EP2069383A2 - Synthetic bile acid composition, method, and preparation - Google Patents

Synthetic bile acid composition, method, and preparation

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Publication number
EP2069383A2
EP2069383A2 EP08771400A EP08771400A EP2069383A2 EP 2069383 A2 EP2069383 A2 EP 2069383A2 EP 08771400 A EP08771400 A EP 08771400A EP 08771400 A EP08771400 A EP 08771400A EP 2069383 A2 EP2069383 A2 EP 2069383A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
compound
npy receptor
receptor antagonist
npy
receptor antagonists
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP08771400A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Robert M. Moriarty
Nathaniel E. David
Nadir Ahmeduddin Mahmood
Achampeta Rathan Prasad
Roy A. Swaringen, Jr.
John Gregory Reid
Akhila Kumar Sahoo
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kythera Biopharmaceuticals LLC
Original Assignee
Kythera Biopharmaceuticals LLC
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Publication date
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First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=41226994&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP2069383(A2) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority claimed from US12/035,339 external-priority patent/US20080318870A1/en
Priority claimed from GB0807615A external-priority patent/GB2452358C/en
Application filed by Kythera Biopharmaceuticals LLC filed Critical Kythera Biopharmaceuticals LLC
Priority to EP15173458.9A priority Critical patent/EP3002290B1/en
Priority to EP11181831.6A priority patent/EP2407475B1/en
Priority to PL11181831T priority patent/PL2407475T3/pl
Priority to DK11181831.6T priority patent/DK2407475T3/en
Publication of EP2069383A2 publication Critical patent/EP2069383A2/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J9/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of more than two carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, coprostane
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/575—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of three or more carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, ergosterol, sitosterol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
    • A61K8/63—Steroids; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • A61Q19/06—Preparations for care of the skin for countering cellulitis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J1/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, androstane
    • C07J1/0003—Androstane derivatives
    • C07J1/0011—Androstane derivatives substituted in position 17 by a keto group
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J1/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, androstane
    • C07J1/0003—Androstane derivatives
    • C07J1/0018—Androstane derivatives substituted in position 17 beta, not substituted in position 17 alfa
    • C07J1/0022—Androstane derivatives substituted in position 17 beta, not substituted in position 17 alfa the substituent being an OH group free esterified or etherified
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J13/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen having a carbon-to-carbon double bond from or to position 17
    • C07J13/007—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen having a carbon-to-carbon double bond from or to position 17 with double bond in position 17 (20)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J9/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of more than two carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, coprostane
    • C07J9/005—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of more than two carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, coprostane containing a carboxylic function directly attached or attached by a chain containing only carbon atoms to the cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene skeleton
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups

Definitions

  • the present invention relates broadly to bile acids and related compositions and methods.
  • the present invention relates to deoxycholic acid and related compositions, useful intermediates, and methods for synthesis thereof.
  • the present invention relates to use of the present compositions and methods as pharmaceutical compositions as well as methods for the manufacture thereof.
  • the bile acids of the present invention are not isolated from mammalian and microbial organisms naturally producing these acids and thus are free of any toxins and contaminants associated with such organisms.
  • the present invention relates to the synthesis of deoxycholoic acid and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and intermediates thereof.
  • Bile acids are characterized by two connecting units, a rigid steroid nucleus and a short aliphatic side chain (see Figure 1 of the present application). See, Hofmann, A. F., et al. For a proposed nomenclature for bile acids, see J. Lipid Res. 33:599-604 (1992). Both the nucleus and the side chain have a large number of possible steric arrangements. The nucleus can be altered by expansion or contraction of individual rings, and the side chain can be shortened or lengthened. In addition, both parts of the bile acid molecule have a large number of possible polar substituents. Ionizing groups may be present on the nucleus or the side chain.
  • conjugating groups may be present on the nucleus (e.g., sulfate, glucuronate, phosphate) or on the side chain (glycine or taurine or other amino acids, or even sugars).
  • the side chain structure determines the class of the compound (bile acids or bile salts).
  • Bile acids are amphiphiles, having both an amphiphilic and amphipathic "face":
  • the hydrophobic surface is called the " ⁇ -face” and the hydrophilic surface is called the " ⁇ -face”.
  • the ⁇ -face is lipid soluble and the ⁇ -face is relatively polar, in general.
  • bile acids such as those having polar groups (hydroxyl groups, in naturally occurring bile acids) on the hydrophobic face as well as on the hydrophilic face, e.g., ursodeoxycholic acid.
  • the amphipathic nature of the molecule is responsible for its forming mixed micelles with amphipathic but water-insoluble lipids, such as phosphatidylcholine. Bile acids will not solubilize dietary lipids in the form of mixed micelles unless bile acids are above a critical concentration, termed the critical micellization concentration.
  • the bile acids found in greatest proportion in humans are chenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid.
  • Deoxycholic acid is also known as deoxycholate, cholanoic acid, and 3 ⁇ ,12 ⁇ -dihydroxy-5 ⁇ -cholanate.
  • deoxycholic acid is used in the emulsification of fats for the absorption in the intestine.
  • deoxycholic acid is used as a mild detergent for the isolation of membrane associated proteins.
  • deoxycholic acid is one of the four main acids produced by the liver. It is soluble in alcohol and acetic acid.
  • the CAS number for deoxycholic acid is [83-44-3].
  • WO 2006/133160 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety including figures) describes methods for lipomodeling, e.g., reduction of a fat depot, by administering a neuropeptide Y receptor antagonist to the site of the fat depot.
