Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
  • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
  • B01J23/46—Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
  • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
  • B01J23/46—Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
  • B01J23/462—Ruthenium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/90—Regeneration or reactivation
  • B01J23/96—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts comprising metals, oxides or hydroxides of the noble metals
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J38/00—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts, in general
  • B01J38/04—Gas or vapour treating; Treating by using liquids vaporisable upon contacting spent catalyst
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms
  • C07C5/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by hydrogenation
  • C07C5/10—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by hydrogenation of aromatic six-membered rings
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
  • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • B01J23/74—Iron group metals
  • B01J23/75—Cobalt
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • B01J23/74—Iron group metals
  • B01J23/755—Nickel
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
  • C07C2523/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals
  • C07C2523/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
  • C07C2523/46—Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
  • Y02P20/584—Recycling of catalysts
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S585/00—Chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds
  • Y10S585/8995—Catalyst and recycle considerations
  • Y10S585/906—Catalyst preservation or manufacture, e.g. activation before use

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for the regeneration of a catalyst used for the hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane.
• a particularly suitable catalyst which can be used in the hydrogenation of aromatic compounds is disclosed in DE 196 24 485 A1.
• the catalyst comprises ruthenium alone or together with at least one metal of the periodic table (CAS version) in an amount of 0.01 to 30% by weight, based on the total weight of the catalyst, as active metal and is applied to a carrier.
• From 10 to 50% of the pore volume of the support is formed by macropores having a pore diameter in the range of 50 nm to 10,000 nm and 50 to 90% of the pore volume of the support of mesopores having a pore diameter in the range of 2 to 50 nm, the sum of the Pore volumes added to 100%.
• Activated carbon, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, magnesium dioxide, zinc oxide or a mixture of two or more thereof are used as the carrier.
• the catalyst comprises in one embodiment (Catalyst 1) at least one metal of VIII.
• Subgroup of the Periodic Table applied to a support, wherein the support has macropores and the catalyst as active metal at least one metal of VIII.
• the catalyst comprises as active metal at least one metal of VIII.
• Another particularly suitable catalyst is disclosed in the application DE 102 005 029 200. It is a shell catalyst containing as active metal ruthenium alone or together with at least one other metal of subgroups IB, VIIB or VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements (CAS version), applied to a support containing silicon dioxide as a support material, characterized in that the amount of the active metal ⁇ 1 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the catalyst, and at least 60 wt .-% of the active metal in the shell of the catalyst to a penetration depth of 200 microns, determined by means of SEM-EPMA (EDXS).
• EDXS SEM-EPMA
• a decrease in the catalytic activity is caused by various physical and chemical effects on the catalyst, for example by blocking the catalytically active centers or by loss of catalytically active centers by thermal, mechanical or chemical processes.
• catalyst deactivation or, in general, aging can be caused by sintering of the catalytically active centers, by loss of (precious) metal, by deposits or by poisoning of the active sites.
• the mechanisms of aging / deactivation are manifold.
• DE 196 34 880 C2 discloses a process for the simultaneous selective hydrogenation of diolefins and nitriles from a hydrocarbon starting material.
• the catalyst is reacted with an inert gas to remove the catalyst. washes away traces of the hydrocarbon from the catalyst and to create a purged catalyst and rinsed with hydrogen in a subsequent regeneration step. This produces a regenerated catalyst whose diolefin hydrogenation activity again is at least 80% of the initial value.
• the object of the present invention is to provide a process for regenerating a ruthenium catalyst used in the hydrogenation of benzene. This should be easy to implement in terms of apparatus and inexpensive to carry out. In particular, this should allow a multiple and complete regeneration of the catalyst to be achieved.
• the above object is achieved by a process for regenerating a ruthenium catalyst for the hydrogenation of benzene, comprising purging the catalyst with inert gas in a regeneration step until the original activity or part of the original activity is reached.
• the process of the invention is particularly suitable for the regeneration of Ru catalysts, which are described in the applications EP-A 0 814 098, EP-A 1 169 285 and DE 102 005 029 200 and are used in the processes disclosed therein. These catalysts and processes are listed below.
