EP1920150B1 - Verfahren zum beschichten der aussenfläche einer zylinderlaufbuchse - Google Patents
Verfahren zum beschichten der aussenfläche einer zylinderlaufbuchse Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1920150B1 EP1920150B1 EP06791335A EP06791335A EP1920150B1 EP 1920150 B1 EP1920150 B1 EP 1920150B1 EP 06791335 A EP06791335 A EP 06791335A EP 06791335 A EP06791335 A EP 06791335A EP 1920150 B1 EP1920150 B1 EP 1920150B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cylinder liner
- cylinder
- coating
- cylinder bushing
- melt
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000004323 axial length Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 238000007788 roughening Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- JHPGITINDRVJFA-UHFFFAOYSA-I aluminum;zinc;pentachloride Chemical compound [Al+3].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JHPGITINDRVJFA-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910001060 Gray iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004512 die casting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003407 AlSi10Mg Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008393 encapsulating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001234 light alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004881 precipitation hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 zinc-aluminum-copper Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D19/00—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product
- B22D19/0009—Cylinders, pistons
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D19/00—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product
- B22D19/0081—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product pretreatment of the insert, e.g. for enhancing the bonding between insert and surrounding cast metal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
- C23C2/024—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas by cleaning or etching
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/34—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the material to be treated
- C23C2/36—Elongated material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/34—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the material to be treated
- C23C2/36—Elongated material
- C23C2/38—Wires; Tubes
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for coating the outer surface of a cylinder liner according to the preamble of claim 1.
- the object of the invention is to avoid this disadvantage of the prior art and also to provide a simple and inexpensive coating process.
- a cylinder liner which consists of an iron-based material that may be alloyed or unalloyed.
- the cylinder liner is made of gray cast iron, which may contain either lamellar graphite, vermicular graphite or nodular graphite.
- the gray cast iron can in this case have a ferritic-pearlitic, a pearlitic, a bainitic or an austenitic basic structure.
- the outer surface of the cylinder liner may be smooth. But it can also have all other surface finishes to a flat Raugussober Structure.
- the outer surface, the front side and the inner surface of the cylinder liner can be pre-machined by turning.
- the cylinder crankcase is made of one of the common light alloy castings, using both aluminum-based castings such as EN AC-AISi10Mg (Fe), EN AC-AlSi10Mg (Cu), ENAC-AlSi9Cu3 (Fe), EN AC-AISi12 (Cu) , as well as magnesium-based, such as EN MC-MgA19Zn1 (A), EN MC-MgY4RE3Zr eligible.
- aluminum-based castings such as EN AC-AISi10Mg (Fe), EN AC-AlSi10Mg (Cu), ENAC-AlSi9Cu3 (Fe), EN AC-AISi12 (Cu)
- magnesium-based such as EN MC-MgA19Zn1 (A), EN MC-MgY4RE3Zr eligible.
- the outer surface of the cylinder liner is coated by dipping. In preparation for this, it is necessary to clean the outer surface of dirt and oxides and then roughen. Suitable methods for this are brushing and / or blasting. For example, coarse corundum, ie, crystallized Al 2 O 3 , can be used for blasting.
- the outer surface of the cylinder liner is pickled and / or coated with a flux, which is zinc chloride-aluminum chloride double salt or salmiacite (ammonium chloride) is suitable. This is to remove oxides from the outer surface of the cylinder liner to promote the alloying of a metal layer described below.
- a flux which is zinc chloride-aluminum chloride double salt or salmiacite (ammonium chloride) is suitable. This is to remove oxides from the outer surface of the cylinder liner to promote the alloying of a metal layer described below.
- the subsequent dipping process for coating the outer surface of the cylinder liner takes place in a zinc-aluminum-copper melt with 3% to 12% copper and 2% to 8% aluminum, the remainder of the melt being zinc.
- a zinc-aluminum-copper melt with 3% to 12% copper and 2% to 8% aluminum, the remainder of the melt being zinc.
- up to 1% magnesium may be added to the melt.
- the cylinder liner is so far submerged in the melt until a small, over the entire axial length of the cylinder liner continuous segment of the outer surface but not the inner surface of the cylinder liner is wetted by the melt.
