Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/90—Regeneration or reactivation
  • B01J23/96—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts comprising metals, oxides or hydroxides of the noble metals
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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
  • B01J23/48—Silver or gold
  • B01J23/50—Silver
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  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
  • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
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  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
  • B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
  • B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
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  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/19—Catalysts containing parts with different compositions
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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
  • B01J37/0201—Impregnation
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/08—Heat treatment
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/16—Reducing
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C11/00—Aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons
  • C07C11/02—Alkenes
  • C07C11/04—Ethylene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C7/00—Purification; Separation; Use of additives
  • C07C7/148—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by treatment giving rise to a chemical modification of at least one compound
  • C07C7/163—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by treatment giving rise to a chemical modification of at least one compound by hydrogenation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C7/00—Purification; Separation; Use of additives
  • C07C7/148—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by treatment giving rise to a chemical modification of at least one compound
  • C07C7/163—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by treatment giving rise to a chemical modification of at least one compound by hydrogenation
  • C07C7/167—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by treatment giving rise to a chemical modification of at least one compound by hydrogenation for removal of compounds containing a triple carbon-to-carbon bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
  • C10G45/32—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds
  • C10G45/34—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds characterised by the catalyst used
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
  • C10G45/32—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds
  • C10G45/34—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds characterised by the catalyst used
  • C10G45/40—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds characterised by the catalyst used containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
  • B01J21/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
  • B01J21/04—Alumina
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2235/00—Indexing scheme associated with group B01J35/00, related to the analysis techniques used to determine the catalysts form or properties
  • B01J2235/15—X-ray diffraction
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
  • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
  • B01J23/44—Palladium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
  • B01J35/391—Physical properties of the active metal ingredient
  • B01J35/393—Metal or metal oxide crystallite size
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
  • B01J35/396—Distribution of the active metal ingredient
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
  • B01J35/396—Distribution of the active metal ingredient
  • B01J35/397—Egg shell like
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
  • B01J35/396—Distribution of the active metal ingredient
  • B01J35/399—Distribution of the active metal ingredient homogeneously throughout the support particle
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J35/61—Surface area
  • B01J35/613—10-100 m2/g

Definitions

• the present invention relates to hydrogenation catalysts which contain metals of Group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements on a support material, and to processes for the selective hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds in hydrocarbon streams containing them using these catalysts.
• hydrocarbon streams are produced, stored and processed to a large extent.
• unsaturated compounds are frequently present whose presence, in particular during processing and / or storage, leads to problems or which are not the desired product of value and are therefore undesirable components of the corresponding hydrocarbon streams.
• the components to be hydrogenated are propyne (methyl acetylene, MA) and propadiene (Allen, PD).
• 1,3-butadiene can be the desired product.
• 1,3-butadiene is extracted and the remaining C4 cut, raffinate I, must be freed by a selective hydrogenation of butadiene traces by selectively hydrogenating the butadiene to butenes.
• hydrocarbon streams are therefore generally unsaturated compounds having triple bonds (alkynes) and / or diunsaturated compounds (dienes) and / or diunsaturated or polyunsaturated compounds (polyenes, amides, alkynenes) and / or aromatic compounds with one or more unsatured substituents (phenylalkenes and phenylalkynes) in order to obtain the desired th products, such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutene, 1, 3-butadiene, aromatics or carburetor to obtain the required quality.
• unsaturated compound is always an undesirable component to be removed from the hydrocarbon stream in question. For example, 1, 3-butadiene, as mentioned above, depending on the application, an undesirable secondary component or the desired value product.
• the removal of undesired unsaturated compounds from hydrocarbon streams containing them is frequently carried out by selective hydrogenation of some or all of the undesired unsaturated compounds in the corresponding hydrocarbon stream, preferably by selective hydrogenation to non-interfering, higher-saturated compounds and in a particularly preferred manner to the products of value depicting components of the hydrocarbon stream.
• propyne and propadiene are hydrogenated to propene and in C4 streams butyne to butenes, vinyl acetylene to 1,3-butadiene and / or 1,3-butadiene to butenes.
• noble metal supported catalysts are used for the hydrogenation, in which the noble metal is deposited on a catalyst support.
• Palladium is often used as a noble metal, the support generally being a porous inorganic oxide, for example silica, aluminosilicate, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, zinc aluminate, zinc titanate and / or a mixture of such supports.
