator at a radiator spacing over a ground plane and a step of arranging a plurality of parasitic elements radially symmetrically about the radiator on the radiator ground plane.
  • the core idea of the present invention is to influence the emission characteristic of an antenna by surrounding parasitic metallic elements.
  • Embodiments of the present invention based on the recognition that the radiation characteristic, it is also spoken in this context of club width, can be adapted by antennas by parasitic metallic elements.
  • the parasitic elements are arranged around a radiator on a ground surface, whereby the radiation characteristic is among other things influenced so that in the frequency range of the navigation systems, a larger lobe width of the radiation pattern can be achieved with the same antenna gain.
  • This advantage is achieved by the described geometric arrangement of a ground plane, a radiator and parasitic elements, so that these antenna systems can be realized very inexpensively, wherein there is a further great advantage of embodiments of the present invention.
  • the manufacturing method according to the invention enables the construction of antenna devices that realize broadband circularly polarized antennas with a stable phase center, an almost constant antenna gain in, for example, the frequency range of navigation systems and a large beam width, even at higher frequencies.
  • An advantage of these systems is their low weight and low-cost production. This advantage arises because it is possible to dispense with the use of stacked microstrip line radiators on very expensive, brittle and heavy ceramic substrates.
  • the antenna device 100 for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic signals is shown.
  • the antenna device 100 comprises a ground plane 110 and a radiator 120, which is arranged at a radiator spacing 150 above the ground plane 110.
  • the antenna device 100 further includes a plurality of parasitic elements 130 disposed on the ground plane 110 radially symmetric about the radiator 120, wherein the parasitic elements 130 are electrically connected to the ground plane 110.
  • the Fig. 1a shows the side view of an antenna device 100.
  • the Fig. 1b shows the antenna device 100 in plan view.
  • the antenna device 100 comprises the ground plane 110 and the radiator 120, which is arranged at a radiator spacing 150 above the ground plane 110.
  • the Fig. 1b 12 also shows the plurality of parasitic elements 130 disposed on the ground plane 110 radially symmetric about the emitter 120, with the parasitic elements 130 electrically connected to the ground plane 110.
  • the ground plane 110 has a surface area that is less than the square of a wavelength of the electromagnetic signals.
  • the radiator 120 may have a radiator spacing 150 that falls below a wavelength of the electromagnetic signals.
  • two parasitic elements 130 of the plurality of parasitic elements 130 have an element spacing 140 of less than one wavelength of the electromagnetic signals, in a preferred embodiment the element spacing 140 is less than one quarter of the wavelength of the electromagnetic signals.
  • Embodiments of the present invention preferably relate to antenna devices which are in a wavelength range of 0.15-0.3 m, and are thus designed for a frequency range between 1 GHz and 2 GHz.
  • embodiments of the present invention are not limited to this frequency range, because in principle the electromagnetic fields and thus the antenna characteristics of any antennas can be influenced by parasitic elements according to the invention.
  • embodiments of the present invention are used in the GPS, the Galileo or the GLONASS system, and are therefore designed accordingly in embodiments.
  • the ground plane 110 may be made of metallic material and may have a circular, oval, square, or even rectangular shape.
  • the emitter 120 may in turn be formed in embodiments circular, oval, square or even rectangular.
  • the radiator 120 may be realized by a microstrip line radiator. In embodiments, the radiator 120 has a guided through the ground surface 110 contacting.
  • Embodiments may include various parasitic elements 130.
  • rod-shaped, cubic or circular cut-out elements are conceivable.
  • parasitic elements 130 could be formed as elements machined out of ground plane 110. It is for example conceivable that with a laser corresponding contours are removed from the ground plane 110 or worked out. The parasitic elements 130 are thus initially part of the ground plane 110. After the contours have been worked out of the ground plane 110, the parasitic elements 130 can be bent out of the ground plane 110.
