EP1705292A1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Kunstgras - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Kunstgras Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1705292A1
EP1705292A1 EP06075692A EP06075692A EP1705292A1 EP 1705292 A1 EP1705292 A1 EP 1705292A1 EP 06075692 A EP06075692 A EP 06075692A EP 06075692 A EP06075692 A EP 06075692A EP 1705292 A1 EP1705292 A1 EP 1705292A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
carrier
fibers
artificial grass
pressure
underside
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP06075692A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1705292B1 (de
Inventor
Paul Jan Bodewes
Gezinus Siepel
Willem A. B. Hoitink
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SUBBASE B.V.
Original Assignee
Van Heek - Scholco Enterprises BV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Van Heek - Scholco Enterprises BV filed Critical Van Heek - Scholco Enterprises BV
Publication of EP1705292A1 publication Critical patent/EP1705292A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1705292B1 publication Critical patent/EP1705292B1/de
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N7/00—Flexible sheet materials not otherwise provided for, e.g. textile threads, filaments, yarns or tow, glued on macromolecular material
    • D06N7/0063—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf
    • D06N7/0065—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf characterised by the pile
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D05—SEWING; EMBROIDERING; TUFTING
    • D05C—EMBROIDERING; TUFTING
    • D05C17/00—Embroidered or tufted products; Base fabrics specially adapted for embroidered work; Inserts for producing surface irregularities in embroidered products
    • D05C17/02—Tufted products
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C13/00—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds
    • E01C13/08—Surfaces simulating grass ; Grass-grown sports grounds
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2201/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads or yarns
    • D06N2201/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2201/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads or yarns
    • D06N2201/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
    • D06N2201/0254—Polyolefin fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2201/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads or yarns
    • D06N2201/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
    • D06N2201/0263—Polyamide fibres

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for manufacturing artificial grass.
  • artificial grass is manufactured by drawing strands composed of loose, or substantially loose fibers through a carrier, for instance through tufting, weaving or knitting, in a manner such that at a top side of the carrier, loops are formed. These loops are then cut open so that so-called "tufts" are obtained, each composed of a small bundle of loose, or substantially loose fibers.
  • each tuft is connected to at least one other tuft, via a strand part extending against the underside of the carrier.
  • these strand parts are usually fastened against the underside of the carrier by applying a layer of latex to this underside. In use, this latex layer can also serve as resilient, smoothening and/or damping layer.
  • a drawback of this known method of securing is that latex does not adhere well to all materials, which limits the choice as to the fiber and carrier materials. Moreover, the layer of latex will only adhere to the lowermost fibers in the respective strand parts. The other fibers, located closer to the carrier, are, at most, no more than clamped in between the latex layer and the carrier. As a result, these fibers can easily become detached and/or be pulled from the carrier, so that bare spots can form. This problem increases according as the number of fibers in the strand is larger. Further, relatively much latex is required which is expensive and leads to a relatively heavy product. Furthermore, latex has the property that it ages and, in the long run, pulverizes, whereby its securing effect is lost.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a method for manufacturing artificial grass, wherein at least a part of the drawbacks of the known method are obviated.
  • the invention contemplates providing a method for securing the tufts of the artificial grass to a carrier without utilizing latex.
  • a method according to the invention is characterized by the features of claim 1.
  • the fused part can function as a sort of physical anchor which catches under the carrier and thus prevents an entire tuft from being pulled from the carrier from the top side. Fusing merely requires heat and some pressure, no additional auxiliary substances. As a result, a particularly light end product can be obtained.
  • the fibers in the respective strand parts need only be fused locally, that is, over a limited part of their lengths. In order to prevent tufts from shifting relative to the carrier, it is preferred to fuse the fibers at least adjacent the location where these tufts are drawn through the carrier for forming this physical anchor at that location. Naturally, the fibers can also be fused over the entire length of the respective strand parts.
  • fibers is used as a collective term for all materials from which artificial grass can be formed in the above-mentioned manner, that is, by drawing a strand of these fibers through a carrier.
  • yarns, threads and/or (mono)filaments can for instance be considered.
  • These "fibers” may be included loosely in the strand but can also be mutually connected, at least partly.
  • the fibers may be formed from defibrated (partly cut loose) band material, or the strands can, at least partly, be plaited or twisted. Further, the strands can be composed of different types of fibers.