• alumina is used as the carrier material.
• EP 0 992 284 A2 describes catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds in hydrocarbon streams which consist of noble metal or noble metal compounds on a special Al 2 O 3 support , the catalyst being defined by a specific X-ray diffraction pattern. This X-ray diffraction pattern is predominantly determined by the carrier.
• DE 31 19 850 A1 describes a process for the selective hydrogenation of a diolefin in a hydrocarbon mixture having at least four carbon atoms, which contains an ⁇ -olefin, using a catalyst which simultaneously contains palladium or a palladium compound and silver or a silver compound and the palladium content of the catalyst is 0.05-0.5% by weight and the silver content is 0.05-1% by weight.
• EP 780 155 A1 describes a selective hydrogenation catalyst in which aluminum oxide in the ⁇ -modification is used as carrier material.
• the supported catalyst is coated with the hydrogenation-active metals palladium and silver, the content of palladium being 0.01-0.5% by weight and the content of silver being 0.001-0.1% by weight.
• At least 30% of the metal particles of the catalyst are palladium and / or silver.
• the ratio of palladium to silver is 0.33-2.50.
• 80% of the palladium and silver are present in the profile with a maximum thickness of 0.2 r.
• EP 0 686 615 A1 relates to a supported catalyst which comprises ⁇ -aluminum oxide as carrier material and palladium and silver as hydrogenation-active metals.
• the content of palladium is 0.01-0.5% by weight and the content of silver is 0.001-0.02% by weight.
• 80% of the palladium and silver are in the profile of thickness 0.2 r, with the ratio of palladium to silver 2.50-20.
• No. 4,404,124 relates to a supported catalyst comprising the support material ⁇ -alumina and the hydrogenation-active metals palladium and silver.
• the palladium content is 0.01-0.25% by weight, while the silver content is 0.02-0.05% by weight. This gives a ratio of palladium to silver of not more than 0.5.
• the palladium in the shell of the catalyst material is present up to 300 ⁇ m, while the silver is present in at least 90% of the catalyst pellets in the entire cross section of the catalyst material.
• US 2002/0165092 A1 relates to a supported catalyst of aluminum oxide, which contains palladium and silver as the hydrogenation metal.
• the palladium content is 0.002-1.0% by weight. This results in a ratio of palladium to silver of 1 - 20.
• the silver and the palladium are uniform in profile present, the penetration depth in the profile is more than 300 microns. In preferred embodiments, the penetration depth of the palladium and the silver is between 500 and 1000 ⁇ m.
• the known catalysts generally have the disadvantage of too low olefin selectivity and pronounced green oil formation, the olefin selectivity being understood to mean the ratio ⁇ Olefine / ⁇ Alkine. - A -
• the solution to this problem is based on a catalyst comprising at least one metal of VIII.
• Group of the Periodic Table of the Elements as hydrogenation metal and additionally a promoter on an oxidic support.
• the catalyst according to the invention is then characterized in that at least 80% of the metal of group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements is present in a layer between the surface of the catalyst and a penetration depth not exceeding 80% of the radius of the catalyst, calculated from the surface of the catalyst, corresponds substantially homogeneously and the promoter is substantially homogeneously distributed over the entire cross-section of the catalyst.
• the catalyst has a diameter of 2.5 to 10 mm, wherein at least 80% of the metal of the VIII.
• a catalyst in which the metal of group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements forms a shell structure in the catalyst while the promoter is saturated.
• the designation of the groups of the periodic system of the elements takes place according to the CAS nomenclature (chemical abstracts service).
• the catalyst of the invention has a diameter of 2.5 to 10 mm. In preferred embodiments of the catalyst according to the invention, the diameter is 2.5 to 5 mm, in particular 2.5 to 3.5 mm.
• At least 80%, preferably at least 90%, particularly preferably at least 95%, in particular at least 98%, especially 100%, of the metal of Group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements are present in a layer between the surface of the Catalyst and a penetration depth of at most 1000 microns, calculated from the surface of the catalyst, substantially homogeneously distributed before.
• the catalyst of the invention contains a metal of the VIII.
• Group of Perioden ⁇ system of the elements Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is palladium.
• the catalyst according to the invention additionally contains at least one promoter.
• these may be further metals of VIII., IB. and IIB.
• Group of the Periodic Table of the Elements act (Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg).