  • Kolonin M. G. et al., Nat. Med. June 10(6):625-32 (2004) describes fat selective pro-apoptotic peptides having potent fat cell killing effects. The described pro-apoptotic peptides require access to the vasculature to kill.
  • deoxycholic acid has fat removing properties when injected into fatty deposits in vivo. See, WO 2005/117900 and WO 2005/112942, as well as US2005/0261258; US2005/0267080; US2006/127468; and US20060154906, all incorporated herein by reference in their entirety including their figures.
  • Deoxycholate injected into fat tissue has two effects: 1) it kills fat cells via a cytolytic mechanism; and 2) it causes skin tightening. Both of these effects are required to mediate the desired aesthetic corrections (i.e., body contouring). Because deoxycholate injected into fat is rapidly inactivated by exposure to protein and then rapidly returns to the intestinal contents, its effects are spatially contained.
  • fat removal therapies typically require 4 - 6 sessions.
  • This localized fat removal without the need for surgery is beneficial not only for therapeutic treatment relating to pathological localized fat deposits (e.g., dyslipidemias incident to medical intervention in the treatment of HIV), but also for cosmetic fat removal without the attendant risk inherent in surgery (e.g., liposuction).
  • pathological localized fat deposits e.g., dyslipidemias incident to medical intervention in the treatment of HIV
  • cosmetic fat removal without the attendant risk inherent in surgery (e.g., liposuction).
  • Rotunda et ah Dermatol. Surgery 30: 1001-1008 (2004)
  • Rotunda et al J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2005: 973-978
  • Lipomas treated with subcutaneous deoxycholate injections both incorporated herein by reference.
  • bile acid preparations are commercially available at relatively low cost. This low cost is due to the fact that the bile acids are obtained from animal carcasses, particularly large animals such as cows and sheep. Importantly, as with all medicaments from animal sources, there is concern that the animal-derived bile acid products may contain animal pathogens and other harmful agents such as animal or microbial metabolites and toxins, including bacterial toxins such as pyrogens.
  • Such animal pathogens can include prions, which are thought to be a type of infectious pathogenic protein that may cause prion diseases.
  • Prion diseases are degenerative disorders of the nervous system.
  • One such disease "Mad cow” disease (thought to be a variant of Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease (CJD)), is thought to be caused by a prion present in edible beef from diseased cows.
  • Most cases are sporadic with unknown mode of transmission; some cases are inherited; and a small number have been transmitted by medical procedures.
  • the spread of human prion diseases through consumption of infected material has been implicated historically in kuru and recently in variant CJD.
  • animal products may be exposed to microbial organisms which produce pyrogens (fever-causing substances).
  • Bacterial contaminants of food and/or pharmaceutical products are also a serious issue as evidenced by contamination of food stuffs by enterohemoragic E. coli. Products such as meats derived from cows as well as produce such as apples, spinach, and the like, have been implicated in such contamination. In such cases, it is the toxin produced by the bacteria (rather than the bacteria itself) that produces adverse effects in humans. Such adverse effects include severe diarrhea, kidney failure and in the extreme situations, death.
  • Bacterial endotoxins, a type of pyrogen must be substantially excluded from all pharmaceutical compositions.
  • Animal products are generally purified by a process of elimination, i.e., rather than selecting the end-product from a mix, the end product is the material remaining after exclusion of impurities.
  • another artifact of purification from animal sources is that the end-product is a mixture of one or more bile acids.
  • commercial preparations of deoxycholic acid contain some chenodoxycholic acid, as well as cholic acid, which is a precursor to both deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in mammalian bile acid synthesis.
  • the insulin situation is instructive: where synthetic material is freely available, the risk of transmission of animal pathogens is in theory eliminated.
  • the ability to produce a pure chemical entity that is substantially free of material of animal pathogens is advantageous for safety, quality, and regulatory purposes.
  • a synthetic process typically provides for a more reproducible product than that derived from biological sources.
  • Microbial such as bacterially-produced bile acids, have been used in situ as bacterial products, e.g., for marine oil spill clean-up. See, Maneerat et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 76: 679-683 (2004) ("Bile acids are new products of a mariene bacterium, Myroides sp. Strain SMl").
  • the present invention addresses this concern by providing synthetically prepared bile acid compositions free of the potential risk of animal pathogens and other harmful agents.
  • the disclosed bile acid compositions can be used in adipolytic therapy and will serve to further advance research and developmental efforts in the area of localized fat removal.
  • Bile acid compositions and methods so provided are not isolated from mammalian or microbial organisms that naturally produce the bile acids.
  • particular deoxycholic acid pharmaceutical compositions which are free of all moieties of animal origin and of mammalian and/or bacterial pyrogens, and related methods for production and use are provided.
  • adequate quantities of suitable deoxycholic acids as defined pharmaceutical compositions are provided which can be used as an injectable pharmaceutical composition for localized fat removal, along with related compositions, methods for manufacture and methods of use.
  • the defined deoxycholate injectates of the present invention may be combined with a molecule that causes fat to die by an orthogonal mechanism, e.g., NPY antagonists and/or fat selective pro-apoptotic peptides, to provide agents to be used to create a more potent means to mediate body contouring in fewer therapeutic sessions.
  • an orthogonal mechanism e.g., NPY antagonists and/or fat selective pro-apoptotic peptides
  • the present invention provides methods and intermediates relating to the synthesis of deoxycholic acid and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the synthetically prepared deoxycholic acid can be used in adipolytic therapy for fat removal.
  • Figure 1 is a drawing representing the structure of bile acids, including the numbering system for the carbons of the bile acid skeleton.
  • Figure 2 shows the similarity in dose-dependent decrease in cell survival of primary human adipocytes upon treatment with synthetic sodium deoxycholic acid of the present invention in comparison to bovine-derived sodium deoxycholate (Sigma).
