EP1951231B1 - Camptothecin derivatives as chemoradiosensitizing agents - Google Patents

Camptothecin derivatives as chemoradiosensitizing agents Download PDF

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EP1951231B1
EP1951231B1 EP06836448.8A EP06836448A EP1951231B1 EP 1951231 B1 EP1951231 B1 EP 1951231B1 EP 06836448 A EP06836448 A EP 06836448A EP 1951231 B1 EP1951231 B1 EP 1951231B1
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cpt
hydroxy
alkyl
lower alkyl
amino
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French (fr)
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EP1951231A2 (en
EP1951231A4 (en
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Li-Xi Yang
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Catholic Healthcare West
California Pacific Medical Center
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Catholic Healthcare West
California Pacific Medical Center
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
    • C07D491/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
    • C07D491/14—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
    • C07D491/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains four or more hetero rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to using certain camptothecin-based compounds that are useful for treating various cancers, particularly in combination with radiotherapy.
  • Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the U.S. and accounts for the deaths of 1 of every 4 Americans. The American Cancer Society estimates that 556,000 Americans died from cancer in 2003. Cancer therapy is presently based on three different approaches, namely chemotherapy, radiation therapy (i.e. radiotherapy) and surgery. Radiotherapy is often used as adjuvant or secondary treatment following surgical procedures to remove a cancerous tumor or in combination with chemotherapy.
  • Radiotherapy remains a component of the standard of care for most locally advanced solid tumors.
  • Local recurrence remains a major obstacle to achieving cure of many locally advanced solid tumors treated with definitive radiation therapy. This local recurrence translates directly into poor likelihood of long-term survival.
  • hypoxia-directed therapies in the radiation oncology setting include treatment using hyperbaric oxygen, fluosol infusion, carbogen breathing, and electron-affinic and hypoxic-cell sensitizers.
  • X-ray-activated radiosensitizers include, but are not limited to, the following: metronidazole, desmethylmisonidazole, pimonidazole, mitomycin C, RSU 1069, SR 4233, E09, RB 6145, nicotinamide, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), 5-iododeoxyuridine (IUdR), bromodeoxycytidine, fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR), hydroxyurea, cisplatin, and therapeutically effective analogs and derivatives of the same.
  • Some therapeutic compounds which are known as being cytotoxic per se, hence susceptible of being used in the therapy of cancer, are also endowed with radiosensitization activity as they are capable of inducing DNA radiation damage in response to ionizing radiation. So far, the possibility of combining both cytotoxic agents, e.g. a given radiosensitizer and radiotherapy, with the expectation of getting a supra-additive antitumor effect in comparison to the single cytotoxic alone, is of utmost importance in cancer therapy.
  • radiosensitization activity see, for instance, cisplatin, gemcitabine, navelbine, tomudex, nicotinamide, paclitaxel, docetaxel, simvastatin and topotecan.
  • camptothecin (CPT) derivatives are enhanced by appending various electronic-affinic groups to provide a single compound for use as a chemoradiosensitizer.
  • the compounds of the invention are considerably less toxic than camptothecin and topotecan.
  • This invention defines a new series of radiosensitizing camptothecin derivatives that are useful for treating various types of cancer.
  • certain known CPT derivatives are useful in the process of sensitizing a subject's tumor cells to radiation, wherein the process comprises administering a CPT derivative to a subject and then exposing the tumor cells in the subject to radiation.
  • Zhang et al, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2005, Vol. 3, pp. 1905-1910 describes water-soluble derivatives of camptothecin and prodrug derivatives of camptothecin, which allegedly have promising application to the hypoxia targeting tumor chemotherapy.
  • one of the R 2 , R 4 , or R 5 is (2-hydroxyethylamino)methyl.
  • R 1 is aromatic
  • R 1 is optionally substituted carbocyclic.
  • X is a covalent bond.
  • the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 1 or R Q is: wherein R 20 is halo, alkyl, or substituted alkyl.
  • R 1 Y—(T) n —X—C(O)O— is:
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3 is CH 2 NR 7 R 8 (where each of R 7 and R 8 is independently H, alkyl of 1-6 carbons, optionally substituted phenyl, hydroxy lower alkyl, amino lower alkyl, or mono- or dialkylamino lower alkyl, or R 7 and R 8 taken together with —N— represent a cyclic amino-), NR 10 R 11 (where each of R 10 and R 11 is independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, phenyl, hydroxy lower alkyl, or amino lower alkyl, or R 10 and R 11 taken together with —N— represent a cyclic amino), or dialkylamino alkyl;
  • R 4 is lower alkoxy, hydroxy, halogenated lower alkyl, halogenated lower alkoxy, hydroxycarbonyl, formyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyloxy, lower alkylcarbonyloxy, lower alkoxycarbonyloxy, sugar, phosphosugar, or R 4
  • R 2 is hydrogen, lower alkyl or halogenated lower alkyl
  • R 3 is hydrogen or lower alkyl
  • R 4 is lower alkoxy, hydroxy, halogenated lower alkoxy, hydroxycarbonyl, carbamoyloxy, lower alkylcarbonyloxy, lower alkoxycarbonyloxy, sugar, phosphosugar, or R 4 together with R 5 is methylenedioxy
  • R 5 is hydrogen or together with R 4 is methylenedioxy
  • R 6 is hydrogen.
  • R 2 is lower alkyl
  • R 3 is hydrogen
  • R 4 is hydroxy, lower alkoxy, halogenated lower alkoxy, hydroxycarbonyl, formyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonyloxy, lower alkoxycarbonyloxy, sugar, or phosphosugar
  • R 5 is hydrogen
  • R 6 is hydrogen
  • R 2 is tri-lower alkylsilyl
  • R 3 is hydrogen
  • R 4 is hydroxy, lower alkoxy, halogenated lower alkoxy, hydroxycarbonyl, formyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyloxy, lower alkylcarbonyloxy, lower alkoxycarbonyloxy, sugar, or phosphosugar
  • R 5 is hydrogen
  • R 6 is hydrogen
  • a second aspect of the invention is a composition comprising a compound of the first aspect, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • a third aspect of the invention is a compound of the first aspect for use in a method of treatment of the human or animal body by therapy.
  • a fourth aspect of the invention is a compound of the first aspect for use in a method of treatment of a cancer disorder in a subject having a tumor.
  • the treatment further comprises exposing the tumor in the subject to a unit dose of radiation.
  • a fifth aspect of the invention is use of a compound of the first aspect for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a cancer disorder in a subject having a tumor.
  • the treatment further comprises exposing the tumor in the subject to a unit dose of radiation.
  • a sixth aspect of the invention is a compound of the first aspect for use in a method of treatment of a neoplasm, wherein the treatment comprises:
  • a seventh aspect of the invention is use of a compound of the first aspect in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a neoplasm, wherein the treatment comprises:
  • a eighth aspect of the invention is a compound of the first aspect for use in a method of sensitizing a subject's tumour cells to radiation, wherein the method comprises:
  • a ninth aspect of the invention is use of a compound of the first aspect in the manufacture of a medicament for use in a method of sensitizing a subject's tumour cells to radiation, wherein the method comprises:
  • Described herein are method of sensitizing tumor cells in a subject to radiation, said method comprising a) administering to the subject in need thereof a camptothecin-based compound comprising one or more radiosensitizing electron-affinic groups; and b) exposing the tumor cells in the subject to a unit dose of radiation.
  • Also described herein are methods of sensitizing tumor cells to radiation comprising: a) administering to a human or animal subject in need thereof a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof having formula (I), below, and b) exposing the subject to a unit dose of ionizing radiation.
  • steps a) and b) are applied according to a treatment schedule effective to produce a synergistic anti-neoplastic effect.
  • W is alkyl—C(O)—, or R 1 Y—L—C(O)—, provided that when W is alkyl—C(O)—, at least one of R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or R 6 is nitro;
  • L is a bond or linear alkylene (1-8) group, optionally substituted with lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl, wherein one or two methylene (-CH 2 -) units of the linear alkylene group is optionally replaced with O, S or NH;
  • R is H, alkyl, or substituted alkyl;
  • R 1 is optionally substituted carbocyclic, heterocyclic, or fused 2-, 3- or 4-ring heterocyclic;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, halo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, R Q Y, R Q Y—L—
  • X is a O, S, —NR—, or a covalent bond
  • T is independently CRR
  • each of R and R' is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl 1-4 , and substituted alkyl 1-4
  • n is an integer from 0 to 8
  • R 2 is hydrogen, halo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, R Q Y—L—C(O)O—, cyano, nitro, amino, halogenated lower alkyl, halogenated lower alkoxy, hydroxycarbonyl, formyl, lower al
  • compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) or (II) as defined above, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • methods for treating a cancer disorder in a subject having a tumor comprising administering to the human or animal subject such a pharmaceutical composition. In a preferred embodiment, this method further comprising exposing the tumor in the subject to a unit dose of radiation.
  • Also described herein is a method of treating a neoplasm comprising: a) administering to a human or animal subject in need thereof a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof having formula (I), as defined above, and b) exposing the subject to a unit dose of ionizing radiation.
  • camptothecin-based compounds are useful for treating a neoplasm in mammalian subjects by administering such compound to the subjects in combination with radiotherapy, i.e., the treatment of tumors with radioactive substances or radiation from a source external to the subject.
  • camptothecin-based compounds can be modified by positioning at least one electron-affinic group around the camptothecin structure to enhance their value in combination with radiotherapy.
  • Another aspect of the invention is based on the discovery of certain novel compounds that are useful for treating cancer by administering the novel compounds alone or in combination with radiotherapy.
  • radiosensitizer refers to a compound or medicament which is capable of increasing the sensitivity of a tumor cell to ionizing radiation, thus improving the likelihood of tumor cell destruction upon exposure to such radiation.