• catalysts described below will be referred to in the present application as "catalyst variant I".
• all metals of subgroup VIII of the Periodic Table can be used as the active metal.
• the active metals used are preferably platinum, rhodium, palladium, cobalt, nickel or ruthenium or a mixture of two or more thereof, ruthenium in particular being used as the active metal.
• Macropores and “mesopores” are used in the context of the present invention as described in Pure Appl. Chem., 45, p. 79 (1976), namely as pores whose diameter is above 50 nm (macropores) or whose diameter is between 2 nm and 50 nm (mesopores).
• Mesopores are also defined according to the above literature and refer to pores with a diameter of ⁇ 2 nm.
• the content of the active metal is generally about 0.01 to about 30% by weight, preferably about 0.01 to about 5% by weight, and more preferably about 0.1 to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight the catalyst used.
• the total metal surface area on catalyst variant I is preferably about 0.01 to about 10 m 2 / g, more preferably about 0.05 to about 5 m 2 / g, and especially about 0.05 to about 3 m 2 / g of the catalyst ,
• the metal surface is prepared by the methods described by J. Lemaitre et al. in "Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts", ed. Francis Delanney, Marcel Dekker, New York 1984, pp. 310-324.
• the ratio of the surfaces of the active metal (s) and the catalyst carrier is preferably less than about 0.05, the lower limit being about 0.0005.
• Catalyst variant I comprises a support material which is macroporous and has an average pore diameter of at least about 50 nm, preferably at least about 100 nm, in particular at least about 500 nm, and whose BET surface area is at most about 30 m 2 / g, preferably at most about 15 m 2 / g, more preferably at most about 10 m 2 / g, in particular at most about 5 m 2 / g and more preferably at most about 3 m 2 / g.
• the average pore diameter of the support is preferably about 100 nm to about 200 ⁇ m, more preferably about 500 nm to about 50 ⁇ m.
• the BET surface area of the support is preferably about 0.2 to about 15 m 2 / g, more preferably about 0.5 to about 10 m 2 / g, more preferably about 0.5 to about 5 m 2 / g, and more preferably about 0.5 to about 3 m 2 / g.
• the surface of the support is determined by the BET method by N 2 adsorption, in particular according to DIN 66131. The determination of the average pore diameter and the pore size distribution by Hg porosimetry, in particular according to DIN 66133.
• the pore size distribution of the support may be approximately bimodal, with the pore diameter distribution having maxima at about 600 nm and about 20 ⁇ m at the bimodal distribution being a specific embodiment of the invention.
• a support with a surface area of 1.75 m 2 / g which has this bimodal distribution of the pore diameter.
• the pore volume of this preferred carrier is preferably about 0.53 ml / g.
• Useful macroporous support materials include, for example, activated carbon, silicon carbide, alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, magnesia, zinc oxide, or mixtures of two or more thereof, with alumina and zirconia preferably being used.
• catalyst variant II The catalysts described below will be referred to in the present application as "catalyst variant II". There are various subvariants of this variant II.
• This catalyst corresponds to that described above under EP-A 0 814 089.
• the usable carrier materials are those which are macroporous and have an average pore diameter of at least 0.1 .mu.m, preferably at least 0.5 .mu.m, and a surface area of at most 15 m.sup.2 / g, preferably at most 10 m.sup.2 / g, more preferably at most 5 m 2 / g, in particular at most 3 m 2 / g.
• the average pore diameter of the support used there is preferably in the range from 0.1 to 200 .mu.m, in particular from 0.5 to 50 .mu.m.
• the surface of the support is preferably 0.2 to 15 m 2 / g, particularly preferably 0.5 to 10 m 2 / g, in particular 0.5 to 5 m 2 / g, especially 0.5 to 3 m 2 / g of carrier.
• this catalyst also has the bimodality already described above with the analogous distributions and the correspondingly preferred pore volume. Further details regarding catalyst variant 1a can be found in DE-A 196 04 791.9, the contents of which are fully incorporated by reference in the present application.
• Sub-variant 2 contains one or more metals of subgroup VIII of the Periodic Table as active component (s) on a support as defined herein. Ruthenium is preferably used as the active component.