• the catalysts according to the invention contain, in addition to the metal of VIII.
• Group of the Periodic Table of the Elements at least one metal from IB.
• Group of the Periodic Table of the Elements. Particularly preferred here is silver.
• the catalyst according to the invention contains palladium and silver.
• the catalyst according to the invention may have any shapes, for example strands, hollow strands, tablets, rings, spherical particles or spheres. It is preferred if the catalyst according to the invention is formed as a strand.
• the metals can be present in pure metallic form, but also in the form of compounds, for example in the form of metal oxides. Under the operating conditions of a hydrogenation process, they are generally in the form of metals.
• the conversion of any oxides into metals can be carried out in a manner known to those skilled in the art prior to use of the catalyst in a hydrogenation in or outside a Hydrier ⁇ , for example by prereduction and, if necessary for manipulations with the prereduced catalyst or advantageous, subsequent surface passivation ,
• the content of metal or metals of group VIII of the periodic system, in particular palladium, of the catalyst is preferably at least 0.01% by weight. especially preferably at least 0.1% by weight, in particular at least 0.15% by weight. Preferably, this content is at most 5 wt .-%, more preferably at most 1 wt .-%, in particular at most 0.6 wt .-%. Lower and higher contents are possible, but usually unsatisfactory because of too low activity or too high raw material costs. In a particularly preferred embodiment, only one hydrogenation metal, in particular palladium, is used.
• Group of the Periodic Table of the Elements and additives or dopants is a parameter to be optimized in individual cases.
• Group of the Periodic Table of the Elements, more preferably palladium, to the promoter more preferably silver, preferably 0.1 to 10, particularly preferably 2 to 7, in particular 2.5 to 6.
• the oxidic support of the hydrogenation catalyst according to the invention is preferably aluminum oxide, more preferably in a mixture of ⁇ -, ⁇ - and ⁇ -alumina.
• the carrier may contain, in addition to unavoidable impurities, other additives to some extent.
• other inorganic oxides such as oxides of metals of IIA., HIB., IVB., IHA. and IVA.
• Group of the Periodic Table of the Elements in particular silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, Zink ⁇ oxide, magnesium oxide, sodium oxide and calcium oxide.
• the maximum content of the support to such oxides other than alumina depends on the oxide actually present, but in individual cases to be determined on the basis of the X-ray diffraction diagram of the Hyd ⁇ rierkatalysators, since a change in the structure associated with a significant change of the X-ray diffraction pattern.
• the content of such, other than alumina oxides below 50 wt .-%, preferably below 30 wt .-%, more preferably below 10 wt .-%.
• the purity of the alumina is preferably higher than 99%.
• a suitable aluminum-containing raw material preferably boehmite
• a peptizer such as water, dilute acid or dilute base.
• a peptizer such as water, dilute acid or dilute base.
• the acid for example, a mineral acid such as nitric acid or an organic acid such as formic acid is used.
• an inorganic base such as ammonia is preferably used.
• the acid or base is generally dissolved in water.
• the peptizer used is water or dilute aqueous nitric acid.
• the concentration of the nonaqueous fraction in the peptizing agent is generally 0-10% by weight, preferably 0-7% by weight, more preferably 0-5% by weight.
• Boehmite ( ⁇ -AIO (OH)) is a common commercial product, but can also in a known manner immediately before the actual carrier preparation by precipitation from a Lö ⁇ solution of an aluminum salt, for example aluminum nitrate, with a base, Abtren ⁇ nen, washing, drying and Calcining the precipitated solid can be produced.
• boehmite is used in the form of a powder.
• a suitable commercial boehmite powder is, for example Versal ® 250, available from UOP.
• the boehmite is treated with the peptizer by moistening it with the peptizer and mixing it thoroughly, for example in a kneader, mixer or pug mill.
• the peptization is continued until the mass is readily malleable.
• the mass is deformed by conventional methods to the desired carrier carrier bodies, for example by extrusion, extrusion, tabletting or agglomeration.
• any known method is suitable.
• additives are extruding or tableting aids, such as polyglycols or graphite.
• the shaped bodies are dried in a customary manner, generally at a temperature above 60 ° C., preferably above 80 ° C., more preferably above 100 ° C., in particular at a temperature in the range from 120 to 300 ° C. Drying is continued until water present in moldings has escaped substantially completely from the moldings, which is generally the case after a few hours. Typical drying times are in the range from 1 to 30 hours and depend on the set drying temperature, with a higher temperature shortening the drying time.