  • ionizing radiation is the one conventionally adopted in the therapeutic field of cancer treatment and includes photons having enough energy for chemical bond ionization such as, for instance, ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ rays (also known as alpha, beta, and gamma rays) from radioactive nuclei as well as x-rays.
  • the radiation may be high-LET (linear energy transfer) or low-LET.
  • LET is the energy transferred per unit length of the distance.
  • High LET is said to be densely ionizing radiation and Low LET is said to be sparsely ionizing radiation.
  • Representative examples of high-LET are neutrons and ⁇ particles.
  • Representative examples of low-LET are x-ray and ⁇ rays.
  • Low LET radiation including both x-rays and ⁇ rays is most commonly used for radiotherapy of cancer patients.
  • the radiation may be used for external radiation therapy that is usually given on an outpatient basis or for internal radiation therapy that uses radiation that is placed very close to or inside the tumor.
  • the radiation source is usually sealed in a small holder called an implant.
  • Implants may be in the form of thin wires, plastic tubes called cathetres, ribbons, capsules, or seeds. The implant is put directly into the body. Internal radiation therapy may require a hospital stay.
  • the ionizing radiation source is provided as a unit dose of radiation and is preferably an x-ray tube since it provides many advantages, such as convenient adjustable dosing where the source may be easily turned on and off, minimal disposal problems, and the like.
  • a unit dose of radiation is generally measured in gray (Gy).
  • the ionizing radiation source may also comprise a radioisotope, such as a solid radioisotopic source (e.g., wire, strip, pellet, seed, bead, or the like), or a liquid radioisotopic filled balloon. In the latter case, the balloon has been specially configured to prevent leakage of the radioisotopic material from the balloon into the body lumen or blood stream.
  • the ionizing radiation source may comprise a receptacle in the catheter body for receiving radioisotopic materials like pellets or liquids.
  • the radioisotopic material may be selected to emit ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ radiation.
  • ⁇ and ⁇ radiation are preferred since they may be quickly absorbed by surrounding tissue and will not penetrate substantially beyond the wall of the body lumen being treated. Accordingly, incidental irradiation of the heart and other organs adjacent to the treatment region can be substantially eliminated.
  • the total number of units provided will be an amount determined to be therapeutically effective by one skilled in treatment using ionizing radiation. This amount will vary with the subj ect and the maliganant cells or neoplasm being treated. The amount may vary but a patient may receive a dosage of about 30-75 Gy over several weeks.
  • anti-neoplastic effect refers to inhibiting or retarding the growth of a malignant cell, or in the case of a subject having a malignant tumor, the rate of tumor growth is decreased, the volume of such tumor is reduced, or the tumor is eliminated entirely.
  • electron-affinic refers to an attraction a moiety has for electrons that causes the affinic moiety to enter into and remain in chemical combination with one or more electrons.
  • an electron-affinic moiety is chemically reducible (i.e. an oxidizing group).
  • Representative electron affinic moieties are presented herein.
  • “Synergistic,” as used herein, means that the therapeutic results from treatment of a neoplasm in a subject with (i) a radiosensitizer in combination with (ii) ionizing radiation are improved over what would be obtained by summing the results of (i) alone with (ii) alone. The improvement may be better anti-neoplastic effect or other beneficial results.
  • CPT is an abbreviation for camptothecin, also known as (S)-4-ethyl-4-hydroxy-1H-pyrano-[3',4': 6,7]indolizino[1,2-b]quinoline-3,14(4H, 12H)-dione.
  • the compound is readily available from numerous sources, e.g., Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.
  • the chemical formula of camptothecin and its numbering system are as follows:
  • the wedged bond (for example, the bond showing attachment of hydroxyl group at C20) indicates its attachment to a chiral carbon and is coming out of the plane.
  • a dotted bond indicates its attachment to a chiral carbon and it is going into the plane.
  • the compound has a hydroxy at the 20-position that is esterified to make the compounds described herein.
  • alkyl refers to a monovalent, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having the indicated number of carbon atoms.
  • a "C 1-6 alkyl,” or an “alkyl of 1-6 carbons” or “Alk 1-6” would refer to any alkyl group containing one to six carbons in the structure.
  • C 1-20 alkyl refers to any alkyl group having one to twenty carbons.
  • Alkyl may be a straight chain (i.e. linear) or a branched chain.
  • Lower alkyl refers to an alkyl of 1-6 carbons.
  • lower alkyl radicals include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, isopentyl, amyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, tert-pentyl and the like.
  • Higher alkyl refers to alkyls of seven carbons and above.
  • radical may be optionally substituted with substituents at positions that do not significantly interfere with the preparation of compounds falling within the scope of this invention and that do not significantly reduce the efficacy of the compounds.
  • the alkyl is optionally substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, phenyl, amino, halogenated lower alkyl, halogenated lower alkoxy, hydroxycarbonyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonyloxy, and lower alkylcarbonylamino.
  • Alkylene refers to divalent saturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups preferably having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms that are either straight-chained (linear) or branched. This term is exemplified by linear groups such as methylene (-CH 2 -), ethylene (-CH 2 CH 2 -), n-propylene (-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -) and branched groups such as iso-propylene (-CH 2 CH(CH 3 )-) or (-CH(CH 3 )CH 2 -) and the like.
  • alkoxy refers to a monovalent radical of the formula RO—, where R is an alkyl as defined herein.
  • Lower alkoxy refers to an alkoxy of 1-6 carbon atoms, with higher alkoxy is an alkoxy of seven or more carbon atoms.
  • Representative lower alkoxy radicals include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, n-butoxy, n-pentyloxy, n-hexyloxy, isopropoxy, isobutoxy, isopentyloxy, amyloxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, tert-pentyloxy, and the like.
  • Higher alkoxy radicals include those corresponding to the higher alkyl radicals set forth herein.
  • the radical may be optionally substituted with substituents at positions that do not significantly interfere with the preparation of compounds falling within the scope of this invention and that do not significantly reduce the efficacy of the compounds.
  • the alkoxy is optionally substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, phenyl, amino, halogenated lower alkyl, halogenated lower alkoxy, hydroxycarbonyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonyloxy, and lower alkylcarbonylamino.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a monovalent, alicyclic, saturated hydrocarbon radical having three or more carbons forming the ring. While known cycloalkyl compounds may have up to 30 or more carbon atoms, generally there will be three to seven carbons in the ring. The latter include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl.
  • the radical may be optionally substituted with substituents at positions that do not significantly interfere with the preparation of compounds falling within the scope of this invention and that do not significantly reduce the efficacy of the compounds.
  • the cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, phenyl, amino, halogenated lower alkyl, halogenated lower alkoxy, hydroxycarbonyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonyloxy, and lower alkylcarbonylamino.
  • hydroxycarbonyl is a monovalent radical having the formula —C(O)OH.
  • lower alkoxycarbonyl is a monovalent radical having the formula -C(O)OAlk, where Alk is lower alkyl.
  • lower alkoxycarbonyloxy is a monovalent radical having the formula -OC(O)OAlk, where Alk is lower alkyl.
  • sugar refers to a monovalent radical formed by removal of a hydrogen from any hydroxy group of a monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide or polysaccharide.
  • the monosaccharide unit that is a part of a disaccharide, oligosaccharide or polysaccharide may be a D or L isomer existing as a five-membered cyclic form (furanose) or a 6-membered cyclic form (pyranose).
  • Representative examples of monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, mannose, and galactose.
  • Representative examples of disaccharides include lactose, maltose, and sucrose.
  • Oligosaccharides may contain 3-20 monosaccharide units linked together, more preferably 3-15 monosaccharide units linked together.
  • Representative examples of oligosaccharides include maltotetraose and cyclodextrin.
  • Representative examples of polysaccharides include amylose, starch and cellulose.
  • phosphosugar refers to a monovalent radical formed by removal of a hydrogen from any hydroxy group of either a monsaccharide or a phosphoric acid wherein the monosaccharide is linked to the phosphoric acid via an ether linkage.
  • the monosaccharide may be a D or L isomer existing as a five-membered cyclic form (furanose) or a 6-membered cyclic form (pyranose). Representative examples of monosaccharides are set forth above.
  • lower alkylcarboxyloxy is a monovalent radical having the formula -OC(O)Alk, where Alk is lower alkyl.
  • lower alkylcarbonylamino is a monovalent radical having the formula -NHC(O)Alk, where Alk is lower alkyl.
  • substituted lower alkyl aminomethyl is a monovalent radical having the formula -CH 2 NHAlk, where Alk is a substituted lower alkyl.
  • substituted lower alkyl aminomethyl include (tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)methyl, (bis(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)methyl, and (2-hydroxyethylamino)methyl.
  • halo substitutent is a monovalent halogen radical chosen from chloro, bromo, iodo, and fluoro.
  • a "halogenated” compound is one substituted with one or more halo substituents. Chloro is generally preferred.
  • a “1-naphthyl” or “2- naphthyl” is a radical formed by removal of a hydrogen from the 1- or 2-position of a naphthalene structure, respectively. It is optionally substituted with from one to four substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, phenyl, amino, halogenated lower alkyl, formyl, halogenated lower alkoxy, hydroxycarbonyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonyloxy, and lower alkylcarbonylamino.
  • a "phenyl” is a radical formed by removal of a hydrogen from a benzene ring.
  • the phenyl is optionally substituted with from one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, amino, halogenated lower alkyl, halogenated lower alkoxy, carbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonyloxy, benzyloxy, optionally substituted piperidino, lower alkoxycarbonyl, and lower alkylcarbonylamino.
  • a "cyclic amino” is a monovalent radical of a saturated 5-, 6-, or 7-membered cyclic amine ring having no more than one additional hetero atom such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
  • Representative examples include, e.g., 1-pyrrolidino, 1-piperidino, morpholino, piperazino, and the like. These may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • substituted generally they will have no more than 2 substituents chosen from lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, hydroxy lower alkyl, phenyl (substituted or unsubstituted), benzyl (substituted or unsubstituted), aminocarbonylmethyl, lower alkylaminocarbonylmethyl, amino, mono-or di-lower alkylamino, or cyclic amino.