• the total metal surface area on the catalyst is preferably 0.01 to 10 m 2 / g, particularly preferably 0.05 to 5 m 2 / g and more preferably 0.05 to 3 m 2 / g of the catalyst.
• the metal surface was measured by the chemisorption method as described in J. Lemaitre et al., "Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts", Ed. Francis Delanney, Marcel Dekker, New York (1984), pp. 310-324.
• the ratio of the surfaces of the at least one active metal and the catalyst support is less than about 0.3, preferably less than about 0.1, and more preferably about 0.05 or less, the lower limit being about 0.0005.
• the carrier materials used in sub-variant 2 have macropores and mesopores.
• the useful carriers have a pore distribution corresponding to about 5 to about 50%, preferably about 10 to about 45%, more preferably about 10 to about 30%, and most preferably about 15 to about 25% of the pore volume of macropores having pore diameters in the range of about 50 nm to about 10,000 nm and about 50 to about 95%, preferably about 55 to about 90%, more preferably about 70 to about 90%, and most preferably about 75 to about 85% of the pore volume of mesopores having a pore diameter of about 2 to about 50 nm are formed, each adding up the sum of the proportions of the pore volumes to 100%.
• the total pore volume of the carriers used is about 0.05 to 1.5 cm 3 / g, preferably 0.1 to 1.2 cm 3 / g and especially about 0.3 to 1.0 cm 3 / g.
• the mean pore diameter of the carriers used according to the invention is about 5 to 20 nm, preferably about 8 to about 15 nm, and in particular about 9 to about 12 nm.
• the surface area of the support is about 50 to about 500 m 2 / g, more preferably about 200 to about 350 m 2 / g, and most preferably about 250 to about 300 m 2 / g of the support.
• the surface of the support is determined by the BET method by N 2 adsorption, in particular according to DIN 66131.
• the determination of the average pore diameter and the size distribution is carried out by Hg porosimetry, in particular according to DIN 66133.
• all support materials known in catalyst preparation i. which have the above-defined pore size distribution can be used, are preferably activated carbon, silicon carbide, alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, magnesia, zinc oxide or mixtures thereof, more preferably alumina and zirconia used.
• Catalyst variant III or "shell catalyst” are called.
• the subject matter is a shell catalyst comprising as active metal ruthenium alone or together with at least one further metal of transition groups IB, VIIB or VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements (CAS version), applied to a support containing silicon dioxide as support material.
• This coated catalyst is then characterized in that the amount of the active metal ⁇ 1 wt .-%, preferably 0.1 to 0.5 wt .-%, particularly preferably 0.25 to 0.35 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the catalyst, and at least 60 wt .-%, particularly preferably 80 wt .-% of the active metal, based on the total amount of the active metal, present in the shell of the catalyst up to a penetration depth of 200 microns.
• the above data are obtained by SEM (electron probe microanalysis) - EDXS (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) and represent averaged values.
• the shell catalyst is characterized in that the predominant amount of the active metal in the shell is present up to a penetration depth of 200 ⁇ m, ie near the surface of the shell catalyst. In contrast, there is no or only a very small amount of the active metal in the interior (core) of the catalyst. Surprisingly, it has been found that the catalyst variant III - despite the small amount of active metal - a very high activity in the hydrogenation of organic compounds containing hydrogenatable groups, especially in the hydrogenation of carbocyclic aromatic groups, with very good selectivities, has. In particular, the activity of catalyst variant III does not decrease over a long hydrogenation period.
• a shell catalyst in which no active metal can be detected inside the catalyst, i. Active metal is present only in the outermost shell, for example in a zone up to a penetration depth of 100 to 200 ⁇ m.
• the coated catalyst is distinguished by the fact that in EDXS (FEG) -TEM (Field Emission Gun Transmission Electron Microscopy) only in the outermost 200 .mu.m, preferably 100 .mu.m, very particularly preferably 50 .mu.m (penetration depth) Detect active metal particles. Particles smaller than 1 nm can not be detected.