• the Trock ⁇ voltage can be further accelerated by applying a negative pressure.
• the calcination temperature is generally in the range of 900 - 1150 ° C, preferably in the range of 1000 - 1120 0 C, more preferably in
• the calcination time is generally between 0.5 and 5 hours, preferably between 1 and 4 hours, more preferably between 1, 5 and 3 hours.
• the calcination takes place in a conventional oven, for example in a rotary kiln, in a tunnel kiln, in a belt calciner or in a chamber kiln.
• the calcination can be followed directly by the drying without intermediate cooling of the moldings.
• the catalysts according to the invention thus obtained have a specific surface area (BET, Brunauer-Emmet plate, determined in accordance with DIN 66131 by nitrogen adsorption at 77 K) of 20-250 m 2 / g, preferably 50-150 m 2 / g, in particular 60 - 90 m 2 / g, on.
• the surface can be varied by known methods, in particular use of finely divided or coarser starting materials, calcination time and calcination temperature.
• the pore volume can also be varied in a known manner; in general it is determined by means of mercury porosity in a range of 0.3-1.0 ml / g, preferably in a range of 0, 4 - 0.9 ml / g, more preferably 0.5 - 0.8 ml / g.
• the active composition and, if appropriate, further additives are deposited on the carrier produced in this way.
• X-ray diffraction diagram is determined as described in EP 0 992 284 A2 on page 9, lines 6 to 9.
• X-ray diffraction patterns are characteristic of the specific structure of the investigated material.
• the structure of the catalyst according to the invention is sufficiently defined by the occurrence of the above-mentioned reflexes.
• one or more reflections of any intensity for the interplanar spacings 3.48; 2.55; 2.38; 2.09; 1, 78; 1, 74; 1, 62; 1, 60; 1, 57; 1, 42; 1, 40 and / or 1, 37 all in unit [A].
• any further reflections can occur in the X-ray diffraction diagram of the catalyst according to the invention.
• the active compound and optionally further additives can be deposited on the support of the catalyst according to the invention thus obtained.
• the metals, additives and / or dopants to be deposited on the carrier can be applied to the carrier by any known method, for example by coating from the gas phase ⁇ chemical or physical vapor deposition) or impregnation of the carrier material in a solution which separates them Contains substances and / or compounds.
• the preferred method is impregnation with a solution of the substances and / or compounds to be deposited, which convert into the substances to be separated in the course of further catalyst preparation.
• the substances to be deposited can be deposited individually and / or in partial quantities in several process steps or together and completely in one process step.
• the co-deposition is in a impregnation step.
• the supported catalyst is dried and converted into the ready-to-use catalyst by calcination and, if appropriate, other known aftertreatment methods, for example activation and subsequent surface passivation.
• Impregnation processes for the separation of active components, additives and / or dopants on a carrier are known.
• the carrier is impregnated with a solution of salts of the components to be separated, the volume of the solution being measured so that the solution is absorbed almost completely by the pore volume of the carrier ("incipient wetness" method)
• the solution is so dimensioned that after impregnation and conversion of the supported catalyst to the finished catalyst, the components to be deposited are present in the desired concentration on the catalyst
• the salts are chosen such that they are not used in catalyst preparation or its subsequent use. leave disturbing residues. In most cases, nitrates or ammonium salts are used.
• the preparation of the catalyst according to the invention is preferably carried out by single-stage impregnation of the support according to the incipient wetness method of a salperic acid solution of the nitrates of the metals to be deposited.
• an impregnation solution containing palladium nitrate and nitrite side by side is used.
• the impregnation solution still contains the metal of the IB.
• Group of the Periodic Table of Elements preferably silver nitrate, before.
• the pH of the impregnation solution is at most 5, preferably at most 2, more preferably at most 1, in particular at most 0.5.
• the lower limit of the pH is generally 0.2, preferably 0.3, more preferably 0.5.
• a particularly preferred pH range is 0.3 to 0.5.
• the impregnated support is dried in a conventional manner, my are generally employed at a temperature above 60 0 C, preferably above 80 ° C, especially above preferably 100 ° C, in particular at a temperature in the range from 120 Be ⁇ - 300 0 C. drying is continued, has escaped to sator in the impregnated Kataly ⁇ water present essentially what are generally employed after a few hours the case. Typical drying times are in the range of 1 to 30 hours and are dependent on the set drying temperature, with a higher drying temperature shortens the drying time. The drying can be further accelerated by applying a negative pressure.