  • “Monovalent radical” refers to attachment of the radical via a single bond.
  • Divalent radical refers to attachment of the radical via a double bond.
  • Heteroatom refers to nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or any oxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur.
  • Cyano refers to a monovalent -CN radical.
  • Niro refers to a monovalent -NO 2 radical.
  • Amino refers to a monovalent -NH 2 radical.
  • Forml refers to a monovalent -CHO radical.
  • Tri loweralkylsilyl refers to a monvalent silyl radical substituted with three loweralkyl groups, where the lower alkyl groups may be the same or different.
  • Loweralkylcarbonyloxy methyl refers to a monovalent -CH 2 C(O)(loweralkyl) radical.
  • Haldroxy refers to a monovalent OH radical.
  • Carbocyclic refers to a 3-18 membered ring monovalent or divalent radical where all the ring atoms are carbon and may be fully saturated, partially saturated, or unsaturated (i.e. aromatic in nature). The carbocyclic radical is bonded through a saturated, partially saturated, or unsaturated ring via a single or double bond. Carbocyclic groups may be fused, containing 2, 3, or 4 rings where the fused rings are independently saturated, partially saturated, or unsaturated. Examples of carbocyclic groups include phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, and tetracenyl.
  • the radical may be optionally substituted with substituents at positions that do not significantly interfere with the preparation of compounds falling within the scope of this invention and that do not significantly reduce the efficacy of the compounds.
  • the radical is optionally substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, amino, halogenated lower alkyl, halogenated lower alkoxy, hydroxycarbonyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonyloxy, lower alkylcarbonylamino, sugar and phosphosugar.
  • a “carbamoyloxy,” is a monovalent radical of the formula R 13 R 14 NC(O)O— (i.e. an aminocarbonyloxy) where R 13 and R 14 together form a cyclic amino with the nitrogen atom, or each of R 13 and R 14 is independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, hydroxy lower alkyl, amino lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, phenyl (substituted or unsubstituted), or benzyl (substituted or unsubstituted).
  • Examples include aminocarbonyloxy, methylaminocarbonyloxy, dimethyl aminocarbonyloxy, [4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino]carbonyloxy, 1-morpholinocarbonyloxy, 1-pyrrolidinyl, 1-piperazinecarbonyloxy, and others recognized by one skilled in the art or delineated herein.
  • Heterocyclic is a monovalent or divalent radical of a 3-10 membered ring group containing at least one heteroatom in the ring and may be fully saturated, partially saturated, or unsaturated (i.e. aromatic in nature).
  • the heterocycle is bonded through a carbon atom or heteroatom via a single or double bond.
  • the heteroatom in the heterocycle such as N can optionally exist as an N-oxide or S can optionally exist as a sulfoxide or a sulfone.
  • a "5-membered heterocyclic ring” is a monovalent or a divalent radical of a 5-membered ring containing at least one heteroatom in the ring and may be fully saturated, partially saturated, or unsaturated (i.e. aromatic in nature). Generally the heterocycle will contain no more than two hetero atoms. The heterocycle is bonded through a carbon atom or heteroatom via a single or double bond. Representative examples of unsaturated 5-membered heterocycles with only one hetero atom include 2- or 3-pyrrolyl, 2- or 3-furanyl, and 2- or 3-thiophenyl.
  • Corresponding partially saturated or fully saturated radicals include 3-pyrrolin-2-yl, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl, 2- or 3-tetrahydrofuranyl, and 2- or 3-tetrahydrothiophenyl.
  • Representative unsaturated 5-membered heterocyclic radicals having two hetero atoms include imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, and the like.
  • the corresponding fully saturated and partially saturated radicals are also included.
  • the radical may be optionally substituted with substituents at positions that do not significantly interfere with the preparation of compounds falling within the scope of this invention and that do not significantly reduce the efficacy of the compounds.
  • the ring is optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, phenyl, amino, halogenated lower alkyl, halogenated lower alkoxy, hydroxycarbonyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonyloxy, lower alkylcarbonylamino, sugar and phosphosugar.
  • a " 6-membered heterocyclic ring” is a monovalent or a divalent radical of a 6-membered ring containing at least one heteroatom and may be fully saturated, partially saturated, or unsaturated (i.e. aromatic in nature). Generally the heterocycle will contain no more than two hetero atoms. The heterocycle is bonded through a carbon atom or heteroatom via a single or double bond. Representative examples of unsaturated 6-membered heterocycles with only one hetero atom include 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridinyl, 2H-pyranyl, and 4H-pyranyl. Corresponding partially saturated or fully saturated radicals include 2-, 3-, or 4-piperidinyl, 2-, 3-, or 4-tetrahydropyranyl and the like.
  • Representative unsaturated 6-membered heterocyclic radicals having two hetero atoms include 3- or 4-pyridazinyl, 2-, 4-, or 5-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyrazinyl, and the like.
  • the corresponding fully saturated and partially saturated radicals are also included, e.g. 2-piperazine.
  • the radical may be optionally substituted with substituents at positions that do not significantly interfere with the preparation of compounds falling within the scope of this invention and that do not significantly reduce the efficacy of the compounds.
  • the ring is optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, phenyl, amino, halogenated lower alkyl, halogenated lower alkoxy, hydroxycarbonyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonyloxy, lower alkylcarbonylamino, sugar and phosphosugar.
  • a " fused 2-, 3-, or 4-ring heterocyclic” is a monovalent or a divalent radical that is polynuclear in that the adjacent rings share a pair of atoms, generally carbon atoms. At least one of the rings will be heterocyclic in that it will have a noncarbon atom such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
  • the ring system may contain from 9 to 18 atoms.
  • the heterocycle is bonded through a carbon atom or heteroatom of one of the rings via a single or double bond.
  • a 2-ring heterocyclic system will generally have 9 or 10 atoms included in the ring.
  • Examples of such a 2-ring system include quinoline, isoquinoline, purine, indolizine, 4H-quinolizine, 3H-pyrrolizine, coumaran, coumarin, isocoumarin, 4-methylcoumarin, 3-chloro-H-methylcoumarin, chromone, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzothiazole, indole, and the like.
  • a 3-ring system will generally have 12 to 14 atoms included in the ring. Examples of such a 3-ring system include carbazole, acridine, and the like.
  • a 4-ring fused system will generally have 16 to 18 atoms included in the chain. Examples of such a 4-ring system include isothebaine and the like.
  • the radical may be optionally substituted with substituents at positions that do not significantly interfere with the preparation of compounds falling within the scope of this invention and that do not significantly reduce the efficacy of the compounds.
  • the radical is optionally substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, phenyl, amino, halogenated lower alkyl, halogenated lower alkoxy, hydroxycarbonyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonyloxy, lower alkylcarbonylamino, sugar and phosphosugar.
  • a “aminocarbonyl” group refers to a -C(O)NH 2 group
  • a “loweralkoxymethyl” group refers to a -CH 2 (loweralkoxy) group
  • a “amino lower alkoxy” group refers to a - (loweralkoxy)amino group
  • the disclosure is directed to the treatment of a subject, particularly a mammal such as a human, having a neoplasm by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a novel compound of formula (II) to the subject for a period of time sufficient to produce an anti-neoplastic result.
  • the treatment may optionally include the step of directing ionizing radiation to the neoplasm.
  • the neoplasm may also be treated by administering a CPT-based compound as described herein, and exposing the neoplasm to an effective amount of ionizing radiation, i. e. at least a unit dose.
  • cancer is to be considered in the broadest general definition as a malignant neoplasm, an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli that evoked the change. It might be added that the abnormal mass is purposeless, preys on the host, and is virtually autonomous. A cancer can also be considered as a malignant tumor.
  • a further discussion of neoplasia is found at "Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease," Sixth Edition, by R. S. Cotran, V. Kumar, and T. Collins, Chapter 8 (W. B. Saunders Company).
  • Table 1 provides examples of the types of cancers, i.e., malignant tumors or neoplasia that may be treated by administering a compound of this invention.
  • TABLE 1 Tissue of Origin Malignant Composed of One Parenchymal Cell Type Mesenchymal tumors Connective tissue and derivatives Fibrosarcoma Liposarcoma Chondrosarcoma Osteogenic sarcoma Endothelial and related tissues Blood vessels Angiosarcoma Lymph vessels Lymphangiosarcoma Synovium Synovial sarcoma Mesothelium Mesothelioma Brain coverings Invasive meningioma Blood cells and related cells Hematopoietic cells Leukemias Lymphoid tissue Malignant lymphomas Muscle Smooth Leiomyosarcoma Striated Rhabdomyosarcoma Epithelial tumors Stratified squamous Squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma Basal cells of skin or adnexa Basal
  • novel compounds of the invention are thus useful in the treatment of a neoplasm, e. g. leukemia and solid tumors, such as colon, colo-rectal, ovarian, mammary, prostate, lung, kidney and also melanoma tumors.
  • a neoplasm e. g. leukemia and solid tumors, such as colon, colo-rectal, ovarian, mammary, prostate, lung, kidney and also melanoma tumors.
  • the dosage range adopted will depend on the route of administration and on the age, weight and condition of the patient being treated.
  • the compounds may be administered, for example, by the parenteral route, for example, intramuscularly, intravenously or by bolus infusion.
  • a patient or subject is a vertebrate having cancer or other diseases.
  • the subject is a warm-blooded animal, particularly a mammal which includes both human and non-human mammals.