• EDXS FEG
• TEM Field Emission Gun Transmission Electron Microscopy
• ruthenium may be used alone or together with at least one further metal of subgroups IB, VIIB or VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements
• IB and / or VIIB of the Periodic Table of the Elements are e.g. Copper and / or Rhenium suitable. Ruthenium is preferred alone as an active metal or together with
• Platinum or iridium used in the shell catalyst very particular preference is given to using ruthenium alone as active metal.
• the coated catalyst exhibits the above-mentioned very high activity at a low loading of active metal, which is ⁇ 1 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the catalyst.
• the amount of active metal in the coated catalyst according to the invention is preferably from 0.1 to 0.5% by weight, particularly preferably from 0.25 to 0.35% by weight. It has been found that the penetration depth of the active metal into the carrier material is dependent on the loading of the catalyst variant III with active metal.
• the shell catalyst there are in the shell catalyst at least 60 wt .-% of the active metal, based on the total amount of the active metal, in the shell of the catalyst to a penetration depth of 200 microns before.
• the shell catalyst at least 80 wt .-% of the active metal, based on the total amount of the active metal, in the shell of the catalyst to a penetration depth of 200 microns before.
• Very particular preference is given to a coated catalyst in which no active metal can be detected in the interior of the catalyst, ie active metal is present only in the outermost shell, for example in a zone up to a penetration depth of 100 to 200 .mu.m zone.
• 60% by weight, preferably 80% by weight, based on the total amount of the active metal, is present in the shell of the catalyst up to a penetration depth of 150 ⁇ m.
• the abovementioned data are determined by means of scanning electron microscopy (EPMA) (electron probe microanalysis) - EDXS (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) and represent averaged values.
• EPMA scanning electron microscopy
• EDXS energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
• To determine the penetration depth of the active metal particles a plurality of catalyst particles (eg 3, 4 or 5) transverse to the strand axis (when the catalyst is in the form of strands) ground.
• the profiles of the active metal / Si concentration ratios are then recorded by means of line scans. On each measuring line, for example, 15 to 20 measuring points are measured at equal intervals; the spot size is approximately 10 ⁇ m * 10 ⁇ m.
• the surface analysis is carried out by means of area analyzes of areas of 800 ⁇ m x 2000 ⁇ m and with an information depth of about 2 ⁇ m.
• the elemental composition is determined in% by weight (normalized to 100%).
• the mean concentration ratio (active metal / Si) is averaged over 10 measuring ranges.
• the outer shell of the catalyst is to be understood up to a penetration depth of about 2 microns.
• This penetration depth corresponds to the information depth in the above-mentioned surface analysis.
• Very particular preference is given to a shell catalyst in which the amount of the active metal, based on the weight ratio of active metal to Si (w / w%), at the surface of the shell catalyst is 4 to 6%, at a penetration depth of 50 ⁇ m 1, 5 to 3% and in the range of 50 to 150 microns penetration 0.5 to 2%, determined by means of SEM EPMA (EDXS), is.
• the stated values represent averaged values.
• the size of the active metal particles preferably decreases with increasing penetration, as determined by (FEG) TEM analysis.
• the active metal is preferably partially or completely crystalline in the shell catalyst.
• SAD Select Area Diffraction
• XRD X-Ray Diffraction
• alkaline earth metal ion (s) (M 2+ ) in the catalyst is preferably 0.01 to 1% by weight, in particular 0.05 to 0.5% by weight, very particularly 0.1 to 0.25% by weight. %, in each case based on the weight of the silica support material.
• catalyst variant III An essential component of catalyst variant III is the carrier material based on silicon dioxide, generally amorphous silicon dioxide.
• the term " ⁇ -morph" in this context means that the proportion of crystalline silicon dioxide phases is less than 10% by weight of the carrier material.
• the support materials used to prepare the catalysts may have superstructures that are formed by regular arrangement of pores in the carrier material.
• Suitable carrier materials are in principle amorphous silicon dioxide types which comprise at least 90% by weight of silicon dioxide, the remaining 10% by weight, preferably not more than 5% by weight, of the carrier material also being another oxidic Material may be, for example, MgO, CaO, TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 and / or alkali metal oxide.