• the drying of the impregnated catalyst takes place with simultaneous movement of the impregnated carrier material, for example in a rotary kiln oven.
• the air stream used for Trock ⁇ tion is passed in countercurrent through the rotary tube.
• the catalyst is produced in a customary manner by calcination.
• This calcination essentially serves to convert the impregnated salts in the components to be deposited or precursors of such Kom ⁇ components and thus differs from the previously described calcination, which serves for the preparation of the support material and the support structure.
• this calcination essentially decomposes the nitrates into metals and / or metal oxides which remain in the catalyst and into nitrous gases which escape.
• the calcination temperature is generally from 200 to 900 0 C, preferably from 280 to 800 0 C, particularly preferably 300-700 0 C.
• the calcination time is generally between 0.5 and 20 hours, preferably between 0.5 and 10 hours, particularly preferably between 0.5 and 5 hours.
• the calcination takes place in a conventional oven, for example in a rotary kiln oven, in a belt calciner or in a kiln.
• the calcination may be followed directly by the drying without intermediate cooling of the supported and dried support.
• the drying and the calcination of the catalyst are combined in a rotary kiln.
• the catalyst After calcination, the catalyst is in principle ready for use. If required or desired, it is activated by pre-reduction in a known manner prior to incorporation into the hydrogenation reactor and, if appropriate, also passivated on the surface again.
• the reduction of the hydrogenation catalyst usually takes place only in the hydrogenation reactor itself. This is done by a manner known to those skilled in the art by initial inertization with nitrogen or another inert gas. The reduction is carried out with a hydrogen-containing gas as pure gas phase or under inert circulation.
• the temperature at which this prereduction is carried out is generally at 5-200 0 C, preferably 20-150 0 C.
• regeneration of the catalyst of this invention is non- or semi inner ⁇ of the hydrogenation reactor at temperatures of 15 to 500 0 C.
• a further subject of the present invention are the hydrogenation catalysts obtainable by this process.
• the present invention further relates to the use of erfindungsge ⁇ MAESSEN catalysts for the hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds and corresponding hydrogenation.
• the selective hydrogenation processes according to the invention are distinguished by the use of the catalyst according to the invention.
• the hydrogenation process according to the invention is generally carried out in the same way as the known, heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogenation processes which serve the same purpose. They can be used as heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase processes in which both the hydrocarbon stream and the hydrogenating hydrogen are in the gas phase, or as heterogeneously catalyzed gas / liquid phase processes in which the hydrocarbon stream is at least partly in the liquid phase and hydrogen in the gas phase Gas phase and / or in dissolved form in the liquid phase, are performed.
• the parameters to be set such as throughput of hydrocarbon stream, expressed in space velocity in the unit [m 3 / m 3 (kat) h] or mass velocity [t / m 3 (kat) h], based on the catalyst volume, temperature and pressure selected analogously to those known terann process.
• the inlet temperature is usually in the range of 0 to 100 0 C and the pressure in the range of 2 to 50 bar.
• the hydrogenation can be carried out in one or more reaction stages, wherein a catalyst according to the invention is used in at least one reaction stage.
• the amount of hydrogen used is dependent on the content of the hydrocarbon stream of undesirable unsaturated compounds and their nature. In general, the amount of hydrogen in an amount of 0.4 to 5 times stoichiometrically Complete hydrogen conversion during the reactor passage zugege ⁇ Ben required amount.
• the hydrogenation of triple bonds usually proceeds faster than the conjugated double bonds, which in turn is faster than the unconjugated double bonds. This allows a corresponding control of the process on the hand of the added amount of hydrogen. In special cases, for example if a high isomerization of 1-butene to cis- or trans-2-butene is desired, a higher hydrogen excess, for example a 10-fold excess of hydrogen, can also be used.
• the hydrogen may contain inert gases, for example noble gases such as helium, neon or argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and / or lower alkanes such as methane, ethane, propane and / or butane.
• inert gases for example noble gases such as helium, neon or argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and / or lower alkanes such as methane, ethane, propane and / or butane.
• noble gases such as helium, neon or argon
• nitrogen such as methane, ethane, propane and / or butane.
• carbon dioxide such as methane, ethane, propane and / or butane.
