Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/0009—Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/002—Mixed oxides other than spinels, e.g. perovskite
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
  • B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
  • B01J23/847—Vanadium, niobium or tantalum or polonium
  • B01J23/8472—Vanadium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
  • B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
  • B01J27/186—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
  • B01J27/195—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium with vanadium, niobium or tantalum
  • B01J27/198—Vanadium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
  • C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
  • C07C51/21—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen
  • C07C51/215—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of saturated hydrocarbyl groups
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2235/00—Indexing scheme associated with group B01J35/00, related to the analysis techniques used to determine the catalysts form or properties
  • B01J2235/15—X-ray diffraction
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2523/00—Constitutive chemical elements of heterogeneous catalysts
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
  • B01J37/03—Precipitation; Co-precipitation
  • B01J37/031—Precipitation
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/04—Mixing
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/16—Reducing

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a catalyst for the production of maleic anhydride by heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase oxidation of a hydrocarbon having at least four carbon atoms comprising a catalytically active composition comprising vanadium, phosphorus, iron and oxygen, wherein the catalytically active composition has an iron / vanadium atomic ratio of 0.005 to ⁇ 0.05, Fe (III) phosphate being used as the iron feed. Furthermore, the invention relates to several processes for the preparation of the catalyst according to the invention and the use of the catalyst in the preparation of maleic anhydride.
• Maleic anhydride is an important intermediate in the synthesis of ⁇ -butyrolactone, tetrahydrofuran and 1, 4-butanediol, which in turn are used as solvents or further processed, for example, to polymers such as polytetrahydrofuran or polyvinylpyrrolidone.
• the prior art comprehensively covers the use of doping metals such as molybdenum, zinc, hafnium, zirconium, titanium, chromium, nickel, copper, boron, silicon, antimony, niobium, bismuth, iron, copper, manganese, aluminum, lithium, cerium , Bismuth, tin, gallium or cobalt in vanadyl phosphate (VPO) catalysts.
• doping metals such as molybdenum, zinc, hafnium, zirconium, titanium, chromium, nickel, copper, boron, silicon, antimony, niobium, bismuth, iron, copper, manganese, aluminum, lithium, cerium , Bismuth, tin, gallium or cobalt in vanadyl phosphate (VPO) catalysts.
• Mastuura et al. disclose an iron (II) or iron (IM) doped VPO catalyst.
• a catalyst with an Fe / V ratio of 0.05 to 0.4 is described.
• the iron component is iron phosphate used.
• the doped catalyst is prepared by mixing the catalyst precursor VO (HPO 4 ) * 0.5 H 2 O and Fe 3 (PO 4) nH 2 O and stirring in toluene The toluene is evaporated and the catalyst is reacted calcined / activated by butane It is reported that using iron (II) gives better results than using iron (IM).
• EP-A 92 619, EP-A 458 541 and US 4,244,878 disclose the use of the doping metal zinc in VPO catalysts.
• Zinc is used in a ratio of zinc / vanadium of 0.001 to 0.4.
• WO 97/12674 and US 5,506,187 describe a doping of the VPO catalyst with molybdenum.
• VPO catalysts are disclosed which have a molybdenum-vanadium molar ratio of 0.0020 and 0.0060, with molybdenum being substantially concentrated on the surface of the catalyst.
• DE-A 30 18 849 describes a VPO catalyst doped with zinc, lithium and silicon.
• US 5,364,824 discloses a VPO catalyst doped with, for example, bismuth or zirconium in a doping metal to vanadium ratio of 0.007 to 0.02.
• WO 00/44494 describes a process for the activation of VPO catalysts, wherein those catalysts which were doped with bismuth or with zinc, lithium and molybdenum showed particularly good results.
• the doping metals were used in a doping metal to vanadium ratio of 0.001 to 0.15.
• EP-A 458 541, EP-A 655 951 and US 5,446,000 disclose a VPO-Zn-Li catalyst doped with from 0.005 to 0.025 mole, or from 0.001 to 0.1 mole, of molybdenum per mole of vanadium.
• US 5,922,637 describes a VPO catalyst doped with zinc, lithium and / or molybdenum.
• EP-A 221 876 describes VPO catalysts which furthermore have iron and lithium in a ratio of iron / vanadium of 0.001 to 0.004 and of lithium / vanadium of 0.0015 to 0.004.