  • the antenna device 100 may include more than four parasitic elements 130. In a preferred embodiment, the antenna device 100 comprises six to twelve, preferably eight or more parasitic elements 130.
  • introducing the parasitic metallic elements 130 achieves an increase in beamwidth at higher frequencies in addition to an increase in antenna gain at lower frequencies.
  • the Fig. 2a shows an embodiment of an antenna device 100, with a ground plane 110 and a radiator 120. Die Fig. 2a further shows the parasitic elements 130, which are disposed on the ground plane 110 radially symmetric about the radiator 120 and are electrically connected to the ground plane 110.
  • the parasitic elements 130 are realized in this embodiment as parallelograms or tabs.
  • the element spacing 140 between two parasitic elements 130 is less than one wavelength of the electromagnetic signals, in a preferred embodiment the element spacing 140 is less than one quarter of that wavelength.
  • the emitter spacing 150 may be less than one wavelength of the electromagnetic signals.
  • the Fig. 2a shows a realization of the parasitic elements 130 as metallic ribs.
  • the Fig. 2b shows an alternative embodiment of an antenna device 100 in which the parasitic elements 130 are realized as metallic rods.
  • the element spacing 140 could be less than one quarter of the wavelength of the electromagnetic signals and the emitter spacing 150 could be less than one wavelength of the electromagnetic signals.
  • an antenna device 100 is further used to generate a circular polarization.
  • the radiator 120 is excited in four points by a matching or feed network, which in one embodiment is located on the underside of the printed circuit board or ground plane 110.
  • the Fig. 3a shows an embodiment of such a feed network 300.
  • the feed / feed network 300 has five feed points 301-305.
  • a signal to be transmitted is fed in point 301, manipulated by a phase shifter, and fed to the flanks of a radiator 120, which are connected to the feed points 302 to 305.
  • a signal to be received can be tapped in an analogous manner at the feed point 301.
  • the matching / feed network 300 in this embodiment further comprises a phase shifter and four matching networks 320.
  • the phase shifter is implemented in this embodiment by a rat race divider 312 and two Wilkinson dividers 314 and 316.
  • the phase shifter which is composed of the Rat Race Divider 312 and the two Wilkinson Dividers 314 and 316, provides a corresponding phase shift for driving the radiator 120, to achieve circular polarization.
  • the rat race divider 312 is oval in this embodiment, in other embodiments, it may, as usually realized, be circular.
  • the matching networks 320 serve to match the impedance of the antenna in this embodiment.
  • the food network 300 of the Fig. 3a realized a scattering matrix S of the embodiment, which in the Fig. 3b is shown.
  • the matrix has a 5x5 dimension according to the five feed points 301 through 305 of the matching / feed network 300.
  • the circular polarization property of the feed network 300 manifests itself in the scattering matrix S in the respective scattering factors shifted by 90 ° between the feed points 301-305.
  • each of the four matching networks 320 has in this embodiment, a non-quarter-wave transformer 322, and two idle stub lines 324 and 326.
  • the antenna device 100 and the radiator 120 can be thus adapt broadband without using shorted stubs, which in combination with a transformer would be another method of broadband adaptation.
  • the position of the impedance curve can be influenced in a Smith chart.
  • Embodiments of the present invention may thus have an adapter or feed network 300 on the opposite side of the ground plane 110.
  • the matching / feed network 300 may further include a rat race divider 312 or a Wilkinson divider 314; 316.
  • the matching / feed network 300 may further include a stub 326, a transformer 322, or a transformation line 322. Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention may also be configured to transmit or receive circularly polarized signals.
  • embodiments of the present invention have the advantage of having a stable phase center. They also have wider bandwidth and a wider beam width than conventional systems. They are also characterized by their low mass and low production costs, which makes them advantageously used as GNSS antennas.
  • the Fig. 5a shows a table illustrating a comparison of various parameters of different antenna systems. The parameters of an embodiment of the present invention are shown in the last line, and are compared with three conventional systems of the company Javad, Novatel and San Jose Naviagtion. From the table in the Fig. 5a It can be seen that the embodiment of the present invention in this comparison has the largest 10 dB club width, has the lowest mass, covers the entire frequency range of the navigation systems and is the cheapest to manufacture.