• lower alkanes such as methane, ethane, propane and / or butane.
• the hydrogen is substantially free of carbon monoxide.
• the processes can be carried out in one or more reactors connected in parallel or in series, in each case in a single pass or in circulation mode.
• the hydrocarbon stream after passing through a reactor, is usually freed from gases in a separator and a portion of the liquid obtained is returned to the reactor.
• the ratio between recirculated and first fed into the reactor Reak ⁇ hydrocarbon stream, the so-called reflux ratio is adjusted so that under the other reaction conditions, such as pressure, inlet temperature, throughput and amount of hydrogen, the adiabatic temperature increase is not too large.
• Areas of use of the process according to the invention are, for example, the hydrogenation of ethyne in C2 streams, in particular of propyne and / or propadiene to propene in C3 streams, in particular of 1,3-butadiene to butenes in C4 streams and / or of alkynes, dienes and Styrene in C5 + streams (pyrolysis gasoline).
• the catalysts according to the invention are suitable, for example, for use in a process for the selective hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons from alkene- and / or alkadiene-containing liquid hydrocarbon mixtures whose main constituents contain three carbon atoms in the molecule, the catalyst according to the invention having the hydrocarbon flowing, for example under the conditions described above, is brought into contact.
• a disadvantage of this process using pure palladium catalysts is that the use of pure palladium catalysts easily leads to overhydrogenation and to green oil formation. This has a fast coking result and thus requires short lifetimes of the catalyst used.
• the preferred silver-containing catalyst according to the invention is used in a hydrogenation process for the hydrogenation of C3 streams.
• the overhydration and green oil formation is reduced.
• the palladium used must be located in a certain peripheral zone of the catalyst in order to have sufficient hydrogenation activity for the C3 streams. This is fulfilled by the catalysts of the invention, which have a penetration depth of palladium of up to 1000 microns.
• the silver used is also distributed substantially homogeneously over the entire profile of the catalyst.
• a green oil formation by the catalyst reduced or avoided.
• the catalysts according to the invention which have distributed silver substantially homogeneously over the entire strand cross-section.
• the process according to the invention for the hydrogenation of the C3 streams essentially serves for the selective hydrogenation of propynes and / or propadiene contained in these hydrocarbon mixtures to give propene with minimal formation of propane.
• the hydrogenation takes place in one stage.
• the hydrogenation can also be carried out in two process stages.
• the C3 stream thus obtained then has the following contents, for example, before the respective hydrogenation stages:
• the C3 hydrogenation is preferably carried out with a predominantly liquid C3 phase and a hydrogen gas phase.
• the pressure is preferably 9 to 30 barg, particularly preferably 10 to 25 barg, in particular 10 to 16 barg.
• the inlet temperature is preferably 0 to 50 0 C 1 particularly preferably 0 to 40 0 C, in particular 20 to 30 0 C.
• the increase Temperatur ⁇ is preferably 0 to 60 0 C, particularly preferably 0 to 40 0 C, more particularly 0 to sondere 5 0 C.
• the load (WHSV) is preferably from 3 lh to 30 kg /, particularly preferably 5 lh to 25 kg /, preferably 8 to 15 kg / lh.
• the void space velocity is preferably 0.2 to 20 cm / s, particularly preferably 0.5 to 10 cm / s, in particular 1 to 5 cm / s.
• the ratio of hydrogen to methylacetylene and propadiene is preferably from 0.9 to 2, particularly preferably from 1:01 to 2.
• the C3 hydrogenation takes place in one stage. Alter ⁇ natively, a hydrogenation in two stages is possible.
• reaction is carried out in a manner known per se to the person skilled in the art, for example adiabatically, with evaporative cooling or isothermally, preferably isothermally and Particularly preferred in the isothermal reaction regime is the use of a coolant, for example ammonia.
• a coolant for example ammonia.
• Another object of the present invention is the use of the hydrogenation catalysts according to the invention in processes for the hydrogenation of C4 streams.
• EP 0 523 482 B1 describes a process for the selective hydrogenation of butadiene to butenes in the liquid or trickle phase on fixed noble metal supported catalysts.
• a butadiene-rich C4 stream with butadiene contents of 20 - 80 wt .-%, based on the C4 stream, hydrogenated in two successive reaction zones so that the hydrogenation product of the first reaction zone 0.1 to 20 wt .-% and the hydrogenation product of the second reaction zone 0.005 - 1 wt .-% residual butadiene, based on the C4 stream containing.