  • non-human mammals include but are not limited to farm animals, such as cows, sheep, pigs, goats, horses, and llama, and pets, such as dogs and cats.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the compounds are shown herein as Formula II and are described in more detail hereinafter. As described herein, a therapeutically effective amount of the compound is administered to a subject in need thereof for a period of time sufficient to obtain an antineoplastic effect.
  • body surface area may be approximately determined from the height and weight of an individual (see, e.g., Scientific Tables, Geigy Pharmaceuticals, Ardsley, N.Y. pp. 537-538 (1970 )).
  • a suitable dose range is from 1 to 1000 mg of equivalent per m 2 body surface area of a compound of the invention, for instance from 50 to 500 mg/m 2 .
  • Also described herein is a method of treating a neoplasm in a subject, which method comprises a) administering to the subject a compound of formula (I) as described herein, and b) exposing the subject's neoplasm to ionizing radiation.
  • the compound is generally administered in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in accordance with a treatment schedule.
  • treatment schedule refers to the amount, order and timing in which the subject is administered a camptothecin-based compound and exposed to a unit dose of ionizing radiation.
  • the drug administration and radiation exposure may not necessarily be carried out sequentially. Radiation exposure can be carried out after a single dose or after multiple doses of a camptothecin-based compound in order to get the optimum results.
  • the exact timing of administration of the dosages as well as exposure to radiation can be varied to achieve optimal results. Generally, if using Intralipid 20 as the carrier for the CPT derivative, the actual dosage of CPT derivative reaching the patient will be less.
  • Another important feature of the method described herein relates to the relatively low apparent overall toxicity of the CPT derivatives administered in accordance with the teachings herein.
  • Overall toxicity can be judged using various criteria. For example, loss of body weight in a subject over 10% of the initially recorded body weight (i.e., before treatment) can be considered as one sign of toxicity.
  • loss of overall mobility and activity and signs of diarrhea or cystitis in a subject can also be interpreted as evidence of toxicity.
  • Also described herein is a method for treating cancer in a warm-blooded animal, which method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention as defined herein.
  • a compound described herein is administered to an appropriate subject in need of these compounds in a therapeutically effective dose by a medically acceptable route of administration such as orally, parentally ( e.g ., intramuscularly, intravenously, subcutaneously, interperitoneally), transdermally, rectally, by inhalation and the like.
  • camptothecin-based compound as identified herein, for the preparation of a pharmaceutical for the treatment of a neoplasm in a subject in combination with radiotherapy.
  • Also described herein is a method of sensitizing tumor cells to radiation, said method comprising: a) administering to a human or animal subject in need thereof a compound comprising a camptothecin derivative comprising one or more radiosensitizing electron-affinic groups; and b) exposing said subject to a unit dose of radiation.
  • steps a) and b) are applied according to a treatment schedule effective to produce a synergistic anti-neoplastic effect.
  • At least one of the radiosensitizing electron-affinic groups is a nitro-substituted carbocyclic or a nitro-substituted heterocyclic aromatic moiety that is attached to the C5, C7, C9, C10, C11, C 12 or C20 position of the CPT.
  • the radio sensitizing compounds described herein are prepared by linking the "electron-affinic group" to the C5, C7, C9, C10, C11, C12 or C20 carbons of the core of the camptothecin derivative. The length and nature of the linker between the camptothecin and the "electron-affinic group" may be altered.
  • the carbocyclic or heterocyclic moiety is aromatic and is preferably at the C7, C9, C10, C11, C12 or C20 position .
  • the carbocyclic or heterocyclic moiety is (+) or (-)-2-(2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenylideneaminooxy)-propionic acid (TAPA) or 2-(2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenylideneaminooxy)-ethanoic acid.
  • Radiosensitizers by definition increase the sensitivity of cancerous cells to the toxic effects of ionizing radiation. While not wanting to be limited to any particular theory, several mechanisms for the mode of action of radiosensitizers have been suggested.
  • Hypoxic cell radiosensitizers e.g:, 2-nitioimidazole compounds, and benzotriazine dioxide compounds
  • Nonhypoxic cell radiosensitizers e.g., halogenated pyrimidines
  • radiosensitizers in the treatment of disease.
  • a discussion of radiosensitizer agents is provided in Rowinsky-EK, Oncology-Huntingt., October 1999; 13(10 Suppl 5): 61-70 ; Chen-A Y et al., Oncology-Huntingt. October 1999; 13 (10 Suppl 5): 39-46 ; Choy-H, Oncology-Huntingt. October 1999; 13 (10 Suppl 5): 23-38 ; and Herscher-L L et al, Oncology-Huntingt. October 1999; 13 (10 Suppl 5): 11-22 .
  • a method for killing tumor cells in a warm-blooded animal which includes the steps of administering to the warm-blooded animal a pharmaceutical composition as described above in an amount effective to radiosensitize the tumor cells, followed by, after a time interval sufficient to enhance radiosensitization of the tumor cells, irradiating the tumor cells with a dose of radiation effective to kill the tumor cells.
  • the tumor cells After administration of the radiosensitizing composition to the tumor cells and the passage of a time interval sufficient to enhance radiosensitization of the tumor cells, the tumor cells are irradiated with a dose of radiation effective to destroy the tumor cells.
  • the patient will receive a total radiation dosage of about 60 to 76 Gy over seven to eight weeks, each individual radiation dose to be given within approximately 1 to 4 hours after administration of the radiosensitizer.
  • Such sequences of radiosensitization treatments and irradiation are repeated as needed to abate and, optimally, reduce or eliminate, the spread of the malignancy.
  • Also described herein are methods of sensitizing tumor cells to radiation comprising: a) administering to a human or animal subject in need thereof a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof having formula (I), below, and b) exposing the subject to a unit dose of ionizing radiation. Also described herein is a method where steps a) and b) are applied to a treatment schedule effective to produce a synergistic anti-neoplastic effect.
  • W is alkyl-C(O)-, or R 1 Y-L-C(O)-, provided that when W is alkyl-C(O)-, at least one of R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or R 6 is nitro;
  • L is a bond or linear alkylene (1-8) group, optionally substituted with lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl, wherein one or two methylene (-CH 2 -) units of the linear alkylene group is optionally replaced with O, S or NH;
  • R is H, alkyl, or substituted alkyl;
  • R 1 is optionally substituted carbocyclic, heterocyclic, or fused 2-, 3- or 4-ring heterocyclic;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, halo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, R Q Y, R Q Y ⁇ L
  • W is R 1 Y ⁇ L ⁇ C(O) ⁇ .
  • R 1 groups that may be incorporated into the active camptothecin derivative as described by Formula (I) include phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, amino, halogenated lower alkyl, halogenated lower alkoxy, formyl, lower alkyl carbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonyloxy, benzyloxy, optionally substituted piperazino, lower alkoxycarbonyl, and lower alkylcarbonylamino; a fused, 2-, 3-, or 4-ring heterocyclic system optionally substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, amino, halogenated lower alkyl, halogenated lower alkoxy, hydroxycarbonyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonyl
  • R 1 is substituted with at least one carbonyl, amido, trifluoromethyl, halogen, nitro, nitroso, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, phosphoryl, or oxo group.
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of O-quinone, semiquinone, fluorene, imidazole, triazole, pyridine, benzamide, nicotinamide, benzotriazine oxide, furan, thiophene, oxazole, or thiazole, where each of the aforementioned groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • R 1 is aromatic.
  • At least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or R 6 comprises an electron-affinic moiety, wherein the electron-affinic moiety is a (i) nitro; (ii) carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic moiety possessing one or more carbonyl, trifluoromethyl, halogen, nitro, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, phosphoryl, oxide or cyano groups; (iii) heterocyclic aromatic moiety containing two or more heteroatoms; (iv) metal complex; or (v) organo-metallic group in which the metal is covalently bonded to carbon.
  • the electron-affinic moiety is a (i) nitro; (ii) carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic moiety possessing one or more carbonyl, trifluoromethyl, halogen, nitro, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, phosphoryl, oxide or cyano groups; (iii
  • Carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic electron-affinic moieties contain one to three rings with a total of 5 to 15 ring atoms.
  • the heteroatoms are selected from the group consisting of N, S, O and P.
  • the carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic electron-affinic moieties contain one to two rings with one ring being presently most preferred.
  • Representative carbocyclic aromatic electron-affinic moieties include phenyl and naphthyl groups containing one or more nitro, halogen, carbonyl or sulfonyl substituents, with nitro-substituted phenyl being a preferred carbocyclic aromatic electron-affinic moiety.
  • heterocyclic aromatic electron-affinic moieties include imidazoles, triazoles, pyridines, benzamides, nicotinamides, benzotriazine oxides, furans, thiophenes, oxazoles and thiozoles possessing one or more carbonyl, trifluoromethyl, halogen, nitro, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, phosphoryl, oxide or cyano groups, and preferably at least one nitro group.
  • Metal complex electron-affinic moieties preferably comprise Pt 2+ , Co 3+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Pd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ti 4+ , or Zr 4+ as the metal and generally fall into two subgroups: (a) metal complexes of the carbocyclic and heterocyclic aromatic electron-affinic moieties discussed above, and (b) metal complexes of bidentate ligands comprising nitrogen, carbon or sulfur.
  • metal complexes ofbidentate ligands correspond to the formula -BM L X K wherein B is a bidentate ligand containing nitrogen, carbon or sulfur, M L is a metal, X is an anionic ligand such as Cl - or - OAc, and k is 1-4.
  • Organometallic electron-affmic moieties are aliphatic or aromatic mercury radicals.
  • the preparation and use of radiosensitizing agents incorporating mercury containing entities is described in Shenoy et al., Cancer Investigation, 10(6):533-551 (1992 ) and Bruce et al., Radiation Res., 24:473-481 (1965 ).