  • the fibers of adjoining strand parts are fused head to tail.
  • rows and/or a network of fused fibers are/is obtained, so that tufts can be prevented even better from being pulled from the carrier from a top side.
  • the fused rows can form projecting ridges between which, in use, when the artificial grass is placed on an underground, channels can be formed for drainage of, for instance, rainwater.
  • the strand parts, at least a number of fibers thereof, are, at least locally, fused to an underside of the carrier.
  • the tufts are secured to the carrier in all directions and pulling the tufts and/or fibers loose from an underside of the carrier is also prevented.
  • the fibers are fused by heating and subsequently pressing them together.
  • the heating temperature is preferably relatively high, in particular approximately 10° to 50° higher than a melting temperature of the fibers, so that these fibers can fuse under relatively limited pressure.
  • the carrier can be guided along, successively, an infrared station or a heated surface and then be guided along a pair of rollers. If desired, a roller contacting the underside of the carrier can be heated so that it can simultaneously serve as heating means. In addition, a roller contacting the top side of the carrier can be cooled, in order to cool the tufts and thus minimize the deforming effect of a pressure applied by this roller to the tufts.
  • heating and pressing-on the fibers takes place mainly at the underside of the carrier.
  • the carrier can be guided by an underside along a heat source, for instance a heated roller, and be pressed against this heat source with the aid of counter pressure means, these counter pressure rollers preferably engaging a part of the carrier which is substantially unheated or has already cooled.
  • the counter pressure means can be arranged at a distance from the heat source, viewed in travelling direction of the carrier.
  • the counter pressure means can be provided with cooling means.
  • a supporting layer can be provided against the underside of the carrier, which layer can be manufactured from, for instance, a resilient, damping material, for instance, foamed plastic.
  • This supporting layer and the carrier can be glued or melted together, while fusion of the supporting layer can take place in a manner comparable to the fusion of the fibers, or even, at least partly, simultaneously therewith.
  • fastening means can be provided against an underside of the carrier such as for instance Velcro tape, adhesive tape, press studs or the like, preferably detachable fastening means.
  • the invention further relates to an apparatus for manufacturing artificial grass, formed from strands of thermoplastic fibers drawn through a carrier.
  • the apparatus is then provided with heating means for heating fibers extending at an underside of the carrier, and pressure means for pressing these heated fibers together.
  • the fibers will fuse in situ and individual fibers are thus prevented from being pulled from the carrier.
  • the greater the set pressure is the more the fibers will deform, in particular be flattened, so that at the location of the fusion, physical anchors will be formed (at the underside of the carrier) preventing entire strands from being pulled from the carrier from the top side.
  • These flattened parts furthermore have a relatively large surface so that they can adhere well to the carrier.
  • the heating means and pressure means are at least partly combined in the form of a heated pressure roller along which the carrier can be guided by an underside.
  • a number of guiding rollers or counter pressure rollers can be provided for having the carrier lie at a particular pressure against this pressure roller. It is preferred that these counter pressure rollers are arranged, viewed in travelling direction of the carrier, in front of and behind the pressure roller, at such a distance from this pressure roller that they engage a substantially unheated carrier part.
  • the invention further relates to artificial grass, provided with a carrier and strands of thermoplastic fibers drawn therethrough, which fibers are fused together, at least locally, at an underside of the carrier in a manner such that the individual fibers are secured against pulling loose from a top side of the carrier.
  • one or more supporting layers can be provided, in order to give the artificial grass the desired properties, for instance in the field of damping, resilience, weight, insulation, watertightness et cetera.
  • different supporting layers can be provided under the carrier.
  • Fig. 1A shows, in cross-sectional view, a piece of artificial grass 1 according to the invention, provided with a relatively thin, flexible carrier 3 and a series of fibers 4, projecting from the carrier 3 in bunches, or "tufts" 5.
  • the fibers 4 have a flat, elongated form, in order to resemble real grass, but can, naturally, have many other forms.
  • the fibers 4 are manufactured from a thermoplastic material, such as, for instance, polyester, polyamide, polypropylene, polyethylene or combinations thereof.
  • the tufts 5 are formed by bundling a number of fibers 4 into a strand 6, and to then draw this strand through the carrier 3 by means of techniques known per se such as, for instance, tufting, weaving or knitting.