• the C 4 -hydrocarbon mixtures to be used in the present inventive hydrogenation arise mainly in the steam cracking of mineral oil-derived hydrocarbons, e.g. Naphtha.
• these hydrocarbon mixtures may also contain small amounts of compounds with cumulative double bonds and / or acetylenic triple bonds.
• the composition of the crude C4 cut from the steam cracker can vary widely (see Table 1).
• Table 1 Typical composition of a C4 cut of a steam cracker, expressed in weight%.
• Total C5-Souren ⁇ 1 The composition is essentially dependent on the feedstock and the cracking conditions of the steam cracker. Normally, 35 to 50% by weight of butadiene are contained in the crude C4 cut.
• the process according to the invention is expediently carried out in the liquid or trickle phase, the hydrogen being dispersed in a manner known per se in the liquid C4 stream.
• the selective hydrogenation of the butadiene in the trickle phase is preferably carried out from top to bottom with fixed hydrogenation catalysts. An implementation from bottom to top is possible.
• the process according to the invention for the hydrogenation of C4 streams takes place in two or three stages.
• the two reaction zones must be separated from each other so that hydrogen can be metered in between them and finely distributed.
• the reaction zones are preferably in the form of separate hydrogenation reactors.
• the hydrogen is added in the simple to double the amount stoichiometrically necessary for the calculated conversion (based on the overall process (all stages)), preferably the stoichiometrically required amount is added up to an excess of hydrogen in a 1, 2-fold amount.
• the hydrogen used for the hydrogenation may contain up to 30% by volume of inert gas, e.g. Methane, without thereby hydrogenation is significantly impaired.
• the hydrogen used for the process according to the invention should preferably be CO-free; however, small amounts of CO ( ⁇ 5 ppm) do not disturb.
• the reaction conditions in each of the reactors can be varied within wide limits.
• the inventive process runs at reactor inlet temperature of 20 to 100 0 C, preferably 30 to 90 0 C, wherein the temperature increase vorzugswei ⁇ se 10 to 60 0 C.
• the pressure is preferably 5 to 50 barg, more preferably 5 to 30 bar.
• the related to the G4-use liquid Kunststoffzeitgeschwindig- ness "liquid hourly space velocity" (Ihsv) is preferably from 1 to 30 h " ⁇ vorzugswei ⁇ se from 2 to 15 h -1.
• the fresh feed load (WHSV) is preferably from 0.5 up to 15 kg / lh.
• the ratio of cycle stream to fresh feed is preferably from 2 to 20.
• the ratio of hydrogen to butadiene is preferably from 1 to 1.5.
• the maximum possible content of 1-butene is achieved with a low leaving content of 1,3-butadiene of preferably 10 to 1000 ppm, whereby a high 1-butene selectivity is achieved.
• the 1-butene content is in the hydrogenated
• C4 stream preferably 30%, particularly preferably 40%, in particular 50% (according to
• the catalyst of the invention is preferably used in the first reaction stage, a 1- butene selectivity of preferably greater than 60% being achieved.
• the inventive method has a number of advantages.
• the butadiene contained in the starting material is hydrogenated virtually quantitatively with very high selectivity. Despite the very high butadiene conversion, a butene selectivity S of at least 96% is achieved.
• the hydrogenation is selective over a very wide range up to extremely high butadiene conversions.
• the isomerization of butene-1 to butene-2 is significantly lower by the choice of the catalyst according to the invention in the first stage than in the Stan ⁇ dard compiler and isobutene is not substantially converted to isobutane.
• No special purity requirements are imposed on hydrogen unless irreversible catalyst poisons such as lead or arsenic are included.
• the hydrogen dosing can be regulated with automatic analysis methods.
• the heat removal is simply controlled by a sufficient amount of liquid recycle of hydrogenated product.
• the circulation stream contains a heat exchanger.
• the catalysts are prepared by the "incipient wetness" method known to the person skilled in the art.
• the palladium content of the impregnation solution is adjusted to the respective value by diluting a nitric acid palladium-containing stock solution. This is based on a stock solution with approximately 11% palladium, essentially present as nitrate, with a content of from 2 to 6% by weight of nitrite in the stock solution.
• catalyst support extrudates with a diameter of 3 mm are used.