  • acetylating reagent refers to a reagent in which can add an acetyl group CH 3 C(O)- to a molecule.
  • the term "acid” refers to a proton donor and includes both organic and inorganic acids.
  • alkyl refers to monovalent saturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms. This term includes, by way of example, linear and branched hydrocarbyl groups such as methyl (CH 3 -), ethyl (CH 3 CH 2 -), n-propyl (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 -), isopropyl ((CHs) 2 CH-), /i-butyl (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -), isobutyl ((CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 -), sec-butyl ((CH 3 )(CH 3 CH 2 )CH-), f-butyl ((CH 3 ) 3 C-), n-pentyl (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -), and neopentyl ((CH 3 ) 3 CCH 2 -).
  • aryl refers to a monovalent aromatic carbocyclic group of from 6 to 12 carbon atoms having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl).
  • animal origin refers to originating from any of a kingdom (Animalia) of living things including many-celled organisms and single celled organisms.
  • dehydration reagent refers to a reagent that can react with water.
  • a dehydration reagent can react with water that is removed from a molecule.
  • a desulfurization reagent refers to a reagent which can react with a sulfide.
  • a desulfurization reagent can react with a sulfide containing molecule to remove the sulfide group from the molecule.
  • ethane dithiol or dithiane precursor refers to a reagent that, with reaction with a carbonyl group, will form an ethane dithiol or dithiane group.
  • electrophilic acetyl group refers to an acetyl group as an electrophile, a group which is attracted to electrons and tends to accept electrons.
  • hydrolysis reagent refers to a reagent that can donate hydrogen to a molecule.
  • Lewis acid refers to an electron pair acceptor.
  • Lewis acids include oraganometallic reagents such as alkyl aluminum halides (e.g. Et 2 AlCl and MeAlCl 2 ).
  • alkyl aluminum halides e.g. Et 2 AlCl and MeAlCl 2 .
  • mammalian origin refers to originating from any mammalian organism.
  • mammalian organism refers to a class (Mammalia) of warm-blooded higher vertebrates (as placentals, marsupials, or monotremes) that nourish their young with milk secreted by mammary glands, have the skin usually more or less covered with hair, and include humans.
  • microbial origin refers to originating from any microbial organism.
  • microbial organism refers to a domain (Bacteria) of prokaryotic round, spiral, or rod- shaped single-celled microorganisms that may lack cell walls or are gram-positive or gram- negative if they have cell walls, that are often aggregated into colonies or motile by means of flagella, that typically live in soil, water, organic matter, or the bodies of plants and animals, that are usually autotrophic, saprophytic, or parasitic in nutrition, and that are noted for their biochemical effects and pathogenicity.
  • olefmation reagent refers to regents that react with ketones to form the corresponding olefins.
  • olefin forming conditions refers to suitable conditions for carryout such transformations. Examples of such reagents include Wittig regeants and Wittig olefmation conditions.
  • oxidizing agent refers to a reagent which can accept electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. In this way, halogen or oxygen can be added to a molecule or hydrogen can be removed from a molecule.
  • pathogen refers to a specific causative agent of a disease.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to pharmaceutically acceptable salts derived from a variety of organic and inorganic counter ions well known in the art and include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, and tetraalkylammonium. Suitable salts include those described in P. Heinrich Stahl, Camille G. Wermuth (Eds.), Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts Properties, Selection, and Use; 2002. These pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be prepared by reacting DCA with a suitable base. For illustrative purposes, examples of such bases include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or lithium hydroxide.
  • the salts can be prepared by hydrolysis of esters of DCA with base and omitting any acidic workup that would lead to DCA.
  • reducing agent refers to a reagent which can donate electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. In this way, halogen or oxygen can be removed from a molecule or hydrogen can be added to a molecule.
  • compositions and Methods of Use In various aspects described herein, the present invention provides compositions
  • this invention is thus directed to bile acid pharmaceutical compositions free of material of animal origin, such as mammalian pathogens, as well as being substantially free of toxins of bacterial origin, such as pyrogens.
  • Sodium deoxycholate is a naturally produced bile salt that solubilizes dietary lipids in the digestive tract. It is produced in vivo via a complex biosynthetic route utilizing cholesterol as the starting material and involving both human and bacterial enzymes. The primary function of deoxycholate is to assist in the digestive process by solubilizing dietary lipids to facilitate absorption. In the body, deoxycholate biosynthesis begins with the enzymatic oxidation, isomerization, and reduction of cholesterol in the liver to form cholic acid, a bile acid structurally similar to its cholesterol parent (Stryer L, Chapter 27:
  • cholic acid is then chemically linked to one of two amino acids (taurine or glycine) to form the 'conjugated' cholic acids ⁇ i.e., L-glycocholate and taurocholate).
  • taurine or glycine amino acids
  • conjugated cholic acids are then stored in the gall bladder until food consumption.
  • bile solution is released from the gall bladder into the intestine, where the conjugated cholic acid molecules are subject to two additional chemical modifications mediated by enzymes produced by intestinal microflora (Ridlon J.M., Kang D.J. and Hylemon P.
  • conjugated cholic acid is dehydroxylated to form conjugated deoxycholate.
  • Conjugated deoxycholate is then deconjugated to form free deoxycholate, which participates, along with the other bile acids, in the solubilization of dietary lipids.
  • deoxycholate is downstream from cholic acid synthesis, cholic acid may be an impurity present in natural sources of deoxycholate.