- the cylinder liner is then rotated about its longitudinal axis, wherein the melt is set by ultrasound in a high-frequency movement. This promotes alloying between the cylinder liner alloy and the zinc base alloy of the melt to form a layered intermetallic and mixed crystal layer system that provides metallic bonding of the cylinder liner with the surrounding metal layer.
- the metal layer has reached a thickness of 100 microns to 300 microns, and the cylinder liner is removed from the melt.
- the cylinder liner is then mounted horizontally in a holder, wherein excess melt drips and solidifies the applied metal layer.
- the copper component of the alloy has the advantage that an oxide film that may form during coating does not become too dense, so that it peels off easily when poured.
- the liquidus temperature of the melt is between 440 ° C and 520 ° C, causing the metal layer to melt from its encapsulation material as the cylinder crankcase is cast, thereby ensuring the metallic bond between the cylinder liner and the cylinder crankcase encapsulant. If the gravity casting method is used for this, it is necessary to heat the coated cylinder liners to 300 ° C to 400 ° C. This is omitted in the application of the die-casting process for the production of the cylinder crankcase.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
- Coating With Molten Metal (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102005041410A DE102005041410A1 (de) | 2005-09-01 | 2005-09-01 | Verfahren zum Beschichten der Außenfläche einer Zylinderlaufbuchse |
| PCT/DE2006/001529 WO2007025531A1 (de) | 2005-09-01 | 2006-08-31 | Verfahren zum beschichten der aussenfläche einer zylinderlaufbuchse |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1920150A1 EP1920150A1 (de) | 2008-05-14 |
| EP1920150B1 true EP1920150B1 (de) | 2011-12-21 |
Family
ID=37671959
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP06791335A Ceased EP1920150B1 (de) | 2005-09-01 | 2006-08-31 | Verfahren zum beschichten der aussenfläche einer zylinderlaufbuchse |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20090258140A1 (https=) |
| EP (1) | EP1920150B1 (https=) |
| JP (1) | JP2009507159A (https=) |
| CN (1) | CN101253321A (https=) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0615428A2 (https=) |
| DE (1) | DE102005041410A1 (https=) |
| RU (1) | RU2421540C2 (https=) |
| WO (1) | WO2007025531A1 (https=) |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102011106564A1 (de) | 2011-07-05 | 2013-01-10 | Mahle International Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Zylinderlauffläche sowie Zylinderlaufbuchse |
| US8900729B2 (en) * | 2012-11-19 | 2014-12-02 | Guardian Industries Corp. | Coated article with low-E coating including zinc oxide inclusive layer(s) with additional metal(s) |
| CN103074559A (zh) * | 2012-11-20 | 2013-05-01 | 无锡常安通用金属制品有限公司 | 一种防止钢丝热镀锌漏镀的助镀剂 |
| DE102013219989A1 (de) | 2013-10-02 | 2015-04-23 | Mahle International Gmbh | Verfahren zum Herstellen eines gegossenen Bauteils mit einem Einlegeteil |
| CN104386043B (zh) * | 2014-11-20 | 2017-05-17 | 绵阳精合机电科技有限公司 | 一种内设防锈防腐层的汽车淋水箱及防锈防腐层设置方法 |
| CN111057983A (zh) * | 2019-12-31 | 2020-04-24 | 安徽恒利增材制造科技有限公司 | 一种发动机缸体、缸套的制备方法 |
| CN111139418A (zh) * | 2019-12-31 | 2020-05-12 | 安徽恒利增材制造科技有限公司 | 发动机缸体、缸套的制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (23)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2634469A (en) * | 1947-06-19 | 1953-04-14 | Gen Motors Corp | Bonding aluminum or aluminum base alloy to ferrous metal by means of an alloy bond |
| GB634599A (en) * | 1947-08-12 | 1950-03-22 | Birmingham Aluminium Casting | Improvements relating to the casting of aluminium on articles or parts made of ferrous metals, or on surfaces of such metals |