  • Electron-affinic moieties that are particularly suitable for inclusion in the compound of Formula (I) include O-quinone, semiquinone, fluorene, imidazole, triazole, pyridine, benzamide, nicotinamide, benzotriazine oxide, furan, thiophene, oxazole, and thiazole, where each of the aforementioned groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • R 1 is selected from this group.
  • the method of sensitizing tumor cells to radiation is using a camptothecin-based compound selected from the group consisting of: and
  • the electron-affinic moiety includes an R 1 that is a 2-nitroimidazol-1-yl or 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group having the following structure wherein R 20 is halo, alkyl, or substituted alkyl.
  • the electron-affinic moieties may be directly attached to one of the carbons at the C5, C7, C9, C10, C11, C12 or C20 position of camptothecin or indirectly attached via a linker.
  • the linker, L may be any alkylene group of 1 to 8 carbons, optionally interrupted by one or more oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms, a preferred linker is (CH 2 ) m or ⁇ (T) n ⁇ X ⁇ , wherein X is O, S, ⁇ NR ⁇ , or a bond; T is independently CRR'; m is an integer from 0 to 3; n is an integer from 1 to 3, and each ofR and R' is independently selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, and substituted lower alkyl.
  • WO- comprised in the substitution at the - 20 position of the camptothecin derivative, is selected from the group consisting of
  • Also described herein is a process for radiosensitizing tumor cells.
  • the process comprises administering a radiosensitizing amount of the pharmaceutical composition described above to the tumor cells.
  • a method for killing tumor cells in a warm-blooded animal which includes the steps of administering to the warm-blooded animal a pharmaceutical composition as described above in an amount effective to radiosensitize the tumor cells, followed by, after a time interval sufficient to enhance radiosensitization of the tumor cells, irradiating the tumor cells with a dose of radiation effective to kill the tumor cells.
  • a "therapeutally effective amount" of CPT derivatives described herein is intended to mean that amount of the compound for inhibiting or retarding the growth of a malignant cell, or in the case of a subject having a malignant tumor, the rate of tumor growth is decreased, the volume of such tumor is reduced, or the tumor is eliminated entirely.
  • Also described herein is a method for treating a mammal suffering from a neoplasm by administering a camptothecin-based compound to the mammal and directing ionizing radiation to the neoplasm.
  • R is R 1 ⁇ O ⁇ (CH 2 ) m ⁇
  • m is an integer of 1-10
  • R 1 is phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, amino, halogenated lower alkyl, halogenated lower alkoxy, formyl, lower alkyl carbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonyloxy, benzyloxy, optionally substituted piperazino, lower alkoxycarbonyl, and lower alkylcarbonylamino; a fused, 2-, 3-, or 4-ring heterocyclic system optionally substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, amino, halogenated lower alkyl,
  • R is R a R b N ⁇ (CH 2 ) m , m is 2, R a R b together with N form (a) a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered cyclic amine having no more than one additional nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur atom in the ring, which ring is fused to another, carbocyclic ring or rings which resulting fused ring system is optionally substituted with up to two substituents chosen from lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, hydroxy lower alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl (substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, amino, halogenated lower alkyl, halogenated lower alkoxy, carbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonyloxy, benzyloxy,
  • chemoradiosensitization characteristic is the capability of a compound, when administered to a subject having a neoplasm, to be absorbed by the subject and directed to the neoplasm to make the neoplasm more susceptible to radiation therapy than it would be without the administration of the compound to the subject.
  • the electron-affinic group is a nitro-substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic group.
  • one of the R 2 , R 4 , or R 5 is selected from the group consisting of (tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)methyl, (bis(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)methyl, and (2-hydroxyethylamino)methyl.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of (tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)methyl, (bis(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)methyl, and (2-hydroxyethylamino)methyl.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of (tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)methyl, (bis(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)methyl, and (2-hydroxyethylamino)methyl;
  • R 3 is hydrogen, dimethylamino, amino, or nitro;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, hydroxy, or 4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidinocarbonyloxy; or R 4 together with R 5 is methylenedioxy;
  • R 5 is hydrogen; or R 5 together with R 4 is methylenedioxy; and
  • R 6 is hydrogen.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of (tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)methyl, (bis(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)methyl, and (2-hydroxyethylamino)methyl; R 3 is hydrogen; R 4 together with R 5 is methylenedioxy and R 6 is hydrogen.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of (tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)methyl, (bis(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)methyl, and (2-hydroxyethylamino)methyl and each of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 is hydrogen.
  • R 1 is aromatic.
  • X is a covalent bond.
  • Y NO ⁇ or ⁇ N(H)O ⁇ and even more preferably that n is 1 and each of R and R' is independently methyl or hydrogen.
  • R 1 is a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic, preferably having 1 to 4 aromatic rings. The substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic may be 9-fluorenyl, preferably substituted with at least one nitro group. In one embodiment of the compound, R 1 is
  • camptothecin-based compound is selected from the group consisting of and
  • the compound of Formula (II] includes an R 1 or R Q that is wherein R 20 is halo, alkyl, or substituted alkyl.
  • R 1 Y-(T) n -X-C(O)O ⁇ is
  • camptothecin derivatives are particularly desirable, for example, a compound of the formula (II), wherein R 2 is hydrogen; R 3 is CH 2 NR 7 R 8 (where each of R 7 and R 8 is independently H, alkyl of 1-6 carbons, optionally substituted phenyl, hydroxy lower alkyl, amino lower alkyl, or mono- or dialkylamino lower alkyl, or R 7 and R 8 taken together with ⁇ N ⁇ represent a cyclic amino-), NR 10 R 11 (where each of R 10 and R 11 is independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, phenyl, hydroxy lower alkyl, or amino lower alkyl, or R 10 and R 11 taken together with ⁇ N ⁇ represent a cyclic amino), or dialkylamino alkyl; R 4 is lower alkoxy, hydroxy, halogenated lower alkyl, halogenated lower alkoxy, hydroxycarbonyl, formyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyloxy, lower alkylcarbony
  • R 3 is CH 2 NR 7 R 8 (where each of R 7 and R 8 is lower alkyl), R 4 is hydroxy, alkoxy, or alkylcarbonyloxy, and R 5 is hydrogen.
  • R 3 is CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 and/or R 4 is hydroxy.
  • a preferred compound of Formula (II) has the following features: R 2 is hydrogen, lower alkyl or halogenated lower alkyl; R 3 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R 4 is lower alkoxy, hydroxy, halogenated lower alkoxy, hydroxycarbonyl, carbamoyloxy, lower alkylcarbonyloxy, lower alkoxycarbonyloxy, sugar, phosphosugar, or R 4 together with R 5 is methylenedioxy; R 5 is hydrogen or together with R 4 is methylenedioxy; and R 6 is hydrogen.
  • R 3 is hydrogen
  • R 4 is carbamoyloxy
  • R 5 is hydrogen
  • R 2 is lower alkyl, especially ethyl
  • R 4 is 4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidinocarbonyloxy.
  • R 2 is hydrogen and R 4 is 4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidinocarbonyloxy.
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3 is hydrogen
  • R 4 is tert-butoxycarbonyloxy
  • R 2 is lower alkyl
  • R 3 is hydrogen
  • R 4 is hydroxy, lower alkoxy, halogenated lower alkoxy, hydroxycarbonyl, formyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkoxycarbonyloxy, sugar, phosphosugar, or lower alkylcarbonyloxy
  • R 5 is hydrogen
  • R 6 is hydrogen
  • R 2 is ethyl and R 4 is hydroxy.
  • R 2 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are hydrogen and R 3 is amino or nitro.
  • An alternative compound of Formula (II) has the following substituents: R 2 is tri-lower alkylsilyl; R 3 is hydrogen; R 4 is hydroxy, lower alkoxy, halogenated lower alkoxy, hydroxycarbonyl, formyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkoxycarbonyloxy, sugar, phosphosugar, carbamoyloxy or lower alkylcarbonyloxy; R 5 is hydrogen; and R 6 is hydrogen.
  • R 2 is t-butyldimethylsilyl and R 4 is hydroxy.
  • linker L
  • L may be any alkylene group of 1 to 8 carbons, optionally interrupted by one or more oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms
  • a preferred linker is (CH 2 ) m or ⁇ (T) n ⁇ X ⁇ , wherein X is O, S, ⁇ NR ⁇ , or a bond
  • T is independently CRR'
  • m is an integer from 0 to 3
  • n is an integer from 1 to 3
  • each of R and R' is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, and substituted alkyl.
  • composition comprising a compound of this invention together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • described herein is a method for treating a cancer disorder in a subject having a tumor which method comprises administering to the subject a composition a composition comprising a compound of this invention together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The method further comprises exposing the tumor in the subject to a unit dose of radiation.
  • described herein is a method of treating a neoplasm comprising:
  • the compounds of the invention are prepared by reacting a known camptothecin-based compound having a free hydroxyl or an amine group with an appropriate electron-affinic moiety.
  • camptothecin-based compounds are generally available in the art and would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Camptothecin exhibits antineoplastic activity
  • several synthetic and semisynthetic analogs of CPT have been reported in the literature.
  • a number of attempts have been made not only to reduce its toxicity while maintaining antitumor activity by converting CPT into its derivatives but also to make it more water soluble by chemical modifications.
  • scientists continue to develop analogs in order to improve the pharmacokinetics, drug resistance, clinical efficacy, and toxicity profile of CPT.
  • the radiosensitizing compounds of this invention can be prepared by linking the electron-affinic group to any of the C5, C7, C9, C10, C11, C12 or C20 carbons of CPT using a variety of methods.
  • the following Schemes 1 to 7 demonstrate a few representative examples of the same.
  • Compounds having electron-affinic groups at C20 may be prepared by reacting CPT or a CPT analog with a carboxylic acid of the formula R 1 Y-(T) n -X-COOH wherein R 1 , Y, (T) n , and X are as defined herein.