  • Deoxycholate is soluble to 333 mg/mL in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, and is even less soluble in acetone and glacial acetic acid. Reversible formation of micelles may occur with sodium deoxycholate concentrations above the critical micelle concentrations of approximately 2.4 mg/mL and neutral pH (Matsuoka K, M.Y., Micelle formation of sodium deoxycholate and sodium ursodeoxycholate (part 1), Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1580(2-3): p. 189-99 (2002)). At concentrations above the critical micelle concentration of 2.4 mg/mL, deoxycholate will form micelles and has the ability to solubilize cells, lipids, and proteins.
  • deoxycholate is 98% bound to albumin (Roda A. et al., Quantitative aspects of the interaction of bile acids with human serum albumin, J. Lipid Res., 23(3): p. 490-5 (1982)) in the presence of 26 mg/mL of albumin (which is close to the serum physiological concentration of 35-50 mg/mL).
  • the preferred embodiments are directed to deoxycholic acid (DCA) or a prodrug thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or the prodrug and the related compositions and methods, wherein deoxycholic acid (DCA) is:
  • said compound is not isolated from a mammalian or microbial organism naturally producing DCA.
  • Other preferred embodiments also are directed to stereoisomers of DCA and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and to intermediates in the synthesis of the DCA and its stereoisomers and salts and the related compositions and methods.
  • the present bile acid pharmaceutical compositions are optionally in salt form, and, further optionally contain a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipient or carrier.
  • this invention is directed to a compound that is deoxycholic acid (DCA) or a prodrug thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or the prodrug:
  • said compound is not isolated from a mammalian or microbial organism naturally producing DCA and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • Preferred cations for salt preparation may be selected from the group consisting of sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ), lithium (Li + ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), barium (Ba 2+ ), strontium (Sr 2+ ), and ammonium (NH 4 + ).
  • Salts may also be prepared from an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal.
  • An alkali metal may be selected from among sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ), and lithium (Li + ).
  • An alkaline earth metal may be selected from the group consisting of magnesium (Mg ), calcium (Ca ), barium (Ba ), and strontium (Sr ).
  • the bile salt is sodium deoxycholate.
  • a prodrug is an active or inactive compound that is modified chemically through in vivo physiological action, such as hydrolysis, metabolism and the like, into a compound of the embodiments following administration of the prodrug to a patient.
  • a prodrug may prepare a C 1 - C 1O ester or an amide of the present deoxycholic acid or derivatives thereof, so that the release of the deoxycholic acid or derivatives thereof is triggered by the disruption of the cell membrane, and release of esterase. With the release of esterase, the ester protecting group is cleaved so that the deoxycholic acid active form or derivatives thereof is present at the desired location in situ.
  • Such C 1 -C 1O esters can optionally include 1-4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen; alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, hexyl etc. optionally having 1-4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen; alkylphenyl groups having a total of up to 10 carbon atoms, such as, a benzyl or an ethyl phenyl group optionally having 1-4 heteroatoms at any acceptable point of substitution; and an aryl group such as a phenyl group.
  • Example of amide includes, but is not limited to, hydroxamate.
  • esters, hydroxamates, and hydroxyamides of the deoxycholic acid as well as chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) or derivatives thereof are described as below.
  • Different functional groups can be attached to deoxycholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid by esterif ⁇ cation of the carboxylic group on the D-ring side chain to generate prodrugs.
  • D-ring side chain esters are shown in Table 1.
  • release of the deoxycholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid and derivates thereof can be triggered by disruption of the cell membrane and the release of esterase. With the release of esterase, the ester protecting group can be cleaved so that the deoxycholic acid's or chenodeoxycholic acid's active form or derivative thereof is present at the desired location in situ.
  • Prodrugs of deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and their derivatives also include epimers that may possess opposite stereochemistry from the native molecule. Examples of these epimeric molecules are shown in Table 2.
  • lidocaine is frequently used in humans, and may be administered either as a co-formulation (in the same container and injected at the same time) or co-injection (injected from a different container).
  • Anesthetics such as lidocaine may be administered via topical preparation, such as a patch or ointment.
  • the bile acid(s) or bile salt(s) in a solution of the invention can be at a concentration of about 0.001 to 10, 0.01 to 5, or 0.1 to 2% w/w, w/v, or v/v.
  • the bile acid(s) or bile salt(s) in the above solution can be at a concentration of about 0.1-5 % w/w or more preferably about 1% w/w.
  • the fat dissolving solution comprises up to 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.2, 0.05, 0.02, or 0.01 grams of the one or more detergents, bile acids and/or bile salts, e.g., deoxycholic acid or salts thereof or sodium deoxycholate.
  • the solutions herein include no lipids, phospholipids, or phosphatidylcholine. In some embodiments, the solutions herein include up to 5% w/w, w/v, or v/v lipids, phospholipids, or phosphatidylcholine. In some embodiments, the above solution can further comprise a second therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: anti-microbial agents, vasoconstrictors, antithrombotic agents, anti-coagulation agents, suds-depressants, anti-inflammatory agents, analgesics, dispersion agents, anti-dispersion agents, penetration enhancers, steroids, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, and anti-diarrhea agents. In some embodiments, a solution is in a container that contains up to 500 mL of solution. Such container can be a syringe or syringe-loadable container.
  • compositions and methods further comprise a molecule known to cause fat to die by an orthogonal mechanism.