• the catalyst is prepared in which a predominantly tetravalent vanadium-containing component having a phosphorus component and a promoter component comprising iron and lithium in an anhydrous Al be reacted in the presence of a chloride. It is reported that a maleic anhydride yield of 48.5 to 54.5% and a maleic anhydride selectivity of 67.3 to 69.8% are achieved.
• US 5,543,532 discloses a VPO catalyst containing as further promoters antimony and further iron, copper, manganese, aluminum, lithium, cerium, bismuth, tin, gallium or cobalt.
• VPO catalysts with an antimony and iron doping, wherein the iron is present in a ratio of iron / vanadium from 0.01 to 0.08.
• the doping is carried out together with the N ⁇ Cvreduction in anhydrous alcohols. At a 40% conversion, selectivities of 15 to 74% are described.
• the object of the present invention was therefore to show a catalyst which has a higher yield with a comparable activity to the prior art. Furthermore, the object was to find inexpensive doping components. In addition, a process for the production of doped catalysts should be pointed out, which makes it possible to introduce the doping component as far as possible without an excess use of this doping component. Furthermore, the amount of solvent used in the doping should be reduced.
• a catalyst has been found for the production of maleic anhydride by heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase oxidation of a hydrocarbon having at least four carbon atoms comprising a catalytically active composition comprising vanadium, phosphorus, iron and oxygen, the catalytically active composition having an iron / vanadium atomic ratio of 0.005 to ⁇ 0.05, Fe (III) -phosphate being used as the iron feed.
• the catalytically active composition has an iron / vanadium atomic ratio of 0.01 to 0.035.
• the catalysts according to the invention advantageously have a phosphorus / vanadium atomic ratio of from 0.9 to 1.5, preferably from 0.9 to 1.2, in particular from 1.0 to 1.1.
• the average oxidation state of the vanadium is advantageously from +3.9 to +4.4 and preferably from 4.0 to 4.3.
• the catalysts according to the invention advantageously have a BET surface area of> 15 m 2 / g, preferably of> 15 to 50 m 2 / g and in particular of> 15 to 40 m 2 / g.
• They advantageously have a pore volume of> 0.1 ml / g, preferably from 0.15 to 0.5 ml / g and in particular from 0.15 to 0.4 ml / g.
• the bulk density of the According to the invention is advantageously 0.5 to 1.5 kg / l and preferably 0.5 to 1, 0 kg / l.
• the catalysts of the invention may contain the vanadium, phosphorus, iron and oxygen-containing active composition, for example in pure, undiluted form as a so-called “full catalyst” or diluted with a preferably oxidic support material as a so-called “mixed catalyst".
• suitable carrier materials for the mixed catalysts are aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminosilicates, zirconium dioxide, titanium dioxide or mixtures thereof. Preference is given to unsupported catalysts.
• An unsupported catalyst can have any shape, preference is given to cylinders, hollow cylinders, trilobes, in particular hollow cylinders, as described, for example, in EP-A 1 487 576 and in EP-A 552 287.
• the outer diameter di of the catalyst according to the invention is advantageously 3 to 10 mm, preferably 4 to 8 mm, in particular 5 to 7 mm.
• the height h is advantageously 1 to 10 mm, preferably 2 to 6 mm, in particular 3 to 5 mm.
• the diameter of the opening O 2 passing through is advantageously 1 to 8 mm, preferably 2 to 6 mm, very particularly preferably 2 to 4 mm.
• the catalysts according to the invention may also contain further promoters, with the exception of lithium and antimony. Promoters are the elements of the 1st to 15th group of the periodic table and their compounds are suitable. Suitable promoters are described, for example, in WO 97/12674 and WO 95/26817, as well as in US Pat. Nos. 5,137,860, 5,296,436, 5,158,923 and 4,795,818. Preferred further promoters are compounds of the elements molybdenum, zinc, hafnium, zirconium, titanium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, boron, silicon, tin, niobium, cobalt and bismuth, in particular molybdenum, zinc, bismuth.
• the catalysts of the invention may contain one or more further promoters. The content of promoters in total in the finished catalyst is generally not more than about 5% by weight, calculated in each case as an oxide.
• the catalysts according to the invention may also contain so-called auxiliaries, such as tableting aids or pore formers, as described for example in EP-B 1 261 424 in sections [0021] and [0022].