  • loops L are then formed which, subsequently, can be cut open as schematically shown in Fig. 1A, at the right hand side in interrupted lines and with cutting lines S.
  • strands 6 can be weaved through two carriers 3 placed one at a distance above the other (this is known as so-called two-layer weaving), wherein between the carriers 3, "loops" L are formed, which can then be cut through halfway so that two carriers 3 with tufts 5 are obtained.
  • each tuft 5 will each time be connected to at least one other tuft 5, via a strand part 8, which strand part 8 extends at the underside of the carrier 3, between the respective tufts 5 (see also Fig. 1B).
  • the fibers 4 of these strand part 8 are fused together at least locally, in a manner to be further described.
  • the carrier 3 can be a non-woven material, for instance felt or a synthetic plastic, but can also be a woven, knitted or foamed material.
  • the carrier 3 can further be manufactured from natural or synthetic material.
  • synthetic material preferably, a thermoplastic material is chosen, for instance polyethylene or polyester. As a result, the fibers can be fused well to the underside of the carrier 3.
  • a supporting layer 7 can be provided (as shown in Fig. 1A, but, for the sake of clarity, omitted in Fig. 1B).
  • This supporting layer 7 can for instance be manufactured from a relatively thick, resilient material such as for instance felt, rubber or latex.
  • the supporting layer 7 is manufactured from a foamed plastic, for instance polyethylene foam.
  • foamed layer 7 has good damping and insulating properties.
  • the foam preferably has a closed cell structure, in order to prevent sponge action and damage through freezing.
  • the supporting layer 7 can for instance be connected to the carrier 3 through gluing or fusing, in particular flame laminating. If desired, the supporting layer 7 and carrier 3 can be provided with openings for draining (rain)water. In an alternative embodiment, the carrier 3 and supporting layer 7 can be replaced by one single layer, in which the strand fibers 4 are provided and secured in the above-mentioned manner. Naturally, the supporting layer 7 can also be omitted so that a very thin, light product is obtained. In that case, the supporting layer 7 can be supplied additionally, as loose underlying layer.
  • the artificial grass 1 can be furnished in strips (on a roll) or in tile-form.
  • fastening means 9 can be provided such, as for instance, Velcro tape, tape, press studs or magnet strips, for anchoring the artificial grass to an underground. If desired, this underground can be provided with complementary fastening means.
  • ballast or filler means can be used in the form of, for instance, sand or synthetic granules, which can be scattered over the artificial grass 1 in order to weight the artificial grass and thus keep it in place.
  • Such filler means offer as additional advantage that it helps the "blades of grass", at least the tufts 5 and the separate fibers 4 therein, to stay upright.
  • Fig. 3 schematically shows an apparatus 10 according to the invention for manufacturing artificial grass 1 as described hereinabove.
  • the apparatus 10 shown comprises, from left to right, a first reel 12 for the supply of carrier material 3, a series of second reels 13 a-n for the supply of loose fibers 4 (alternatively, the fibres 4 can be supplied as strand 6, from a single reel, not shown), a tufting station 14 for drawing the strand 6 through the carrier 3 and, subsequently, cutting open S the formed loops L, and a securing unit 15 for securing the tufts 5 in or to the carrier 3.
  • a laminating station 16 is provided for applying a supporting layer 7 to the carrier 3.
  • the laminating station 16 is provided with a third reel 17 for the supply of supporting material 7, heating means 18 for heating the supporting material 7, and pressure means 19 in the form of a pair of rollers with which the heated supporting layer 7 can be pressed against the carrier 3 (which process, in jargon, is called 'flame laminating').
  • the supporting layer 7 can be fastened to the carrier 3 in other manners, for instance through gluing.
  • the laminating station 16 can thereto be adjusted accordingly.
  • the supporting layer 7 can also be provided in a later stage or be completely omitted.
  • the apparatus 10 can further comprise a station (not shown) for applying fastening means 9 to an underside of the artificial grass 1, for instance Velcro tape or tape as shown in Fig. 1A.
  • a fourth reel can be provided (not shown) for storing the produced artificial grass 1 on a roll, or a cutting and stacking station (not shown either) for cutting the artificial grass to size, for instance into tiles, and then stacking it.