  • an electron-affinic group such as tetranitrofluorene
  • an electron-affinic group can be attached to the 20 position via an ester linkage by treating a CPT analog with 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and (+)-2-(2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenylideneaminooxy)-propionic acid (TAPA) (commercially available from Wiley) in dry methylene chloride at room temperature to provide the ester 1.1 as shown below (Scheme 1).
  • TAPA 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
  • TAPA 2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenylideneaminooxy)-propionic acid
  • the imine double bond in ester 1.1 can be reacted with a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ) to give the amine 1.2 .
  • a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride (NaBH
  • the above reaction can be carried out with a suitable CPT analog that is substituted at any of the 5, 7, 9, 10, 11 or 12 positions.
  • the CPT analog may be substituted with substituents known in the art or that can be prepared by one of skill in the art. Representative articles that teach how to make such analogs or where such analogs may be procured are found in the following journals.
  • Suitable CPT analogs include the following, where the number in parenthesis following the name refers to the journal article listed above:
  • tetranitrofluorene similarly can be attached at the 20 position of CPT or a CPT analog.
  • These tetranitrofluorenes can be synthesized in one step via condensation of tetranitrofluoren-9-one (commercially available from Aldrich) and an amine of the formula NH 2 -O-(T) n -X-COOH, wherein (T) n and X are as defined herein.
  • the imine 2.1 then reacts with CPT or a CPT analog to give the C20 esters 2.2, wherein R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are as defined herein (Scheme 2).
  • the imine double bond in ester 2.2 can be reacted with a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ) to give the amine 2.3.
  • a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 )
  • reaction with 4-nitrobenzoic acid gives the corresponding 4-nitrobenzoate 3.1 where the electron-affinic group is very close to the CPT molecule.
  • reaction with CDI for conditions, see US Pub. No. US 2002/0040155 A1
  • 2-(2-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)ethanol gives the corresponding carbonate 3.2 where the electron-affinic group is away from the CPT molecule.
  • analogs with multiple radiosensitizing groups attached to a single linker For example, reaction of 2-nitroimidazole with glycidyl chloride provides alcohol A (US Pub. No. US 2002/0040155 A1 ) which then reacts with CPT to give a carbonate 3.3 containing 2 radiosensitizing groups linked at C20 (Scheme 3).
  • Electron-affinic groups also can be linked at 9 or 10 positions.
  • Condensation of 9-or 10-amino CPT ( J. Med. Chem. 1993,36, 2689-2700 ) with nitro-substituted ketones gives the corresponding imines.
  • 2, 4, 5, 7-tetranitrofluoren-9-one (commercially available from Aldrich) gives the corresponding imine 4.1 with radiosensitizing tetranitrofluorenyl group at 9 or 10 position (Scheme 4).
  • Reduction of the double bond in imine 4.1 with reducing agents such as NaBH 4 followed by acylation of 20-hydroxy group with acyl halide gives the amine 4.2.
  • reducing agents such as NaBH 4
  • acylation of 20-hydroxy group with acyl halide gives the amine 4.2.
  • Several other nitroaldehydes or nitroketones also react similarly.
  • 9- or 10-hydroxy CPT J. Med. Chem. 1993,36, 2689-2700
  • phenolic esters containing electron-affinic groups can be converted to the corresponding phenolic esters containing electron-affinic groups.
  • either mono- or di-ester is formed (Scheme 5).
  • the carboxylic acids 2.1 used in Scheme 2 react with either 9- or 10-hydroxy CPT in presence of 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDCI) in a polar solvent such as dimethylformamide (DMF) to give the corresponding mono-esters 5.1.
  • EDCI 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide
  • DMF dimethylformamide
  • the corresponding di-esters 5.2 are formed.
  • the imine bond in mono-ester 5.1 on reduction with reducing agents such as NaBH 4 followed by acylation of 20-hydroxy group with acyl halide gives the corresponding amine 5.3.
  • the imine bond in di-ester 5.2 on reduction with reducing agents such as NaBH 4 gives the corresponding amine 5.4.
  • other carboxylic acids containing electron-affinic groups can be used in this reaction.
  • CPT analogs that contain 9- or 10-hydroxy group and additional substituents in the molecule can also be converted to their di-esters.
  • the 7-hydroxyalkyl CPT analogs, where R' is alkylene can be similarly acylated as shown above for the 9- or 10- hydroxy analogs, using carboxylic acids 2.1 to give the corresponding mono-etsers 6.1 or di-esters 6.2 (Scheme 6).
  • the imine bond in mono-ester 6.1 on reduction with reducing agents such as NaBH 4 followed by acylation of 20-hydroxy group with acyl halide gives the corresponding amine 6.3.
  • the imine bond in di-ester 6.2 on reduction with reducing agents such as NaBH 4 gives the corresponding amine 6.4.
  • other carboxylic acids containing electron-affinic groups can be used in this reaction.
  • 11- or 12-hydroxy CPT can be converted to the corresponding phenolic esters containing the electron-affinic groups at 11 or 12 positions.
  • 11-hydroxy CPT is known in the literature ( US Patent no. 4,604,463 ). Starting with 12-amino CPT ( J. Med. Chem. 1986, 29, 2358 and J. Med. Chem. 1987, 30, 1774 ), the corresponding 12-hydroxy CPT can be synthesized using the known two-step method ( US Patent no. 4,604,463 ). The 11- or 12-hydroxy CPT are similarly acylated as shown above for the 7, 9, or 10- hydroxy analogs, using carboxylic acids 2.1 to give the corresponding mono-etsers 7.1 or di-esters 7.2 (Scheme 7).
  • CPT analogs containing sugar, phosphosugar, or O-quinone moiety at C5, C7, C9, C10, C11, C12, or C20 position can also be prepared by attaching those moieties via an ether linkage. These analogs can be obtained via one step coupling reaction of the corresponding hydroxy CPT analog, with a sugar, a phosphosugar, or a quinone respectively.
  • sugar and phosphosugar are given in the definition section above.
  • Representative examples of quinone include, but are not limited to, unsubstituted and optionally substituted benzoquinones, unsubstituted and optionally substituted naphthoquinones, etc.
  • an unsubstituted benzoquinone can be attached at C9 of CPT via an ether linkage by coupling of 9-hydroxy CPT with 2-chlorobenzoquinone (commercially available at Sigma-Aldrich).
  • 2-chlorobenzoquinone commercially available at Sigma-Aldrich.
  • Other examples of commercially available quinones at Sigma-Aldrich include, but are not limited to, 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,5-Dibromo-6-isopropyl-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, and 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone, etc.
  • compositions useful for treating cancer in a warm-blooded animal which composition comprises a compound described herein , as defined by formula II herein, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the composition is prepared in accordance with known formulation techniques to provide a composition suitable for oral, topical, transdermal, rectal, inhalation, or parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal) administration, and the like.
  • parenteral intravenous, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal
  • Unit doses or multiple dose forms are contemplated, each offering advantages in certain clinical settings.
  • the unit dose would contain a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired effect(s) in the setting of treating cancer.
  • the multiple dose form may be particularly useful when multiples of single doses, or fractional doses, are required to achieve the desired ends. Either of these dosing forms may have specifications that are dictated by or directly dependent upon the unique characteristic of the particular compound, the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and any limitations inherent in the art of preparing the particular compound for treatment of cancer.
  • a unit dose will contain a therapeutically effective amount sufficient to treat cancer in a subject and may contain from about 1.0 to 1000 mg of compound, for example about 50 to 500 mg.
  • the compound will preferably be administered orally in a suitable formulation as an ingestible tablet, a buccal tablet, capsule, chaplet, elixir, suspension, syrup, trouche, wafer, lozenge, and the like.
  • a suitable formulation as an ingestible tablet, a buccal tablet, capsule, chaplet, elixir, suspension, syrup, trouche, wafer, lozenge, and the like.
  • the most straightforward formulation is a tablet or capsule (individually or collectively designated as an "oral dosage unit").
  • Suitable formulations are prepared in accordance with a standard formulating techniques available that match the characteristics of the compound to the excipients available for formulating an appropriate composition.
  • a tablet or capsule will contain about 50 to about 500 mg of a compound of Formula (I).
  • the form may deliver a compound rapidly or may be a sustained-release preparation.
  • the compound may be enclosed in a hard or soft capsule, may be compressed into tablets, or may be incorporated with beverages, food or otherwise into the diet.
  • the percentage of the final composition and the preparations may, of course, be varied and may conveniently range between 1 and 90% of the weight of the final form, e.g., tablet.
  • the amount in such therapeutically useful compositions is such that a suitable dosage will be obtained.
  • Preferred compositions described herein are prepared so that an oral dosage unit form contains between about 5 to about 50% by weight (% w) in dosage units weighing between 50 and 1000 mg.
  • the suitable formulation of an oral dosage unit may also contain: a binder, such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch, gelatin; sweetening agents such as lactose or sucrose; disintegrating agents such as corn starch, alginic acid and the like; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; or flavoring such a peppermint, oil of wintergreen or the like.
  • a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch, gelatin
  • sweetening agents such as lactose or sucrose
  • disintegrating agents such as corn starch, alginic acid and the like
  • a lubricant such as magnesium stearate
  • flavoring such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen or the like.
  • Various other material may be present as coating or to otherwise modify the physical form of the oral dosage unit.
  • the oral dosage unit may be coated with shellac, a sugar or both.
  • Syrup or elixir may contain the compound
  • a compound may be administered parenterally, e.g., intravenously, intramuscularly, intravenously, subcutaneously, or interperitonically.
  • the carrier or excipient or excipient mixture can be a solvent or a dispersive medium containing, for example, various polar or non-polar solvents, suitable mixtures thereof, or oils.
  • carrier or excipient means a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient and includes any and all solvents, dispersive agents or media, coating(s), antimicrobial agents, iso/hypo/hypertonic agents, absorption-modifying agents, and the like.