• auxiliaries such as tableting aids or pore formers, as described for example in EP-B 1 261 424 in sections [0021] and [0022].
• the present invention relates to a process for producing an iron-doped catalyst for the production of maleic anhydride, wherein the catalytically active material has an iron / vanadium atomic ratio of 0.005 to 0.1
• a pentavalent vanadium compound eg V2O5
• iron (IM) phosphate with an organic, reducing solvent (eg alcohol, such as isobutanol) in the presence of a pentavalent phosphorus compound (eg ortho- and / or pyrophosphoric acid) with heating 75-205 0 C.
• an organic, reducing solvent eg alcohol, such as isobutanol
• this step can of a dispersed, powdered carrier material can be carried out in the presence of.
• the reaction is preferably without addition of carrier material.
• VPO precursor vanadium-, phosphorus-, iron- and oxygen-containing catalyst precursor
• drying is generally a temperature treatment in
• Range of 30 to 250 0 C which is usually carried out at a pressure of 0.0 ("vacuum”) to 0.1 MPa abs ("atmospheric pressure”) (see WO 03 // 078059, page 15, lines 12 to 28).
• vacuum vacuum
• atmospheric pressure atmospheric pressure
• a temperature treatment in the range of 200 to 350 0 C preferably from 250 to 350 0 C is considered (see WO 03 // 078059, page 15, line 30 to page 16,
• the dried VPO precursor powder can then optionally verförmiges powder-coated carrier material and / or a pore former, in particular those that decompose below 250 0 C without residue, are mixed. Preference is given to further processing without the addition of a carrier material.
• Shaping is preferably carried out by tableting, advantageously with prior mixing of a so-called lubricant, such as graphite (eg finely divided graphite from Timcal AG (San Antonio, USA), type TIMREX P 44 (sieve analysis: at least 50% by weight).
• a so-called lubricant such as graphite (eg finely divided graphite from Timcal AG (San Antonio, USA), type TIMREX P 44 (sieve analysis: at least 50% by weight).
• the present invention relates to a method for producing an iron-doped catalyst for the production of maleic anhydride, wherein the catalytically active mass has an iron / vanadium atomic ratio of 0.005 to 0.1, comprising (Method 2)
• a pentavalent vanadium compound eg, V2O5
• an organic, reducing solvent eg, alcohol, such as isobutanol
• a pentavalent phosphorus compound eg, orthophosphoric and / or phosphoric acid
• VPO precursor vanadium-, phosphorus-, iron- and oxygen-containing catalyst precursor
• drying is generally a temperature treatment in
• Range of 30 to 250 0 C which is usually carried out at a pressure of 0.0 ("vacuum”) to 0.1 MPa abs ("atmospheric pressure”) (see WO 03 // 078059, page 15, lines 12 to 28).
• vacuum vacuum
• atmospheric pressure atmospheric pressure
• a temperature treatment in the range of 200 to 350 0 C preferably from 250 to 350 0 C is considered (see WO 03 // 078059, page 15, line 30 to page 16,
• the dried VPO precursor powder can then optionally verförmiges powder-coated carrier material and / or a pore former, in particular those that decompose below 250 0 C without residue, are mixed. Preference is given to further processing without the addition of a carrier material.
• Shaping is preferably carried out by tableting, advantageously with prior mixing of a so-called lubricant, such as graphite (eg finely divided graphite from Timcal AG (San Antonio, USA), type TIMREX P 44 (sieve analysis: at least 50% by weight).
• a so-called lubricant such as graphite (eg finely divided graphite from Timcal AG (San Antonio, USA), type TIMREX P 44 (sieve analysis: at least 50% by weight).
• the iron is in the form of Fe (III) phosphate, Fe (III) acetylacetonate, Fe oxide, such as FeO, FeOOH or F ⁇ 2 ⁇ 3, Fe-vanadate, Fe-molybdate, Fe (III) - citrate or in the form used by Fe (II) oxalate. It is also possible to use mixtures of iron compounds.
• the iron is preferably used in the form of iron molybdate or iron phosphate.
• the iron is particularly preferably used as the iron (III) phosphate.