  • the Fig. 5b shows a constructed GNSS antenna according to an embodiment of the present invention for a frequency range of 1.16-1.61 GHz.
  • the Figure 5b shows a ground plane 110, a radiator 120, and parasitic elements 130.
  • the Fig. 5c shows a Smith chart showing the measured course of the reflection coefficient S 11 of the GNSS antenna from the Fig. 5b shown.
  • the adaptation of the antenna in the upper frequency range can be further optimized in embodiments.
  • the Fig. 6a shows a horizontal antenna diagram, wherein the outer curve 600 corresponds to a right-handed circular polarization, the inner curve 610 corresponds to a left-handed circular polarization.
  • the Fig. 6a FIG. 5 shows the profile at a vertical angle of 0 °, ie in the direct horizontal direction orthogonal to the ground plane 110 of the antenna device 100, at a frequency of 1.16 GHz. It can be clearly seen that the 10 dB club width is significantly greater than 150 °.
  • the Fig. 6b shows for the same frequency a nearly vertical antenna pattern for an angle of 70 ° about the direct horizontal direction.
  • the in Fig. 6b The course shown for right handed circular polarization shows clearly that the antenna gain has a good uniformity in all directions.
  • the Fig. 6c Figure 12 shows two diagrams, a right handed circular polarization diagram 620 and a left handed circular polarization diagram 630. Both diagrams were recorded at a frequency of 1.61 GHz and recorded in a direct horizontal direction. It is recognizable, that the 10dB beam width is greater than 150 °.
  • the Fig. 6d again shows a nearly vertical antenna pattern for an angle of 70 ° from the horizontal direction, at a frequency of 1.61 GHz.
  • the course of the Fig. 6d was determined for right handed circular polarization and also shows good uniformity of antenna gain over all directions of incidence.
  • the in the Fig. 6e shown table includes the determined at the different frequencies maximum antenna gains and 10dB lobe widths together. Again, it can be seen that with embodiments of the present invention, an increase in 10dB beam width over a wide frequency range is achievable.
  • an antenna device such that the parasitic elements 130 are first partially detached from a ground plane 110.
  • the Fig. 7 schematically shows an embodiment of such a method step.
  • the circular ground surface 110 is first processed, for example, with a laser or a saw such that the contours of the parasitic elements 130 are dissolved out.
  • a step of bending the parasitic elements takes place, so that a structure according to the in the Fig. 5b achieved antenna device is achieved.
  • the manufacturing method for manufacturing a radiator 120 according to the present invention may include a step of bending a radiator 120 of a square shape.
  • the Fig. 8 shows such a radiator 120 which is initially in a square or plan square shape. The corners are now bent or adjusted so that the inner square is created.
  • the Fig. 5b shows an embodiment of an antenna device according to the invention, which has a ground plane 110 and parasitic elements 130 according to the Fig. 7 and a radiator 120 according to the Fig. 8 includes.
  • Embodiments of the present invention offer the advantage that in the case of antenna devices in the frequency range of navigation systems, a greater beam width of the emission characteristic can be achieved with the same antenna gain. This advantage is achieved by geometric arrangement of a ground plane, a radiator and parasitic elements, so that these antenna systems can be realized very inexpensively, wherein there is a further great advantage of embodiments of the present invention.
  • the ground plane 110 may include metallic material.
  • the ground plane 110 may be circular, oval, square or rectangular.
  • the radiator 120 may be circular, oval, square or rectangular.
  • the emitter 120 may further be formed as a microstrip line emitter and / or have a guided through the ground surface 110 contacting.
  • a parasitic element 130 may be rod-shaped, cubic or circular-section-shaped.
  • a parasitic element 130 may be formed as an element partially machined out of the ground plane 110.
  • the matching or feed network 300 may be disposed on the side of the ground plane 110 opposite to the radiator 120.
  • the feeder network 300 may include a rat race divider 312 or a Wilkinson divider 314; 316 have.
  • the matching or feed network 300 may further include a stub 326, a transformer 322 or a transformer line 322.
  • this may be designed to transmit and receive circularly polarized signals.