  • the tufting station 14 is provided with means, in particular one or more needles 20, for drawing the supplied strand of fibers 6 through the carrier 3, for instance through tufting, weaving, knitting or in other manners (known per se). Further, diverting means can be provided (not shown) around which the strands 6 can be guided in order to thus form loops L.
  • the tufting station 14 further comprises cutting means 22 to cut the formed loops L open or through, so that tufts 5 are obtained.
  • drive means, guiding means, buffers and/or storing reels can be provided in order to lead the carrier 3 and the fibers 6 along these stations at a desired pace.
  • the stations can also be designed as autonomous stations, along which the artificial grass can be guided in successive steps, separated in place and time.
  • the securing unit 15 comprises heating means 24 for heating, at least locally, the fibers 4 in the strand part 8 at the underside of the carrier 3, and pressure means 25 for pressing the heated fibers 4 together so that they fuse together.
  • heating means 24 for heating, at least locally, the fibers 4 in the strand part 8 at the underside of the carrier 3, and pressure means 25 for pressing the heated fibers 4 together so that they fuse together.
  • the pressure means 25 comprise a pressure roller 26, arranged under the carrier 3, and two counter pressure rollers 28, arranged above the carrier 3, on both sides of the pressure roller 26 or, viewed in travelling direction V of the carrier 3, in front of and behind the pressure roller 26.
  • a force F D can be applied to the underside of the carrier 3, while with the pressure rollers 26, two counterforces Fc can be applied to the top side of the carrier 3 which, together, are as great as the force F D mentioned, but opposite in direction.
  • the pressure roller 26 is provided with a heated shell, so that the pressure roller 26 can also function as heating means 24.
  • the underside of carrier 3 is simultaneously heated and pressed-on by pressure roller 26.
  • the fibers 4 in the strand parts 8 will fuse in a manner as shown in Fig. 1B, that is, without appreciable (plastic) deformation.
  • An advantage of this embodiment is that a very limited pressure can suffice.
  • a counter pressure applied by the counter pressure rollers 28 acts on a "cold" part of the carrier 3, so that this counter pressure (which is already small) will not occasion appreciable deformation at the tufts 5.
  • the virtually undeformed, fused fibers 4 can form projecting ridges at the underside of the carrier 3, (provided that the tufts 5 are arranged in rows) between which, in use, channels can be formed for draining rainwater.
  • the securing unit 15 can be designed as shown in Fig. 4B, while parts corresponding to Fig. 4A are indicated with corresponding reference numerals, increased by 100.
  • the pressure means 125 comprise a pair of rollers disposed one above the other, with which two equally great, but opposing forces F D , Fc can be applied to an underside or top side, respectively, of the carrier 103.
  • the heating means 124 are arranged in front of the pressure means 125, and can comprise, for instance, an infrared station or a heated roller.
  • the carrier 103 is guided by an underside along the heating means 124 so that fibers extending against this underside are heated to above their melting temperature. Thereupon, the carrier 103 is guided along the pair of rollers 125, so that the heated fibers 104 are pressed against each other and against the carrier 103.
  • the fibers 104 can then, if desired, be flattened, as shown in Figs. 2A, B (by setting a sufficiently high roller pressure). The fusing together ensures that no individual fibers 104 can be pulled loose, while the flattened form ensures that the tufts 105 cannot be pulled through the carrier 103 from a top side of this carrier 103.
  • the carrier 103 is preferably manufactured from heat-insulating material or provided, at a top side, with a layer of heat insulating material, so that the tufts 105 are not heated, or only to a limited extent (through heat conduction from the underside of the carrier 103). It is further preferred that the set pressure force F D,C is kept as low as possible so that the tufts 105 are not deformed by this pressure force. Also, the top roller can be cooled in order to cool the tufts 5, should they nevertheless have heated to a limited extent.