• the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of an iron-doped catalyst for the production of maleic anhydride, wherein the catalytically active composition has an iron / vanadium atomic ratio of 0.005 to 0.1, (method 3), in which steps a) and c) include:
• a pentavalent vanadium compound eg, V2O5
• an organic, reducing solvent eg, alcohol, such as isobutanol
• a pentavalent phosphorus compound eg, ortho- and / or phosphoric acid
• VPO precursor vanadium-, phosphorus-, iron- and oxygen-containing catalyst precursor
• the catalytically active composition has an iron / vanadium atomic ratio of 0.005 to ⁇ 0.05, in particular from 0.01 to 0.035.
• the addition of the di- or trivalent iron compound can be carried out by mixing with the already calcined catalyst (process 4).
• steps a) and b) are carried out analogously to process 3
• the subsequent step c) is carried out analogously to process 1
• step e) follows analogously to process 1
• step d) analogous to method 1.
• the doping can also take place via intercalation, as for example in Sat suma et al. , Catalysis Today 71 (2001) 161-167 (method 5).
• di- or trivalent iron compound may also be introduced prior to the addition of the pentavalent phosphorus compound (Method 6).
• the addition of the divalent or trivalent iron compound may be carried out prior to the reduction of the V 5+ component (Method 7).
• a catalyst can be produced by
• z ai reacting a pentavalent vanadium compound (. B. V2O5) with an organic reducing solvent (eg. B. isobutanol) z in the presence of a pentavalent phosphorus compound (. B. ortho- and / or pyrophosphoric acid) with heating to 75-205 0 C, preferably at 100 to 120 0 C, 82) cooling the reaction mixture to advantageously 40 to 90 0 C, 83) addition of iron (III) phosphate and, a 4 ) reheating to 75 to 205 0 C, preferably to 100 to 120 0 C
• the invention further provides a process for the preparation of maleic anhydride by heterogeneously catalyzed gas-phase oxidation of a hydrocarbon having at least four carbon atoms with oxygen-containing gases using the catalyst according to the invention.
• reactors tube bundle reactors are generally used. Suitable tube bundle reactors are described for example in EP-B 1 261 424 in sections [0033] and [0034].
• Suitable hydrocarbons in the process according to the invention are aliphatic and aromatic, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons having at least four carbon atoms, for example those as described in EP-B 1 261 424 in section [0035].
• maleic anhydride is known to the person skilled in the art and described, for example, in DE-A 10235355, EP-B 1 261 424 in sections [0032] to [0050] and Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 6th Edition, 1999 electronic release, Chapter " Maleic and fumaric acids, maleic anhydride - production ,, described.
• the inventive method using the catalyst according to the invention allows a high yield of high maleic anhydride.
• iron (IM) phosphate as the doping component and using the doping method 2 with comparable activity, yield improvement is obtained.
• the Fe / V ratio was 0.016.
• the dried powder was treated under air for 2 hours in a rotary tube having a length of 6.5 m, an inner diameter of 0.9 m and internal helical coils.
• the speed of the rotary tube was 0.4 U / min.
• the powder was fed into the rotary kiln at a rate of 60 kg / h.
• the air supply was 100 m 3 / h.
• the measured directly on the outside of the rotating pipe temperature of the five equally long heating zones were 250 0 C 300 0 C, 345 ° C, 345 ° C and 345 ° C.
• the filter cake was blown dry by continuous introduction of nitrogen at 100 0 C and with stirring with a centrally arranged, height-adjustable stirrer within about one hour. After drying, the mixture was heated to about 155 ° C. and evacuated to a pressure of 15 kPa abs (150 mbar abs). The drying was carried out to a residual isobutanol content of ⁇ 2 wt .-% in the dried catalyst precursor.
• the Fe / V ratio was 0.016.
• the dried powder was air-dried for 2 hours in a rotary tube with a length of 6.5 m, an inner diameter of 0.9 m and internal treated spiral spirals.
• the speed of the rotary tube was 0.4 U / min.
• the powder was fed into the rotary kiln at a rate of 60 kg / h.
• the air supply was 100 m 3 / h.
• the measured directly on the outside of the rotating pipe temperature of the five equally long heating zones were 250 0 C 300 0 C, 345 ° C, 345 ° C and 345 ° C.