  • NPY neuropeptide Y
  • Such molecules include neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor antagonists including, but not limited to, NPY receptor antagonists, such as BIBP-3226 (Amgen), BIBO-3304 (Boehringer Ingleheim), BMS- 192548 and AR-H040922 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), LY-357897 (Eli Lilly), 1229U91 and GW438014S (GlaxoSmithKline), JNJ-5207787 (Johnson & Johnson), Lu-AA-44608 (Lundbeck), MK-0557 (Merck NPY), NGD-95-1 (Neurgogen), NLX-E201 (Neurologix), CGP-71683 (Novartis), PD-160170 (Pfizer), SR-120819A, BIIE0246, and S.A.0204 (Sanofi Avent
  • the present invention relates to methods for reducing a subcutaneous fat deposit in a subject.
  • Such methods comprise the step of administering locally to a subcutaneous fat deposit in the subject a composition
  • a composition comprising: (i) a fat-dissolving effective amount of one or more pharmacologically active detergents, or bile acid(s) and/or bile salt(s), or deoxycholic acid or a salt thereof, or sodium deoxycholate; (ii) a pharmaceutical, veterinary, or cosmetic excipient; and (iii) optionally a lipid, wherein the ratio of the lipid and bile acid or bile salt is up to 1% w/w and wherein the composition does not include lipase or colipase.
  • the fat deposit is associated with a condition selected from the group consisting of obesity, fat redistribution syndrome, eyelid fat herniation, lipomas, Dercum's disease, lipodystrophy, buffalo hump lipodystrophy, dorsocervical fat, visceral adiposity, breast enlargement, hyperadiposity, diffused body fat around trunk and arms, and fat deposits associated with cellulite.
  • the above method does not include performing surgery on said subject.
  • this invention is directed to a method for removal of fat deposits from selected locations in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of DCA or a prodrug thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the DCA or the prodrug:
  • said compound is not isolated from a mammalian or microbial organism naturally producing DCA.
  • the methods of this invention may further comprise administering to the mammal at least one additional active ingredient selected from the group consisting of a neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor antagonist and a fat selective pro- apoptotic peptide.
  • the neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor antagonist is selected from the group consisting of BIBP-3226, neuropeptide Y5 antagonist (the Amgen NPY receptor antagonists), BIBO-3304 (the Boehringer Ingleheim NPY receptor antagonist), BMS-192548 (the Bristol-Myers Squibb NPY receptor antagonist), AR- H040922 (the Bristol-Myers Squibb NPY receptor antagonist), LY-357897 (the Eli Lilly NPY receptor antagonist), the Esteve NPY-Y5 receptor antagonist, 1229U91 (the
  • GlaxoSmithKline NPY receptor antagonists GW438014S (the Glaxo SmithKline NPY receptor antagonists), JNJ-5207787 (the Johnson & Johnson NPY receptor antagonist), Lu- AA-44608 (the Lundbeck NPY receptor antagonist), MK-0557 (the Merck NPY receptor antagonist), NGD-95-1 (the Neurgogen NPY receptor antagonist), NLX-E201 (the Neurologix NPY receptor antagonist), CGP-71683 (the Novartis NPY receptor antagonist), PD- 160170 (the Pfizer NPY receptor antagonists), SR-120819A (the Sanofi Aventis NPY receptor antagonists), BIIE0246 (the Sanofi Aventis NPY receptor antagonists), S.A.0204 (the Sanofi Aventis NPY receptor antagonists), S-2367 (the Shiongli NPY receptor antagonist), dihydropyridine that are NPY receptor antagonists, dihydropyridine derivatives that are
  • the fat selective pro- apoptotic peptide is CKGGRAKDC peptide that homes to white fat vasculature. See, Kolonin M.G. et al, Nat. Med. June 10(6):625-32 (2004).
  • the present invention relates to methods for reducing the appearance of a skin condition in a skin region of a subject.
  • Such methods comprise the step of: administering locally to said skin region a composition comprising: (i) a skin-tightening effective amount of one or more pharmacologically active detergents, or bile acid(s) and/or bile salt(s), or deoxycholic acid or a salt thereof, or sodium deoxycholate, (ii) a pharmaceutical, veterinary, or cosmetic excipient, and (iii) optionally a lipid.
  • the administering step involves delivering the compositions herein via a subcutaneous or transdermal injection.
  • the skin condition being treated or ameliorated is selected from the group consisting of: loose skin, skin aging, irregularities of the skin, and wrinkles.
  • the region of skin being treated is under eye, under chin, under arm, buttock, cheek, brow, calf, back, thigh, ankle, or stomach.
  • compositions used for reducing the appearance of a skin condition in a skin region are formulation into a skin tightening solution.
  • skin tightening solution can further comprise a second therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: anti-microbial agents, vasoconstrictors, anti-thrombotic agents, anticoagulation agents, suds-depressants, anti-inflammatory agents, analgesics, dispersion agents, anti-dispersion agents, penetration enhancers, steroids, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, and anti-diarrhea agents.
  • the detergent comprises a bile acid selected from the group consisting of deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, 7-alpha- dehydroxylate chenodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, dihydroxytaurin acid, trihydroxytaurine acid, and glycine conjugates of any of the above.
  • a bile acid selected from the group consisting of deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, 7-alpha- dehydroxylate chenodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, dihydroxytaurin acid, trihydroxytaurine acid, and glycine conjugates of any of the above.
  • the detergent comprises a bile salt that includes a cation selected from the group consisting of sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ), lithium (Li + ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), barium (Ba 2+ ), strontium (Sr 2+ ), and ammonium (NH 4 + ).
  • the detergent comprises a bile salt with a cation that is an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal.
  • the alkali metal is sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ), or lithium (Li + ) and the alkaline earth metal is magnesium (Mg 2+ ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), barium
  • the bile salt is sodium deoxycholate.
  • said compound is not isolated from a mammalian or microbial organism naturally producing DCA.