Claims (11)

  1. Dispositif d'antenne (100) pour émettre et recevoir des signaux électromagnétiques, aux caractéristiques suivantes:
    un plan de masse (110);
    un moyen de rayonnement (120) qui est disposé à une distance (150) au-dessus du plan de masse (110); et
    une pluralité d'éléments parasites (130) disposés sur le plan de masse (110) de manière symétrique radialement autour du moyen de rayonnement (120), les éléments parasites (130) étant reliés électriquement au plan de masse (110),
    caractérisé par le fait que la hauteur des éléments parasites (130) au-dessus du plan de masse (110) correspond à la distance (150),
    dans lequel le moyen de rayonnement est formé par pliage des coins en forme de carré et s'appuie sur les coins repliés.
  2. Dispositif d'antenne (100) selon la revendication 1, dans lequel une longueur d'onde des signaux électromagnétiques se situe entre 0,15 m et 0,3 m.
  3. Dispositif d'antenne (100) selon la revendication 2, dans lequel le plan de masse (110) présente un contenu de plan qui est inférieur au carré d'une longueur d'onde des signaux électromagnétiques et dans lequel la distance (150) est inférieure à la longueur d'onde des signaux électromagnétiques.
  4. Dispositif d'antenne (100) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, dans lequel deux éléments parasitaires (130) parmi la pluralité d'éléments parasites (130) présentent entre eux une distance d'élément (140) de moins d'une longueur d'onde des signaux électromagnétiques ou de moins d'un quart de la longueur d'onde des signaux électromagnétiques.
  5. Dispositif d'antenne (100) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, dans lequel les signaux électromagnétiques sont réalisés selon le système GPS, le système Galilée ou le système GLONASS.
  6. Dispositif d'antenne (100) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, dans lequel un élément parasite (130) a été sorti partiellement du plan de masse (110) et redressé.
  7. Dispositif d'antenne (100) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, présentant plus de quatre ou plus de sept éléments parasites (130).
  8. Dispositif d'antenne (100) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, présentant par ailleurs un réseau d'adaptation ou d'alimentation (300).
  9. Procédé de fabrication pour fabriquer un dispositif d'antenne (100) pour émettre et recevoir des signaux électromagnétiques, aux étapes suivantes consistant à:
    disposer un moyen de rayonnement (120) à une distance (150) au-dessus d'un plan de masse (110); et
    disposer une pluralité d'éléments parasites (130) sur le plan de masse (110) de manière symétrique radialement autour du moyen de rayonnement (120), les éléments parasites (130) étant reliés électriquement au plan de masse (110),
    dans lequel la hauteur des éléments parasites (130) au-dessus du plan de masse (110) correspond à la distance (150),
    dans lequel l'étape consistant à disposer le moyen de rayonnement (120) comprend une sous-étape consistant à plier les coins de forme carrée.
  10. Procédé de production selon la revendication 9, dans lequel l'étape consistant à disposer les éléments parasites (130) comprend une sous-étape consistant à sortir partiellement des éléments parasitaires (130) du plan de masse (110).
  11. Procédé de production selon la revendication 10, dans lequel la sous-étape consistant à sortir partiellement comprend par ailleurs une sous-étape consistant à replier ou redresser les éléments parasites (130).
EP08707217.9A 2007-01-30 2008-01-23 Dispositif d'antenne pour émettre et recevoir des signaux électromagnétiques Active EP2135324B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102007004612A DE102007004612B4 (de) 2007-01-30 2007-01-30 Antennenvorrichtung zum Senden und Empfangen von elektromagnetischen Signalen
PCT/EP2008/000504 WO2008092592A1 (fr) 2007-01-30 2008-01-23 Dispositif d'antenne pour émettre et recevoir des signaux électromagnétiques

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2135324A1 EP2135324A1 (fr) 2009-12-23
EP2135324B1 true EP2135324B1 (fr) 2014-03-12

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EP08707217.9A Active EP2135324B1 (fr) 2007-01-30 2008-01-23 Dispositif d'antenne pour émettre et recevoir des signaux électromagnétiques

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US (1) US8624792B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP2135324B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102007004612B4 (fr)
WO (1) WO2008092592A1 (fr)

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EP2135324A1 (fr) 2009-12-23
US20110050529A1 (en) 2011-03-03
DE102007004612B4 (de) 2013-04-11
DE102007004612A1 (de) 2008-08-07
US8624792B2 (en) 2014-01-07
WO2008092592A1 (fr) 2008-08-07

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