• the support material is halogen-free, in particular chlorine-free, ie the content of halogen in the support material is less than 500 ppm by weight, for example in the range of 0 to 400 ppm by weight.
• a shell-type catalyst is preferred which contains less than 0.05% by weight of halide (determined by ion chromatography), based on the total weight of the catalyst.
• Suitable amorphous silica-based support materials are known to those skilled in the art and are commercially available (see, for example, O.W. Flörke, "Silica” in Ullmann's Encyclopaedia of Industrial Chemistry 6th Edition on CD-ROM). They may have been both natural and artificial.
• suitable amorphous support materials based on silica are silica gels, kieselguhr, fumed silicas and precipitated silicas.
• the catalysts comprise silica gels as support materials.
• the carrier material may have different shapes.
• the support material in the form of a finely divided powder will usually be used to prepare the catalysts.
• the powder preferably has particle sizes in the range from 1 to 200 ⁇ m, in particular from 1 to 100 ⁇ m.
• shaped bodies of the support material which are e.g. are obtainable by extrusion, extrusion or tableting and which are e.g. may have the form of spheres, tablets, cylinders, strands, rings or hollow cylinders, stars and the like.
• the dimensions of these moldings usually range from 0.5 mm to 25 mm.
• catalyst strands with strand diameters of 1, 0 to 5 mm and strand lengths of 2 to 25 mm are used. With smaller strands generally higher activities can be achieved; However, these often do not show sufficient mechanical stability in the hydrogenation process. Therefore, very particularly preferably strands with strand diameters in the range of 1, 5 to 3 mm are used.
• the catalysts described above are preferably used as the hydrogenation catalyst. They are particularly suitable for hydrogenating a carbocyclic aromatic group to the corresponding carbocyclic aliphatic group. Particular preference is given to a complete hydrogenation of the aromatic group.
• this is benzene, with complete hydrogenation a conversion of cyclohexane of generally> 98%, preferably> 99%, more preferably> 99.5%, very preferably> 99.9%, in particular> 99.99% and especially > 99.995% is understood.
• catalyst variants I, II and III for the hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane thus the typical cyclohexane specifications that require a residual benzene content of ⁇ 100 ppm (which corresponds to a benzene conversion of> 99.99%) , complied.
• the benzene conversion in a hydrogenation of benzene with the coated catalyst according to the invention > 99.995%.
• a further subject of the present application is therefore a process for the hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane, which comprises a regeneration step in addition to the hydrogenation step.
• the hydrogenation process can be carried out in the liquid phase or in the gas phase.
• the hydrogenation process according to the invention is preferably carried out in the liquid phase.
• the hydrogenation process may be carried out in the absence of a solvent or diluent or in the presence of a solvent or diluent, i. it is not necessary to carry out the hydrogenation in solution.
• any suitable solvent or diluent may be used.
• Suitable solvents or diluents are, in principle, those which are capable of dissolving or completely mixing with the organic compound to be hydrogenated and which are inert under the hydrogenation conditions, ie. not be hydrogenated.
• Suitable solvents are cyclic and acyclic ethers, e.g. Tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, methyl tert-butyl ether, dimethoxyethane, dimethoxypropane, dimethyldiethylene glycol, aliphatic alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n- or isopropanol, n-, 2-, iso- or tert-butanol, carboxylic acid esters such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate or butyl acetate, and aliphatic ether alcohols such as methoxypropanol and cycloaliphatic compounds such as cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane and dimethylcyclohexane.
• aliphatic alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n- or isopropanol, n-, 2-, iso- or tert-butanol,
• the amount of solvent or diluent used is not particularly limited and can be freely selected as needed, but those amounts are preferred which lead to a 3 to 70 wt .-% solution of the organic compound intended for hydrogenation.
• the use of a diluent is advantageous in order to avoid excessive heat of reaction in the hydrogenation process. Excessive heat of reaction can lead to deactivation of the catalyst and is therefore undesirable. Therefore, careful temperature control is useful in the hydrogenation process of the present invention. Suitable hydrogenation temperatures are mentioned below.
• the product formed in the hydrogenation ie cyclohexane
• the product formed in the hydrogenation ie cyclohexane
• a part of the cyclohexane formed in the process can be admixed with the benzene still to be hydrogenated.