  • the use of such substances and the agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, use in therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Moreover, other or supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the final composition.
  • Solutions of the compound may be prepared in suitable diluents such as water, ethanol, glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycol(s), various oils, and/or mixtures thereof, and others known to those skilled in the art.
  • suitable diluents such as water, ethanol, glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycol(s), various oils, and/or mixtures thereof, and others known to those skilled in the art.
  • the pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile solutions, dispersions, emulsions, and sterile powders.
  • the final form must be stable under conditions of manufacture and storage. Furthermore, the final pharmaceutical form must be protected against contamination and must, therefore, be able to inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi.
  • a single intravenous or intraperitoneal dose can be administered. Alternatively, a slow long term infusion or multiple short term daily infusions may be utilized, typically lasting from 1 to 8 days. Alternate day or dosing once every several days may also be utilized.
  • Sterile, injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating a compound in the required amount into one or more appropriate solvents to which other ingredients, listed above or known to those skilled in the art, may be added as required.
  • Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the compound in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various other ingredients as required. Sterilizing procedures, such as filtration, then follow.
  • dispersions are made by incorporating the compound into a sterile vehicle which also contains the dispersion medium and the required other ingredients as indicated above. In the case of a sterile powder, the preferred methods include vacuum drying or freeze drying to which any required ingredients are added.
  • the final form must be sterile and must also be able to pass readily through an injection device such as a hollow needle.
  • the proper viscosity may be achieved and maintained by the proper choice of solvents or excipients.
  • the use of molecular or particulate coatings such as lecithin, the proper selection of particle size in dispersions, or the use of materials with surfactant properties may be utilized.
  • Prevention or inhibition of growth of microorganisms may be achieved through the addition of one or more antimicrobial agents such as chlorobutanol, ascorbic acid, parabens, thermerosal, or the like. It may also be preferable to include agents that alter the tonicity such as sugars or salts.
  • antimicrobial agents such as chlorobutanol, ascorbic acid, parabens, thermerosal, or the like. It may also be preferable to include agents that alter the tonicity such as sugars or salts.
  • a compound of the invention may be useful to provide liposomal delivery.
  • the system restrains the compound of the invention by incorporating, encapsulating, surrounding, or entrapping the compound of the invention in, on, or by lipid vesicles or liposomes, or by micelles.
  • the compound of the invention is solubilized in liposomes.
  • the liposomes may include, for example, lipids such as cholesterol, phospholipids, or micelles comprised of surfactant such as, for example sodium dodecylsulfate, octylphenolpolyoxyethylene glycol, or sorbitan mono-oleate.
  • the compound of the invention binds to the lipid bilayer membrane of the liposome with high affinity.
  • the liposome bound prodrug can preferably intercalate between the acyl chains of the lipid.
  • the lactone ring of the camptothecin-derivative, membrane-bound compound of the invention is thereby removed from the aqueous environment inside and outside of the liposome and further protected from hydrolysis. Since the liposome-bound drug is protected from hydrolysis, the antitumor activity of the drug is preserved. For a compound of the invention which has a lower affinity for the liposome membrane and thus disassociates from the liposome membrane to reside in the interior of liposome, the pH of the interior of the liposomes may be reduced thereby preventing hydrolysis of such compound of the invention.
  • a useful group of liposomal delivery systems include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,552,156 and 5,736,156 .
  • Other liposomal delivery systems include liposomes containing active agents aggregated with lipids or surfactants as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,827,533 and 5,882,679 ; lipid vesicles formed with alkyl ammonium fatty acid salts as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,105 ; liposomes for encapsulating active agent dry powder compositions as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,211 ; liposomal drug delivery systems for topical patches as described in U.S. Pat. No.
  • Unilamellar liposomes also referred to as single lamellar vesicles, are spherical vesicles comprised of one lipid bilayer membrane which defines a closed compartment.
  • the bilayer membrane is composed of two layers of lipids; an inner layer and an outer layer.
  • the outer layer of lipid molecules are oriented with their hydrophilic head portions toward the external aqueous environment and their hydrophobic tails pointed downward toward interior of the liposome.
  • the inner layer of lipid lays directly beneath the outer layer; the lipids are oriented with their heads facing the aqueous interior of the liposome and their tails toward the tails of outer layer of lipid.
  • Multilamellar liposomes also referred to as multilamellar vesicles, are composed of more than one lipid bilayer membrane, which membranes define more than one closed compartment. The membranes are concentrically arranged so that the different membranes are separated by compartments much like an onion skin.
  • the compound of the invention is located in one or more of the compartments of a liposome or micelle, or the compound of the invention is bound to the membrane of the liposome.
  • a compound is bound to a lipid membrane
  • at least the lactone ring of some or all of the compound of the invention binds to the lipid membrane of the liposome
  • the liposome contains more than one bilayer membrane the compound of the invention is bound to at least 1 membrane.
  • Those compounds of the invention that have a high affinity for such membrane tend to remain bound to the membrane.
  • Those compounds of the invention with a low affinity for liposome membrane will at least partially disassociate from the liposome membrane and reside in the liposome compartment.
  • Micelles as defined herein are spherical receptacles comprised of a single, monolayer membrane which defines a closed compartment and the membrane is comprised of surfactant molecules oriented so that the hydrocarbon tails are oriented toward the compartment and the polar head portions are oriented toward the external aqueous environment.
  • the compounds of the invention when associated with micelles, are either in the compartment, bound to the micelle membrane, or bound to the outside surface of the micelle.
  • Liposomes have been used successfully to administer medications to cancer patients, and have been shown to be useful clinically in the delivery of anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin, daunorubicin, and cisplatinum complexes.
  • anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin, daunorubicin, and cisplatinum complexes.
  • micelles have also been used to deliver medications to patients, ( Broden et al., Acta Pharm Suec. 19: 267-284 (1982 )) and micelles have been used as drug carriers and for targeted drug delivery, ( D. D. Lasic, Nature 335: 279-280 (1992 ); and, Supersaxo et al., Pharm Res. 8: 1280-1291 (1991 )), including cancer medications, ( Fung et al., Biomater. Artif. Cells. Artif. Organs 16: 439 et seq. (1988 ); and Yokoyama et al., Cancer Res. 51: 3229-3236 (1991 )).
  • the liposomes and/or micelles containing the compound of the invention can be administered to a cancer patient, typically intravenously.
  • the liposomes and/or micelles are carried by the circulatory system to the cancer cells where the membrane of the vesicle fuses to the membrane of the cancer cell thereby releasing the compound of the invention to the cancer cell, or where the liposomes and/or micelles to be taken up by the cancer cells, the compound of the invention diffuses from the liposomes and/or micelles to be taken up by the cancer cells.
  • lipid mixture of lipids which forms liposomes and/or micelles is suitable.
  • Phosphatidylcholines including, for example, L- ⁇ -dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DPMC), 1- ⁇ -dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and L- ⁇ -distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) are suitable.
  • DPMC L- ⁇ -dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
  • DPPC 1- ⁇ -dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
  • DSPC L- ⁇ -distearoylphosphatidylcholine
  • phosphatidylglycerols including, for example, L- ⁇ -dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) are suitable.
  • the DMPC and DMPG are both fluid phase at 37, for example, L- ⁇ -dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) are suitable.
  • DMPG L- ⁇ -dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol
  • the DMPC and DMPG are both fluid phase at 37 °C.
  • DSPC is solid phase at 37 °C. Since the presence of negatively charged lipid in the liposome membrane causes the liposomes to repel each other, small amounts, such as, for example about 10%, of an negatively charged lipid, such as distearolphosphotidylglycerol (DSPG), may be incorporated in to the DSPC liposomes.
  • DSPG distearolphosphotidylglycerol
  • Suitable phospholipids include: phosphatidyl-ethanolamides, phosphatidylinositols, and phosphatidic acids containing lauric, myristic, palmitic, paimitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, behenic and lignoceric acid.
  • Another suitable lipid includes cholesterol.
  • the chromatographic purity of the products was assessed using Waters Alliance 2695 separation modules with Waters 2996 PDA detector HPLC system using a gradient of water and acetonitrile, and TLC on silica gel 60 F 254 (APCO, China). TLC plates were visualized by using either the UV lamp or anisaldehyde stain (by volume: 93% ethanol, 3.5% sulfuric acid, 1% acetic acid and 2.5% anisaldehyde). Chromatographic separations were performed using silica gel (APCO, China; 300-400 ⁇ m mesh size).
  • the ethyl ⁇ -(isopropylideneaminooxy)propionate was added to 5% NaOH solution (1.2 L) at 70 °C. After 20 min, the solution was cooled to rt and acidified to pH 2.0 with 5N HCl solution. Then to the solution was added (NH a ) 2 SO 4 (500g) and the mixture was extracted with 1:1 benzene:Et 2 O (2 x 300 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated to approximately 200 mL. Petroleum ether (500 mL) was added and the solution was cooled to -20 °C overnight. The recrystallized product was recovered by filtration. 80g of product 2 was recovered as a white solid (37%).
  • (+)- ⁇ -(isopropylideneaminooxy)propionic acid ( 2a ) was adapted from Melvin, S et al., Organic Syntheses, 1973, Coll. Vol. 5, 1029-37 . Briefly, (-)-ephedrine hydrochloride (40g, 200 mmol) was dissolved in water (200 mL) and added 2N NaOH solution (120 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 100 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 and filtered. EtOH (50 mL) was added and the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (450 mL).
  • (+)- ⁇ -(2.4.5.7-Tetranitro-9-fluorenylideneaminooxy)propionic acid ( 3a , (+)TAPA) was adapted from Melvin, S et al., Organic Syntheses, 1973, Coll. Vol. 5,1029-37 . Briefly, (+)- ⁇ -(isopropylideneaminooxy)propionic acid (12.3 g, 84.73 mmol) and 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorenone (25.2 g, 70.61 mmol) were dissolved in glacial AcOH (565 mL) and concentrated H 2 SO 4 (1.41 mL) was added. The mixture was refluxed at 130 °C for 2 hr.