  • Another embodiment provides for a method of solubilizing phosphatidylcholine comprising mixing phosphatidylcholine and effective amount of a compound that is DCA or a prodrug thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the DCA or the prodrug,
  • said compound is not isolated from a mammalian or microbial organism naturally producing DCA.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to mixing adipo-ablative bile acids, such as, deoxycholic acid (DCA) with agents that kill fat cells.
  • DCA deoxycholic acid
  • this invention contemplates a means to enhance the aesthetic effects of deoxycholate injections by mixing into the deoxycholate injectate a molecule that causes fat to die by an orthogonal mechanism.
  • candidate molecules include, but are not limited to, neuropeptide Y (NPY) antagonists and fat selective pro-apoptotic peptides, as described herein.
  • an agent with fat killing ability and potent skin tightening effects can be enhanced via the addition of a molecule with potent fat cell killing effects.
  • molecules that require access to the vasculature to kill can gain access to these proteins because deoxycholate may cause vascular leakage.
  • such agents can be synergistic with deoxycholate potentially creating a more potent means to mediate body contouring in fewer therapeutic sessions.
  • the present invention provides methods of synthesis of the compounds, salts, and prodrugs of DCA and their related intermediates.
  • DCA deoxycholic acid
  • DCA the method comprising
  • the hydrogenation conditions of part (a) comprises a Pd/C catalyst.
  • the acid of part (b) is a mineral acid.
  • the mineral acid is H 2 SO 4 .
  • the reducing agent of part (c) is LiAl(OtBu) 3 H.
  • the two carbon olefmation reagent of part (d) is a Wittig agent such as Ph 3 PCH 2 CH 3 + Br " .
  • the protecting group P of compound 7-12 is -C(O)CH 3 .
  • compound 6 is exposed to acylation conditions to form 7a, such as by treatment of 6 with acetic anhydride and an organic base such as Et 3 N, pyridine, and/or dimethylaminopyridine .
  • the Lewis acid of part (f) is EtAlCl 2.
  • the alkylpropiolate of part (f) is methylpropriolate. In one embodiment, the alkyl acrylate of part (f) is methylacrylate.
  • the hydrogenation conditions of part (g) comprises a PtO 2 or Pd/C catalyst.
  • the oxidizing agent of part (h) is CrO 3 .
  • the hydrogenation conditions of part (i) comprises a Pd/C catalyst.
  • the reducing agent of part (j) is LiAl(OtBu) 3 H.
  • the deprotection and hydrolysis conditions of part (k) when P is -C(O)CH 3 comprises reacting compound 12 with an alkali earth hydroxide, alkali earth alkoxide, or a mixture of both.
  • the hydrolysis conditions include an acidic workup to give deoxycholic acid. In other aspects, the acidic workup is omitted to give the corresponding salt.
  • the alkali earth alkoxide is LiOH.
  • salts of deoxcycholoic acid can be prepared by reaction with an alkali earth metal alkoxide or hydroxide. Salts of deoxcycholoic acid include the sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ), and lithium (Li + ) salts.
  • an intermediate compound selected from the group consisting of 9 ⁇ -Hydroxy-5 ⁇ -androstan-3,17-dione (2);
  • compositions and modes of administration can be comprised of a disclosed compound in combination with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • Acceptable excipients are non-toxic, aid administration, and do not adversely affect the therapeutic benefit of the disclosed compound.
  • excipient may be any solid, liquid, semi-solid or, in the case of an aerosol composition, gaseous excipient that is generally available to one of skill in the art.
  • Solid pharmaceutical excipients include starch, cellulose, talc, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, magnesium stearate, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, sodium chloride, dried skim milk and the like.
  • Liquid and semisolid excipients may be selected from glycerol, propylene glycol, water, ethanol and various oils, including those of petroleum, vegetable or synthetic origin, e.g., peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, etc.
  • Preferred liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions include water, saline, aqueous dextrose, and glycols.
  • the compounds of preferred embodiments will be administered in a therapeutically effective amount by any of the accepted modes of administration for agents that serve similar utilities.
  • the actual amount of the compound of preferred embodiments, i.e., the active ingredient will depend upon numerous factors such as the severity of the disease to be treated, the age and relative health of the subject, the potency of the compound used, the route and form of administration, and other factors.
  • the drug can be administered more than once a day, preferably once or twice a day. All of these factors are within the skill of the attending clinician.
  • the amount of the compound in a formulation can vary within the full range employed by those skilled in the art.
  • the present compositions in various aspects as described herein may be prepared wherein the deoxycholic acid moiety is in the range of about 0.5%- 10% on a weight per aqueous volume basis, or, on a w/w basis assuming the density of water (i.e., a 1 : 1 correspondence between weight and volume).
  • the present embodiments relate to the presently described pharmaceutical compositions in concentrations up to saturation point of the diluent.
  • concentrations up to saturation point of the diluent One may select the degree of thixotropic viscosity based on conditions such as concentration and pH. See, e.g., Mukhopadhyay, S. and U. Maitra, Current Science 87: 1666-1683 (2004) at 1680.
  • the administering step involves delivering the compositions herein via a dermal patch, a pump, or subdermal depot. In some embodiments, the administering step involves delivering the compositions herein topically or subcutaneously. In specific embodiments, the administration step involves administering locally (e.g., subcutaneously or subdermally) to a region under eye, under chin, under arm, buttock, calf, back, thigh, or stomach of said subject. The administration can be made by a subcutaneous or transdermal inj ection.
  • Synthetic routes 1-6 are contemplated for use in the present invention to synthesize deoxycholic acid (DCA).
  • Synthetic route IB and Examples 1-11 show the synthesis of DCA from hydrocortisone.