• Based on the weight of the hydrogenation benzene is preferably 1 to 30 times, more preferably 5 to 20 times, in particular 5 to 10 times the amount of the product cyclohexane as a solvent or diluent admixed.
• the actual hydrogenation is usually carried out in such a way that the organic compound as the liquid phase or gas phase, preferably as a liquid phase, in contact with the catalyst in the presence of hydrogen.
• the liquid phase can be passed through a catalyst suspension (suspension mode) or a fixed catalyst bed (fixed bed mode).
• the hydrogenation can be configured both continuously and discontinuously, wherein continuous operation of the process is preferred.
• the process is preferably carried out in trickle-bed reactors or in flooded mode according to the fixed bed procedure.
• the hydrogen can be passed both in cocurrent with the solution of the educt to be hydrogenated and in countercurrent over the catalyst.
• Suitable apparatus for carrying out hydrogenation after hydrogenation on the catalyst fluidized bed and on the fixed catalyst bed are known in the art, e.g. from Ullmanns Enzyklopadie der Technischen Chemie, 4th Edition, Vol. 13, p. 135 ff., and P.N. Rylander, "Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation” in LJIImann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th ed. on CD-ROM.
• the hydrogenation can be carried out both at normal hydrogen pressure and at elevated hydrogen pressure, for example at a hydrogen absolute pressure of at least 1, 1 bar, preferably at least 2 bar. In general, the hydrogen absolute pressure will not exceed a value of 325 bar and preferably 300 bar.
• the hydrogen absolute pressure is particularly preferably in the range from 1.1 to 300 bar, very particularly preferably in the range from 5 to 40 bar.
• the hydrogenation of benzene takes place, for example, at a hydrogen pressure of generally ⁇ 50 bar, preferably 10 bar to 45 bar, more preferably 15 to 40 bar.
• the reaction temperatures are in the process of the invention generally is at least 30 ° C and are often not exceed a value of 250 0 C.
• the hydrogenation is carried out at temperatures in the range of 50 to 200 0 C, particularly preferably 70 to 180 0 C, and most preferably in the range of 80 to 16O 0 C.
• the hydrogenation of benzene is carried out at temperatures in the range of 75 ° C to 170 ° C, especially 80 ° C to 160 0 C.
• Hydrogen-containing gases which do not contain catalyst poisons such as carbon monoxide or sulfur-containing gases such as H 2 S or COS, for example mixtures of hydrogen with inert gases such as nitrogen or reformer exhaust gases, which usually also contain volatile hydrocarbons, are suitable as reaction gases. Preference is given to using pure hydrogen (purity ⁇ 99.9% by volume, especially ⁇ 99.95% by volume, in particular ⁇ 99.99% by volume).
• the aromatics content comprising a regeneration takes place in the NEN Streete at a temperature of 75 ° C to 170 ° C, preferably from 80 0 C to 160 ° C.
• the pressure is generally ⁇ 50 bar, preferably 10 to 45 bar, more preferably 15 to 40 bar, most preferably 18 to 38 bar.
• benzene is hydrogenated at a pressure of about 20 bar to cyclohexane.
• the benzene used in the hydrogenation process has a sulfur content of generally ⁇ 2 mg / kg, preferably ⁇ 1 mg / kg, more preferably ⁇ 0.5 mg / kg, very particularly preferably ⁇ 0, 2 mg / kg, and especially ⁇ 0.1 mg / kg.
• a sulfur content of ⁇ 0.1 mg / kg means that no sulfur is detected in benzene using the method of measurement given below.
• the hydrogenation may generally be carried out in the suspension or fixed bed mode, preference being given to carrying out in the fixed bed mode.
• the hydrogenation process is particularly preferably carried out with liquid circulation, wherein the hydrogenation heat can be removed and used via a heat exchanger.
• the feed / circulation ratio is generally from 1: 5 to 1:40, preferably from 1:10 to 1: 30.
• the hydrogenation effluent can be passed in the gas phase or in the liquid phase in a straight pass after the hydrogenation process, through a downstream reactor.