  • (-)TAPA was similar to the preparation of (+)TAPA. Briefly, (-)- ⁇ -(isopropylideneaminooxy)propionic acid (5 g, 34.44 mmol) and 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorenone (8.3 g, 22.96 mmol) were dissolved in glacial AcOH (184 mL) and concentrated H 2 SO 4 (0.46 mL) was added. The mixture was refluxed at 130 °C for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was added to water (100 mL), cooled to 0 °C overnight and filtered.
  • camptothecin analogs include the following:
  • (+)TAPA 3a 360 mg, 0.81 mmol
  • Boc-10H-CPT 7 250 mg, 0.54 mmol
  • Hobt 80 mg, 0.59 mmol
  • DIC 250 ⁇ L, 1.61 mmol
  • DMAP 26 mg, 0.22 mmol
  • DIC 250 ⁇ L, 1.61 mmol
  • (+)TAPA 3a 120 mg, 0.27 mmol
  • the 20- O -[(+)TAPA]-Boc-10H-CPT ester 7 (4g, 4.47 mmol) was dissolved in TFA (90 mL). After stirring at rt for 1 hr, bis-(dimethylamine)-methane (30 mL) was added slowly. The mixture was stirred at rt for 45 min and the crude product was precipitated by addition to water. Filtered and the precipitate was dissolved in DCM (300 mL), washed with saturated NaHCO 3 solution (3 x 200 mL, the solution turned red), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and the solvent was removed.
  • camptothecin analogs include the following:
  • the 20- O -[(-)TAPA]-Boc-10H-CPT ester 8 (1.3 g, 1.48 mmol) was dissolved in TFA (15 mL). After stirring at rt for 1 hr, bis-(dimethylamine)-methane (7.5 mL) was added slowly. The mixture was stirred at rt for 45 min and the crude product was precipitated by addition to water. Filtered and the precipitate was dissolved in DCM (75 mL), washed with saturated NaHCO 3 solution (2 x 50 mL, the solution turned red), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and the solvent was removed.
  • camptothecin analogs include the following:
  • (+)TAPA 3a 1.9 g 4.31 mmol
  • camptothecin 1.0 g, 2.87 mmol
  • Hobt 426 mg, 3.16 mmol
  • DIC DIC (0.89 mL, 5.74 mmol)
  • DMAP 140 mg, 1.15 mmol
  • (+)-TAPA 3a (0.67 g, 1.43 mmol) were added.
  • the reaction was stirred at rt overnight.
  • (+)TAPA 3a (1.43 g, 3.19 mmol)
  • irinotecan (1.25 g, 2.13 mmol)
  • Hobt 316 mg, 2.34 mmol
  • DCC (1.33 g, 6.38 mmol)
  • a solution of DMAP 78 mg, 0.64 mmol
  • DCC (1.33 g, 6.38 mmol
  • the 20-O-(TNF-ethanoyl)-Boc-10H-CPT ester 8 (5.3g, 6.02 mmol) was dissolved in TFA (60 mL). After stirring at rt for 1 hr, bis-(dimethylamine)-methane (30 mL) was added slowly. The mixture was stirred at rt for 45 min and the crude product was precipitated by addition to water. Filtered and the precipitate was dissolved in DCM (300 mL), washed with saturated NaHCO 3 solution (3 x 200 mL, the solution turned red), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and the solvent was removed.
  • camptothecin analogs include the following:
  • the 20-O-[(+)TAPA]-Boc-10H-CPT ester 9 (500 mg, 0.538 mmol) was dissolved in TFA (5.4 mL). After stirring at rt for 1 hr, the reaction mixture was added to water and the precipitate was filtered, dried and redissolved in DCM. The solution was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and the solvent was removed. The remaining residue was purified by silica gel column with 50-100 % EtOAc:Hexanes to give 370 mg of 20 as yellow solid (89%).
  • mice bearing MTG-B mouse mammary adenocarcinoma tumors Prior to treatment, the tumor grew exponentially following implantation into the flanks of the mice and reached a diameter of 8 mm (268.08 cu. mm) by day 7 to 10.
  • the mice were injected i.p. with compound 13 at MTD using a single injection and then irradiated with a radiation dose of 22 Gy 24 h after the injection.
  • Control groups of mice bearing 8 mm diameter tumors were treated with vehicle alone, or radiation alone, or drug alone. After treatment, tumor sizes were measured by caliper every day.
  • Chemotherapeutic effects of compound 13 on human prostate cancer cells were evaluated at dose concentrations between 0 and 10 nM.
  • Cells plated on Petri dishes in triplicates were allowed to attach, then cells were subjected to 24 hr drug exposure at 37 °C.
  • the cells were then rinsed with HBSS ((Hank's balanced salt solution) and covered with fresh media.
  • Cells were cultured for 8-9 days in a 37°C incubator. The resulting cell colonies were stained and counted. Results are presented in Table 4.
  • TABLE 4 Chemotherapeutic Activity of compound 13 Drug conc. (nM) PC-3 Cells % Survival DU-145 Cells % Survival 0 100 100 1 98 82 5 52 43 10 10 5
  • Chemotherapeutic effects of compound 13 on human breast cancer cells were evaluated at dose concentrations between 0 and 10 nM.
  • Cells plated on Petri dishes in triplicates were allowed to attach, then cells were subjected to 72 hr drug exposure at 37°C.
  • the cells were then rinsed with HBSS ((Hank's balanced salt solution) and covered with fresh media.
  • Cells were cultured for 8-9 days in a 37°C incubator. The resulting cell colonies were stained and counted. Results are presented in FIG. 2 .
  • Other compounds described herein can also be evaluated in accordance with this method.
  • Acute toxicities of a compound described herein, compound 13 , topotecan, CPT and cisplatin were evaluated on C3H/HeN mice (female, 6-8 week old, body weight 18-20 g).
  • the MTD40 (maximum tolerated dose at day 40) values were determined.
  • 6 mice were dosed at moderate doses of 10, 70, or 106.98, or 141.47, or 187.1 mg/kg. If no severe and irreversible toxicity (euthanasia is required) occured at these doses, additional 6 animals were initiated at a dose which is 1.3225 - 1.5283 times higher than the previous non-toxic doses.
  • Sequential dosages (261.94, or 366.72, or 500 mg/kg) were increased until severe and irreversible toxicity (whereby euthanasia is required) occurs. If severe and irreversible toxicity was observed at these doses, the drug doses (50, or 30 mg/kg) were reduced. The result of this exercise was two dosages, one apparently nonlethal and the other lethal if severe and irreversible toxicity occured and euthanasia was required. Six mice were dosed at each dosage. If no severe and irreversible toxicity occured at the lower dosage and at least one with severe and irreversible toxicity at the higher dose, then the lower dose was considered to the MTD. These new camptothecin analogs were administered to C3H/HeN mice by i.p.
  • mice Drug toxicity was evaluated on mice, checked daily for 45 days. The toxicity parameters reported were the MTD40. The MTD is defined as the highest dose causing no severe irreversible toxicity in one treatment group, but at least one animal exhibiting severe and irreversible toxicity and being euthanized at next higher dose. Results are provided in FIG. 3 . Other compounds described herein can also be evaluated in accordance with this method.
  • HCT116 human colon cancer cell line
  • VM46 taxol-resistant, overexpressing multi-drug resistant gene, sub-line of HCT-116
  • PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line
  • Drugs were made up fresh in medium at ten times the final concentration, and then 0.3 ml of this stock solution was added to the 2.7 mL of medium containing 5% bovine calf serum (BCS) in the dish. The cells were then incubated with drugs for 72 hours at 37°C. At the end of incubation the drug-containing media were decanted, the dishes were rinsed with 4 ml of Hank's Balance Salt Solution (HBSS), 5 ml of fresh medium containing 15% BCS was added, and the dishes were returned to the incubator for colony formation. The cell colonies stained with methylene blue (0.5% in ethanol) were counted using colony counter after incubation for 8 days for HCT116 cells and PC-3 cells and 9 days for VM46 cells, respectively.
  • HBSS Hank's Balance Salt Solution
  • Irinotecan a semisynthetic camptothecin derivative introduced in the 1980's.
  • Irinotecan is a prodrug metabolized by carboxylesterases to an active metabolite 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN38) which then exerts its cytotoxic effect ( Ando Y. al. N Engl Med 2002;346(18):1414-1415 ).
  • Irinotecan derivatives can be expected not to display any in vitro chemotherapeutic activity but display only in vivo activity after getting metabolized in the body, which is consistent with the lack of in vitro activity seen for the 3 Irinotecan analogs mentioned above.

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NZ567454A (en) 2011-07-29
KR20080086436A (ko) 2008-09-25
WO2007048002A3 (en) 2007-09-13
CN101300009B (zh) 2013-04-03
US8779138B2 (en) 2014-07-15
TW200730532A (en) 2007-08-16
US20110184009A1 (en) 2011-07-28
ES2428088T3 (es) 2013-11-05
TWI402270B (zh) 2013-07-21
AU2006304811C1 (en) 2012-11-01
AU2006304811A1 (en) 2007-04-26
NZ593706A (en) 2012-11-30
HK1115321A1 (en) 2008-11-28
EP1951231A2 (en) 2008-08-06
CA2626032C (en) 2011-12-06
US20070093432A1 (en) 2007-04-26
AU2006304811B2 (en) 2012-03-22
CN101300009A (zh) 2008-11-05
JP2009512714A (ja) 2009-03-26
US7875602B2 (en) 2011-01-25
US8563537B2 (en) 2013-10-22
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