EP06075692A 2005-03-24 2006-03-24 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Kunstgras Not-in-force EP1705292B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL1028626A NL1028626C2 (nl) 2005-03-24 2005-03-24 Werkwijze en inrichting voor het vervaardigen van kunstgras.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1705292A1 true EP1705292A1 (de) 2006-09-27
EP1705292B1 EP1705292B1 (de) 2009-09-09

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP06075692A Not-in-force EP1705292B1 (de) 2005-03-24 2006-03-24 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Kunstgras

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1705292B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE442483T1 (de)
DE (1) DE602006009005D1 (de)
NL (1) NL1028626C2 (de)

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EP1892331A1 (de) * 2006-08-18 2008-02-27 Mondo S.p.A. Kunstrasen und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
EP1916330A1 (de) 2006-10-24 2008-04-30 Maltzahn Carpets GmbH Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Teppichs und nach dem Verfahren hergestellter Teppich
NL1032876C2 (nl) * 2006-11-16 2008-05-19 Ten Cate Thiolon Bv Samengestelde kunstgrasvezel alsmede werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een dergelijke kunstgrasvezel.
WO2008077544A1 (en) * 2006-12-22 2008-07-03 Nv Michel Van De Wiele Artificial turf and method for producing a turf of this type
WO2008077559A1 (en) * 2006-12-22 2008-07-03 Nv Michel Van De Wiele Artificial turf
EP2011919A1 (de) 2007-07-06 2009-01-07 Mondo S.p.A. Substrat für Untergründe wie z. B. Kunstrasen, entsprechender Kunstrasen und Herstellungsverfahren dafür
WO2009011569A1 (en) * 2007-07-17 2009-01-22 Hugo De Vries Method and device for manufacturing artificial turf
EP2172589A1 (de) * 2008-09-25 2010-04-07 N.T.T. di Adriano Moioli & C. S.A.S. Synthetische Matte und Herstellungsverfahren dafür
WO2012076348A3 (en) * 2010-12-06 2012-08-02 Niaga Bv A method to produce a pile textile product and a textile product resulting from the same
US20130101756A1 (en) * 2011-05-31 2013-04-25 Kolonglotech, Inc. Artificial turf structure and apparatus and method for manufacturing the same
WO2014032102A1 (en) * 2012-08-30 2014-03-06 Alltex Specialty Products Pty Ltd Artificial sports surface
WO2014198732A1 (en) 2013-06-10 2014-12-18 Dsm Ip Assets B.V. Method for producing textile products, products obtainable therefrom and method to reclaim the products
DE102014108121A1 (de) * 2014-06-10 2015-12-17 Kiener Maschinenbau Gmbh Verfahren zum Bearbeiten einer Rückseite eines Bahnmaterials sowie Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
WO2016110547A1 (en) * 2015-01-09 2016-07-14 Dsm Ip Assets B.V. A method to manufacture a textile product, a use thereof and a device for applying the method
CN105793493A (zh) * 2013-10-04 2016-07-20 李政旻 人造草皮垫及其制造设备
CN106320141A (zh) * 2016-08-19 2017-01-11 广州傲胜人造草股份有限公司 一种人造草坪的制作方法
JP2018502239A (ja) * 2015-01-16 2018-01-25 ベーエフエス ユーロプ エンフェー 難燃性人工芝
IT201700109023A1 (it) * 2017-09-28 2019-03-28 Nikolaos Sarris Metodo di realizzazione di un tappeto in erba sintetica
WO2019093900A1 (en) * 2017-11-13 2019-05-16 Hugo De Vries Artificial turf mat and method for manufacture thereof
WO2019113560A1 (en) * 2017-12-08 2019-06-13 Turf Alliance, Llc Removable artificial turf panel system and method of installing same
US20190350437A1 (en) * 2016-06-17 2019-11-21 Milliken & Company Floor Mat Having Reduced Tuft Profile
US20200071886A1 (en) * 2018-08-28 2020-03-05 Columbia Insurance Company Novel Artificial Turf and Methods of Making Same
US20210372042A1 (en) * 2020-05-29 2021-12-02 Columbia Insurance Company Carpet and method of making same without latex precoat
WO2022232013A1 (en) * 2021-04-25 2022-11-03 Watershed Geosynthetics Llc Tufted geotextile with understory for shear resistance to hydraulic and dry-flow infill displacement

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JPS5147166A (en) * 1974-10-21 1976-04-22 Toyo Linoleum Pairuno nukenaitafutetsudokaapetsutono seizoho
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Cited By (46)

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DE602006009005D1 (de) 2009-10-22
NL1028626C2 (nl) 2006-09-27
ATE442483T1 (de) 2009-09-15

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