• the reactor can be operated in liquid-phase hydrogenation in trickle-run mode or operated flooded.
• the reactor is filled with the catalyst according to the invention or with another catalyst known to the person skilled in the art.
• Rhinse means that the catalyst is contacted with inert gas. Normally, the inert gas is passed over the catalyst by means of suitable design measures known to the person skilled in the art.
• the purging with inert gas is conducted at a temperature of about 10 to 350 ° C, preferably about 50 to 250 ° C, more preferably about 70 to 180 ° C, most preferably about 80 to 130 ° C.
• the pressures applied during rinsing are 0.5 to 5 bar, preferably 0.8 to 2 bar, in particular 0.9 to 1, 5 bar.
• the treatment of the catalyst is preferably carried out with an inert gas.
• inert gases include nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, argon, neon, and mixtures thereof. Most preferred is nitrogen.
• the regeneration process according to the invention is carried out without removal of the catalyst in the same reactor in which the hydrogenation has taken place.
• the purging of the catalyst according to the present invention is carried out at temperatures and pressures in the reactor which are similar or similar to the hydrogenation reaction, resulting in only a very short interruption of the reaction process.
• the purging with inert gas is carried out with a volume flow of 20 to 200 Nl / h, preferably with a volume flow of 50 to 200 Nl / h per liter of catalyst.
• the purging with inert gas is preferably carried out over a period of 10 to 50 hours, more preferably 10 to 20 hours.
• the calculated drying time of the catalyst bed of a large-scale cyclohexane production plant with an assumed moisture content of 2 or 5% by weight is approximately 18 or 30 hours.
• Rinsing can be carried out in the method according to the invention both in the down-flow direction and in the up-flow direction.
• Another object of the present invention is an integrated process for hydrogenating benzene in the presence of a ruthenium catalyst comprising a catalyst regeneration step comprising the following steps:
• the hydrogen according to the invention preferably contains no harmful catalyst poisons, such as CO.
• catalyst poisons such as CO.
• reformer gases can be used.
• pure hydrogen is used as the hydrogenation gas.
• the process according to the invention is furthermore suitable for drying catalysts which have absorbed water during various processes, such as maintenance or storage.
• the invention relates to a process for drying and / or reactivation and / or regeneration of a catalyst comprising ruthenium on a support material, wherein the catalyst is treated by treatment with an inert gas at temperatures of 20 to 350 0 C. After this treatment, the catalyst has a higher catalytic activity than before.
• the volume of solution absorbed during the impregnation corresponded approximately to the pore volume of the carrier used.
• the carrier impregnated with the ruthenium (III) nitrate solution was dried at 120 ° C. and activated (reduced) at 200 ° C. in a hydrogen stream.
• the catalyst prepared in this way contained 0.5% by weight of ruthenium, based on the weight of the catalyst.
• the ruthenium surface was 0.72 m 2 / g, the ratio of ruthenium to support surface was 0.0027.
• the catalyst sorbs a water amount of 5%. If water is present only in traces in the reactor or in the starting materials, this water can be sorbed on the catalyst.
• EXAMPLE 2 Service life in the hydrogenation of benzene
• a plant for the production of cyclohexane using a ruthenium / aluminum oxide catalyst with 0.5% Ru on a carrier of Y-Al 2 O 3 a steady decrease in the catalyst activity and an increasing benzene content are observed in the product stream. Further monitoring of the reaction shows that during a catalyst standstill test in the hydrogenation of benzene, the residual benzene content after the main reactor within a running time of about 3,400 h of a few hundred ppm increases to a few thousand ppm.
• a calculation shows that when feeding 16,620 kg / h of benzene with a water content of 30 to 50 ppm, 0.8 kg of water per hour are introduced into the system. There are also another 3.5 kg / h of water, which come from the hydrogen gas.
• Example 3 Investigation of the Water Influence on the Benzene Hydrogenation
• a 5% solution of benzene in cyclohexane with the ruthenium catalyst were initially charged, heated to the reaction temperature of 100 ° C and the reaction progressed at 32 bar hydrogen pressure by regular sampling. The samples were subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography.

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