| DE821901C (de) * | 1949-12-21 | 1951-11-22 | Max Mangl | Verfahren zum Aufbringen einer Zwischenschicht auf Leichtmetall zum Zwecke der spaeteren Verchromung |
| US2849790A (en) * | 1954-02-08 | 1958-09-02 | Fairchild Engine & Airplane | Joints between iron and light metals |
| DE1091712B (de) * | 1954-02-08 | 1960-10-27 | Metallgesellschaft Ag | Verfahren zum Angiessen von Leichtmetall an Eisen oder Stahl |
| US2978764A (en) * | 1957-02-18 | 1961-04-11 | Ford Motor Co | Casting of cored machine parts |
| GB1039339A (en) * | 1962-12-29 | 1966-08-17 | Boehler & Co Ag Geb | Improvements in or relating to processes of dip-coating articles of steel with hard alloys |
| US3480465A (en) * | 1966-03-30 | 1969-11-25 | Shichiro Ohshima | Method of chemically bonding aluminum or aluminum alloys to ferrous alloys |
| JPS53113721A (en) * | 1977-03-16 | 1978-10-04 | Nippon Musical Instruments Mfg | Preparation of cylinder |
| US4261746A (en) * | 1979-10-30 | 1981-04-14 | American Can Company | Flux |
| EP0203198B1 (en) * | 1984-11-07 | 1991-01-30 | Mitsubishi Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Method of reinforcing a metallic article |
| CH670874A5 (https=) * | 1986-02-04 | 1989-07-14 | Castolin Sa | |
| SU1731968A1 (ru) * | 1990-04-06 | 1992-05-07 | Московский автомобильный завод им.И.А.Лихачева | Цилиндропоршнева группа двигател внутреннего сгорани |
| US5292377A (en) * | 1990-11-30 | 1994-03-08 | Tanaka Galvanizing Co., Ltd. | Flux suitable for coating molten zinc, molten alloy of aluminum and zinc, and molten aluminum |
| US5333668A (en) * | 1991-12-09 | 1994-08-02 | Reynolds Metals Company | Process for creation of metallurgically bonded inserts cast-in-place in a cast aluminum article |
| US5280820A (en) * | 1992-01-15 | 1994-01-25 | Cmi International | Method for metallurgically bonding cylinder liners to a cylinder block of an internal combustion engine |
| US5491035A (en) * | 1992-03-27 | 1996-02-13 | The Louis Berkman Company | Coated metal strip |
| JPH0783109A (ja) * | 1993-09-17 | 1995-03-28 | Isuzu Motors Ltd | シリンダライナー |
| JPH09209822A (ja) * | 1996-01-30 | 1997-08-12 | Suzuki Motor Corp | シリンダブロックの製造方法 |
| JPH09209824A (ja) * | 1996-02-06 | 1997-08-12 | Suzuki Motor Corp | シリンダブロックの製造方法 |
| US5945066A (en) * | 1997-11-20 | 1999-08-31 | Griffin; James D. | Zinc-copper based alloy and castings made therefrom |
| JP4495325B2 (ja) * | 1999-12-20 | 2010-07-07 | 株式会社アーレスティ | エンジンブロックの製造方法 |
| JP2003025058A (ja) * | 2001-05-09 | 2003-01-28 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Ａｌ合金製鋳込み部材とこのＡｌ合金製鋳込み部材の鋳込み方法 |
-
2005
- 2005-09-01 DE DE102005041410A patent/DE102005041410A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2006
- 2006-08-31 RU RU2008111965/02A patent/RU2421540C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-08-31 US US11/991,235 patent/US20090258140A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-08-31 WO PCT/DE2006/001529 patent/WO2007025531A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2006-08-31 BR BRPI0615428-0A patent/BRPI0615428A2/pt active Search and Examination
- 2006-08-31 EP EP06791335A patent/EP1920150B1/de not_active Ceased
- 2006-08-31 JP JP2008528335A patent/JP2009507159A/ja active Pending
- 2006-08-31 CN CNA2006800321472A patent/CN101253321A/zh active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2009507159A (ja) | 2009-02-19 |
| DE102005041410A1 (de) | 2007-03-08 |
| RU2421540C2 (ru) | 2011-06-20 |
| EP1920150A1 (de) | 2008-05-14 |
| US20090258140A1 (en) | 2009-10-15 |
| BRPI0615428A2 (pt) | 2011-05-17 |
| RU2008111965A (ru) | 2009-10-20 |
| WO2007025531A1 (de) | 2007-03-08 |
| CN101253321A (zh) | 2008-08-27 |
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