• Al 2 O 3 strands having a surface area of 60-90 m 2 / g are impregnated with an impregnation solution containing palladium nitrate and palladium nitrite, which has been acidified to a pH of 0.2 to 2 with nitric acid.
• the moist strands are dried at 200 ° C. and calcined at 600 ° C.
• a comparative catalyst I is obtained with 0.3 wt .-% palladium.
• Nitrate is the major part of the anions.
• Comparative catalyst II is prepared analogously to the example for the preparation of comparative catalyst I, the pH being less than 0.2 and, by using less palladium and more silver in the impregnation solution, a catalyst having 0.2 wt. % Palladium and 0.1% by weight silver.
• the palladium is not present in a shell up to 1000 microns,. but, like silver, is distributed substantially homogeneously over the entire cross section of the catalyst.
• the preparation of the catalyst III according to the invention is carried out analogously to the preparation of the comparative catalyst II (pH 0.2 to 2).
• the result is a catalyst with 0.2 wt .-% palladium and 0.1 wt .-% silver.
• the catalyst IV according to the invention is prepared analogously to the novel catalyst III, but a catalyst containing 0.5% by weight of palladium and 0.1% by weight of silver is obtained by using more palladium nitrate and nitrite.
• the catalysts thus prepared are used in a hydrogenation of a C3 stream.
• the hydrogenation takes place in a reactor.
• the reactor is equipped with: - quantities of controlled educt supply,
• the input and output analyzes are performed using an online GC chromatograph.
• the hydrogenation is carried out under the following conditions:
• the catalysts are prepared by the "incipient wetness" method known to the person skilled in the art.
• the palladium content of the impregnation solution for the catalysts I, III, IV and V is adjusted to the respective value by diluting a nitric acid palladium-containing stock solution. This is based on a stock solution containing about 11% palladium, essentially present as nitrate, with a content of 2 to 6 wt .-% nitrite in the stock solution.
• catalyst support extrudates with a diameter of 3 mm are used.
• Al 2 O 3 strands having a surface area of 60-90 m 2 / g are impregnated with an impregnation solution containing palladium nitrate, palladium nitrite and silver nitrate, which has been acidified to a pH of 0.2 to 2 with nitric acid.
• the wet strands are calcined at 200 0 C and dried at 600 ° C.
• a catalyst is obtained which contains 0.3% by weight of palladium and 0.1% by weight of silver, the weight ratio of palladium to silver being 3.
• the comparative catalyst II is prepared as the catalyst I according to the invention, wherein another palladium nitrate stock solution with 0.06 wt .-% NO 2 " instead of 2 to 6 wt .-% NO 2 " is used.
• the final impregnation solution thus contains 0.0024% by weight NO 2 " .
• Comparative catalyst III is prepared in accordance with the hydrogenation catalyst I according to the invention, but without silver.
• the hydrogenation catalyst IV according to the invention is prepared according to the hydrogenation catalyst I according to the invention, but a catalyst results which has a ratio of palladium to silver of 6 with 0.05% silver.
• the hydrogenation catalyst V according to the invention is prepared according to the hydrogenation catalyst I according to the invention, the weight ratio of palladium to silver being 3.5 and the proportion of silver 0.085%.
• the catalysts thus obtained are tested in a selective hydrogenation of a crude C4 cut.
• the experiments are carried out in a pilot plant, which is equipped with an electrically heatable fixed bed reactor of 16 mm diameter and 2 m in length, a Vor carving ⁇ stretch, a separator, a cooler for the reactor discharge and a liquid keitsniklauf.
• the amount of catalyst used is 200 ml.
• the crude C4 cut is metered via a feed pump and mixed at a mixing point with the quantity-controlled supplied hydrogen.
• the separator the reaction discharge is separated into gas and liquid phase. Most of the liquid phase is recirculated to the reactor. A smaller part corresponding to the amount of the crude C4 cut fed to the reactor is withdrawn continuously from the separator as product.
• the analyzes are carried out by means of a gas chromatograph.
• the catalytic converters Prior to the initial feed of hydrocarbon in the reactor, the catalytic converters are factors for 12 hours at 120 0 C and treated with hydrogen pressure bar. 5 Subsequently, the plant is filled with already selectively hydrogenated C4 cut, heated to 50 0 C and put into operation. After reaching the operating conditions (pressure, temperature, throughput), the crude C4 cut and hydrogen are fed.

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