  • Synthetic route #1A from Adrenosterone, via 9(ll)-ene or 11,12-ene Cortisone (Compound 1.1) of Scheme IA (below) is widely available as a fully synthetic material. It can be efficiently cleaved to form the C 17 ketone compound using pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC). This cleavage to adrenosterone (Compound 1.2) can also be achieved using HIO 4 or sodium bismuthate (NaBiOs).
  • PCC pyridinium chlorochromate
  • HIO 4 or sodium bismuthate (NaBiOs) sodium bismuthate
  • the reaction that converts Compound 1.2 to Compound 1.3 is a known chemical process. Conversion of Compound 1.3 into Compound 1.4 involves monoketalization.
  • the synthetic scheme bifurcates here, in that Compound 1.7 can be used as the starting material for conversion to either Compound 1.8 or Compound 1.9.
  • the elimination reaction used to convert Compound 1.7 into Compound 1.8 is regioselective because of the trans diaxial relationship between the C 11 hydroxyl group and C 9 hydrogen atom.
  • the alternative mode of elimination to yield the isomeric C 11 -C 12 olefin of compound 1.9 is likewise regioselective involving c ⁇ -thermal elimination (i.e., conversion of Compound 1.7 to Compound 1.9).
  • Scheme IA Synthesis of the two C-ring precursors of the Ci 2 hydroxyl group of DCA
  • cortisone route can be modified to begin instead with hydrocortisone, which has the same carbon skeleton and the same relative placement of oxygen atoms, with hydrocortisone differing from cortisone only in the oxidation state of the C-I l oxygen bearing carbon atom.
  • Hydrocortisone is commercially available and various synthesis of this compound are known (Szczebara et. al. Nature Biotechnology 21 : 143-149 (Feb. 2003)) including a total chemical synthesis (Woodward R. B. et. al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74: 4223 (1952)).
  • Ketone 1.13 is synthesized starting from hydrocortisone 1.12 (Scheme IB) via hydrogenolysis of the ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated double bond, followed by global ketone reduction using sodium borohydride to allow for 1,2-diol cleavage using NaIO 4 , thus forming the C 17 ketone on the D-ring of the steroidal ring system. Subsequent oxidation with pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) yields 1.13. Treatment of 1.13 with K-selectride ® followed by acetylation with acetic anhydride/pyridine gives protected alcohol 1.15.
  • Scheme 3 presents the transformation of epoxide-containing Compound 1.11 to the analogous C 12 ⁇ -hydroxy steroid Compound 2.2 of Scheme 2.
  • Hecogenin (Compound 7.1, Scheme 7) is a plant sterol found abundantly in Mexican yams and other plants of the Agave species.
  • the central advantage of hecogenin as a starting material for DCA synthesis is that it possesses a C 12 oxygen functionality as is present in DCA.
  • the first step in the synthetic route starting from hecogenin is the stereoselective reduction of the C 12 carbonyl group in hecogenin (Compound 7.1) to the requisite C 12 - ⁇ configuration (conversion of Compound 7.1 to Compound 7.2). Then the 3- ⁇ -ol, 5 ⁇ -AB ring system is converted to the 3 ⁇ -ol, 5 ⁇ -AB (Conversion of Compound 7.1, to Compound 7.2, to Compound 7.3) ring system (Scheme 7).
  • the well-known Marker degradation Marker, R.E., Rohrmann, E., Sterols. LXIX. Oxidation Products of Sarsasapogenin. Sarsasapogenoic Acid and Related Substances, J. Am.
  • Sapogenins are derived from the hydrolysis of the saccharides and disaccharides attached to the C 3 hydroxyl group of the saponins (i.e., steroid glycosides). These are widely occurring plant products. Saponin occurs in nature as a spiroketal structure as shown below. Also Compound 10.3 can be formed from tigogenin, diosgenin, chlorogenin, smilagenin and hecogenin (Compound 7.1). We believe that DCA could be synthesized from each of these, namely, tigogenin, diosgenin, chlorogenin, smilagenin and hecogenin (Compound 7.1). (Y. Mazur, N. Danieli and Franz Sondheimer, J. Am. Chem. Soc; 82, 5809 (I960)).
  • Stigmasterol (Compound 11.1) is a widely available plant sterol.
  • it has an advantage in that it contains a functionalized AB ring system and a readily cleavable side chain moiety. It has the disadvantage in that it lacks the required functionality in the C ring essential for DCA synthesis.
  • the stigmasterol (Compound 11.1) AB ring is protected by i- steroid formation followed by ozonolysis to yield a side-chain at C 17 installed and reduced to the C 24 -Ol as a masked form of the carboxyl group (Scheme 11).
  • the subsequent steps generate an allylic position at C 12 (Scheme 12).
  • the B-ring diene formation and mercuric acetate oxidation are known processes and catalytic reduction of the B ring system yields an intermediate common with previous routes described above. However, in contrast to other routes, the side chain is already present. Allylic oxidation (conversion of Compound 12.4 to Compound 1.20) and stereoselective reduction (conversion of Compound 1.20 to Compound 1.21) followed by previously discussed steps, yields a product which is converted to DCA.
  • a variation of the stigmasterol route uses the Diels- Alder protection of the B-ring diene. This is advantageous because it isolates the 9(11) double bond to prevent possible interference during the allylic oxidation steps (Scheme 13). Scheme 13. Triene Formation and Diels- Alder Protection of the Ring B Diene
  • Ergosterol (Compound 14.1) is a readily available starting material and can be used to prepare DCA by adaptation of the procedures set forth in this application. Allylic oxidation offers a facile route to C 12 oxygen functionality (Scheme 14). This route has the advantage of starting with the ring B diene. It is convergent with the stigmasterol route. Scheme 14. Triene formation from Ergosterol
  • the compounds of preferred embodiments can be prepared from readily available starting materials using the following general methods and procedures. It will be appreciated that where typical or preferred process conditions (i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given, other process conditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvent used, but such conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.