• the reaction mixture was heated to about 100 to 108 0 C under reflux and left under these conditions for 14 hours. Subsequently, the suspension was discharged into a previously inertized with nitrogen and heated Druckfilternutsche and filtered off at a temperature of about 100 0 C at a pressure above the filter carriage of up to 0.35 MPa abs.
• the filter cake was blown dry by continuous introduction of nitrogen at 100 0 C and with stirring with a centrally arranged, height-adjustable stirrer within about one hour. After dry-blowing was heated to about 155 ° C and evacuated to a pressure of 15 kPa abs (150 mbar abs). The drying was carried out to a residual isobutanol content of ⁇ 2 wt .-% in the dried catalyst precursor.
• the dried powder was treated under air for 2 hours in a rotary tube having a length of 6.5 m, an inner diameter of 0.9 m and internal helical coils.
• the speed of the rotary tube was 0.4 U / min.
• the powder was fed into the rotary kiln at a rate of 60 kg / h.
• the air supply was 100 m 3 / h.
• the measured directly on the outside of the rotating pipe temperature of the five equally long heating zones were 250 0 C 300 0 C, 345 ° C, 345 ° C and 345 ° C.
• the catalyst precursors were intimately mixed with Fe (III) phosphate (FePO 4 .2H 2 O) in an Fe / V atomic ratio of 0.016.
• a catalyst precursor was prepared using iron (IM) acetylacetonate as the iron feed.
• IM iron
• Inventive Catalyst Precursor 5 (According to Process 2)
• a catalyst precursor was prepared using iron (IM) acetylacetonate as the iron feed.
• a catalyst precursor was prepared using iron (IM) acetylacetonate as the iron feed.
• a catalyst precursor was prepared using iron (IM) oxide as the iron feed.
• the sieve fraction 0.7-1.0 mm of the granulate was used.
• 30 ml of the sieve fraction 0.7 to 1 mm of the chippings were placed in a vertical oven (internal tube diameter 26 mm, with thermowell of diameter 4 mm).
• the VPO precursor was intimately mixed with 1% by weight of graphite and compacted in a roll conpactor.
• the fines in Kompaktat with a particle size ⁇ 400 m was sieved and fed back to the compaction.
• the coarse material with a particle size> 400 m was mixed with a further 2 wt .-% graphite and tableted in a tabletting machine to 5x3x2, 5 mm Hohlzylindem (outer diameter x height x diameter of the inner hole).
• the catalyst 2a was pulverized and measured in an X-ray powder diffractometer of the type "D5000 from Siemens Theta / Theta.”
• the measurement parameters were as follows:
• the pilot plant was equipped with a feed dosing unit and an electrically heated reactor tube.
• the reactor used had a tube length of 30 cm and an inner diameter of 11 mm.
• the temperature was measured on the outside of the heating shell of the reactor.
• 12 ml of catalyst in the form of chips of grain size 0.7 to 1.0 mm were mixed with the same volume of inert material (steatite balls) and introduced into the reaction tube.
• the remaining void volume was filled up with inert material.
• the following reaction conditions were set: The catalyst was tested at a GHSV of 2000 h 1 , 2.0% by volume of n-butane, 3% by volume of water, 1.0 ppm by volume of triethyl phosphate and a reactor overpressure of 1 bar.
• the performance of the catalysts 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 were evaluated after a running time of 75 to 150 hours at a conversion of about 85%. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 3.
• the pilot plant was equipped with a feed unit and a reactor tube. The plant was operated in a "straight pass", as described in EP-B 1 261 424.
• the hydrocarbon was added in a controlled amount in liquid form via a pump. As an oxygen-containing gas, air was added volume controlled. Triethyl phosphate (TEP) was also added in a controlled amount, dissolved in water, in liquid form.
• TEP Triethyl phosphate
• the tube bundle reactor unit consisted of a tube bundle reactor with a reactor tube.
• the length of the reactor tube was 6.5 m, the inner diameter 22.3 mm.
• a multi-thermocouple with 20 temperature measuring points was located in a protective tube with an outer diameter of 6 mm.
• the temperature of the reactor was carried out by a heat transfer circuit with a length of 6.5 m.
• a heat transfer medium a molten salt was used.
• the reactor tube was flowed through from top to bottom by the reaction gas mixture.
• the upper 0.2 m of the 6.5 m long reactor tube remained unfilled.
• the catalyst bed was followed, containing a total of 2180 ml of catalyst.

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