  • protecting groups may be necessary to prevent certain functional groups from undergoing undesired reactions.
  • Suitable protecting groups for various functional groups as well as suitable conditions for protecting and deprotecting particular functional groups are well known in the art. For example, numerous protecting groups are described in T. W. Greene and G. M. Wuts, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, Third Edition, Wiley, New York, 1999, and references cited therein.
  • the starting materials and reagents for the reactions described herein are generally known compounds or can be prepared by known procedures or obvious modifications thereof. For example, many of the starting materials and reagents are available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co.
  • the various starting materials, intermediates, and compounds of the preferred embodiments may be isolated and purified where appropriate using conventional techniques such as precipitation, filtration, crystallization, evaporation, distillation, and chromatography. Characterization of these compounds may be performed using conventional methods such as by melting point, mass spectrum, nuclear magnetic resonance, and various other spectroscopic analyses. Exemplary embodiments of steps for performing the synthesis of products in
  • Apparatus Analysis of the compounds and products of the reaction schemes and synthetic routes described herein may be performed on the apparatus and equipment described infra.
  • Infrared spectra are run on a JASCO-460 + model (Jasco, Inc., Easton, MD). Mass spectra are obtained with a Perkin Elmer, API-2000 spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, MA) using ES + mode.
  • Melting Point Melting points were determined using a LAB-INDIA melting point measuring apparatus (Labindia Instruments Pvt. Ltd., India) and are uncorrected.
  • NaBH 4 (2.1 g, 55.3 mmol) is added to a solution of the above crude product (48.Og, 131.86 mmol) in EtOH (500 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (500 mL). After 1 hr, acetone (50 mL) and water (150 mL) are added, followed by NaIO 4 (70.5 g, 329.6 mmol). The mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight.
  • the obtained crude material was purified by preparative HPLC using a Phenomenex Lunov C18 column (250 x 30.0 mm, lO ⁇ ) and isocratic elution with CH 3 CN:H 2 O (12:13) with a 25 niL/min flow rate in 15 rnL fractions.
  • the preparative HPLC is only used for purification, but not for analysis. Table 4 describes the measured properties of the product.
  • AT-selectride ® (98.39 mL, 98.01 mmol, IM solution in THF) is added to a solution of Compound 1.13 (33.0 g, 109.27 mmol) in THF (330 mL) over 15 minutes under an inert atmosphere at -78 0 C and is stirred for about 3-4 h at -78 0 C.
  • the reaction mixture is quenched with aqueous NaOH solution (2M, 70 mL).
  • the crude reaction mixture is diluted with ethyl acetate (500 mL) and the organic layer is washed with water (3 x 75 mL), saturated brine solution (100 mL) and dried over MgSO 4 (75 g). The solvent is removed under vacuum to afford 33 g of crude material.
  • the crude product is subjected to acetylation without purification. Purification of Crude Material
  • reaction mixture is stirred for an additional 10-20 minutes and the reaction mixture is allowed to warm to ambient temperature slowly. Stirring is continued for about 3-4 h.
  • the reaction mixture is quenched with saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl solution (75 mL).
  • the aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc (2 x 150 mL) and the combined organic extracts are washed with saturated brine solution (100 mL) and dried over MgSO 4 (75 g).
  • Methyl propiolate (9.68 g, 114.95 mmol) is added to a solution of Compound 1.16 (16.5 g, 46 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (220 mL) 0 0 C.
  • the reaction mixture is warmed to ambient temperature and stirred for 1 h under an inert atmosphere.
  • Ethyl aluminum dichloride (17.5 g, 137.8 mmol) is introduced to the above mixture at 0 0 C drop wise and the resulting reaction mass is again warmed to ambient temperature and stirred overnight.
  • the crude reaction mixture is quenched with ice-water (100 mL) and the aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc (3 x 150 mL).
  • PCC (1.0 g, 4.6 mmol) is introduced in 3 equal portions to a solution of the obtained ester in CH 2 Cl 2 (25 mL) over about 5 minutes.
  • the resulting reaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for about 3-4 h. Upon completion of the reaction, as evidenced by
  • Adipocytes (Zen-Bio cat# SA- 1096) 96 well plates (US Scientific cat# cellstar no. 655180)
  • Serum-free RPMI medium Mediatech cat# 17-105-CV
  • Adipocytes arrived differentiated and at a density of 13,000 cells per well in a 96 well plate. Two plates were received and each treated with the same samples. Cells were incubated for 24 hours at 37 0 C with 5% CO 2 .
  • a 1% stock solution of each bile acid (synthetic and non-synthetic DCA) was made by dissolving 20 mg into 2 mL media (serum- free). Using the 1% stock solution, the following 11 solutions were prepared by dilution: 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.015%, 0.02%, 0.025%, 0.03%, 0.035%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, and 0.1% , as well as 0% (media only).
  • Cells were washed 2x with 150 ⁇ L of room temperature Ix PBS (phosphate buffered saline). Media and then PBS were removed from the wells in a 96 well plate by turning the plate upside down and decanting the liquid into a container. After the last PBS wash, 80 ⁇ L of sample was added per well. Each concentration of a specific bile acid was added to 8 wells and incubated for 1 hour at 37 0 C with 5% CO 2 . Plates were then removed from incubator and solution was decanted.
  • Ix PBS phosphate buffered saline

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