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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7088—Compounds having three or more nucleosides or nucleotides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
  • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
  • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
  • C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
  • C12Q2600/156—Polymorphic or mutational markers

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the field of biology, genetics and medicine. It relates in particular to new methods for the detection, characterization and / or treatment of neurodegenerative pathologies, in particular of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
• the invention also relates to methods for the identification or screening of active compounds in these pathologies.
• the invention also relates to the compounds, genes, cells, plasmids or compositions useful for the implementation of the above methods.
• the invention derives in particular from the identification of the role of the enzymes involved in the phosphorylation of nuclear factors, among which histones must be underlined in these pathologies and describes their use as therapeutic, diagnostic or experimental targets or markers for these disorders.
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SAL or ALS for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with different types of inclusions such as Lewis bodies and characterized by apoptosis of the spinal and cortical motoneurons, the fatal outcome of which is sometimes associated with dementia end.
• Sporadic forms without any mutation described, coexist with familial forms (FALS) associated with mutations in the SOD1 gene coding for superoxide dismutase.
• FALS familial forms
• the majority of cases are sporadic, familial forms (FALS) being very rare. It is likely that a long asymptomatic period precedes the onset of clinical symptoms which are varied and whose classification is complex.
• mice which express the human SOD1 gene carrying one of the mutations prevailing in FALS (mutation G93A) are available from Jackson Laboratory, subject to obtaining a license to use from NorthWestem University. This model reproduces in 120 days the fatal outcome of the disease with symptoms comparable to those of human disease.
• the appearance of ALS symptoms linked to the G93A mutation in SOD1 is not the consequence of a reduction in superoxide dismutase activity but of a gain in function which increases the capacity of the enzyme to generate radicals free.
• the molecular events that President of the various stages of the ALS are not well known.
• Neurons can be treated with glutamate which will stimulate all of the receptors for this excitatory amino acid, metabotropic receptors and ionotropic receptors. Treatments using NMDA or kainate can also be applied to stimulate their respective ionotropic receptors.
• the present invention now describes the identification of genetic events involved in the phenomena of excitotoxicity and neuronal death.
• the present invention thus provides new therapeutic and diagnostic approaches for the pathologies associated with these phenomena, as well as new targets for the identification of active compounds.
• RNA extracted from granular neurons of rat cerebellum cultured according to techniques known to those skilled in the art.
• RNA extracted from viable neurons cultivated in the presence of 25 ⁇ M of potassium were compared to RNA extracted from neurons placed under conditions of toxicity by lowering the potassium concentration to 5 ⁇ M.
• This analysis was carried out by qualitative differential screening according to the DATAS technique (described in application No. WO99 / 46403).
• This analysis enabled the identification of a cDNA fragment derived from the mRNA of a histone deacetylase, demonstrating the involvement of this enzyme in the development of the processes of excitotoxicity and neuronal death. More particularly, the present application demonstrates the existence of a modification of the splicing of the histone deacetylase during excitotoxicity phenomena. The results obtained make it possible to demonstrate an alteration in the coding sequence of this enzyme in the brains involved in the phenomenon of excitotoxicity when the symptoms of ALS appear. This alteration suggests an increase in the activity of the corresponding enzyme and therefore a hypo-acetylation of histones and other nuclear targets.
• the level of acetylation of these targets regulates the transcriptional activity and the splicing of pre-mRNAs.
• the level of acetylation of histones and other nuclear factors is regulated by the balance that exists between two enzymatic activities: histone acetyltransferase activity and histone deacetylase activity.
• compositions are based on a non-specific action, at the level of chromatin, and do not suggest any implication of histone deacetylases in the mechanisms of neurotoxicity, nor of strategy of regulation of these enzymes for the treatment of such pathological conditions.
• Application WO00 / 71703 relates to the use of antisense oligonucleotides specific for histone deacetylases for the treatment of cancers.
• the invention demonstrates for the first time the existence of a molecular mechanism of genetic deregulation leading to excitotoxicity by a decrease in the acetylation of histones and other nuclear factors involved in the regulation of gene expression.
• the present invention thus provides a new molecular target for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic approaches for pathologies linked to excitotoxicity.
• These strategies are based on a modulation of the acetylation activity of histones, more particularly on an increase in the level of acetylation of histones. This modulation can be exercised different ways, preferably by the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors.
• These therapeutic strategies make it possible to improve neuronal viability during the phenomena of excitotoxicity involved in various pathologies of the nervous system, in particular Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS).
• ALS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• An object of the invention lies in the use of a histone deactetylase inhibitor for the preparation of a composition intended for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, in particular in the early phase, more preferably for reducing the neuronal excitotoxicity associated with neurodegenerative diseases , especially in the early phase.
• Another object of the invention resides in a method of treatment of a pathology associated with neuronal stress, in particular with excitotoxicity, comprising the administration to a subject of a histone deacetylase inhibitor.
• pathology associated with excitotoxicity more preferably means neurogenerative diseases chosen from ALS, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and cerebral ischemia.
• the invention is also applicable to the treatment of neuronal excitotoxicity occurring in other pathologies, in particular in the early phase.
• the term “treatment” designates preventive, curative, palliative treatment, as well as the management of patients (reduction of suffering, improvement of lifespan, slowing down the progression of the disease , improvement of the viability of neurons placed in conditions of excitotoxicity, etc.).
• the treatment can also be carried out in combination with other agents or treatments, in particular addressing late events in the pathology, such as caspase inhibitors or other active compounds.
• the term “inhibitor” designates any compound or treatment capable of inhibiting or reducing the expression or the activity of a histone deactetylase.
• the inhibitor is preferably selective, that is to say active essentially on a histone deacetylase, without direct substantial action on another enzyme.
• the histone deactetylase inhibitor is essentially devoid of direct inhibitory effect on a histone acetyltransferase.
• histone deacetylase-1 HDAC1
• histone deacetylase-2 HDAC2
• histone deacetylase-3 HDAC3
• the nucleic sequences coding for these enzymes and the corresponding amino acid sequences are described in the prior art, for example in the Genbank databases under the references NM_004964 (hHDACI); NM_001527 (hHDAC2); NM_003883 (hHDAC3); AF006603 (mHDAc2). These sequences are also accessible from other public sources. It is understood that the invention is also intended for natural variants and / or homologs of these specific sequences.
• an inhibitor of human histone deacetylase in particular of hHDCA1, hHDCA2 and / or hHDCA3, more preferably an inhibitor compound.
• the compound used can be any compound capable of inhibiting the expression of histone deacetylase, that is to say in particular any compound inhibiting the transcription of the gene, the maturation of RNAs, the translation of RNA, the post-translational modification of the protein, binding of the protein to a molecular target, etc.
• the compound can be of varied nature and origin, such as in particular of natural origin (for example of vegetable, bacterial, viral, animal or eukaryotic origin) or synthetic (in particular an organic or inorganic, synthetic or semi-synthetic molecule ). It can for example be a nucleic acid, a polypeptide (or a protein or a peptide), a lipid, a chemical compound, etc.
• the inhibitor is an antisense nucleic acid capable of inhibiting the transcription of the histone deacetylase gene or the translation of the corresponding messenger.
• the antisense nucleic acid may comprise all or part of the sequence of the histone deacetylase gene, of the histone deacetylase messenger, or of a sequence complementary to these.
• the antisense can be DNA, RNA, ribozyme, etc. It can be single-stranded or double-stranded. It can also be an RNA coded by an antisense gene.
• an antisense nucleic acid comprising a part of the sequence of the gene or of the messenger considered, use is preferably made of a part comprising at least 10 consecutive bases of the sequence, more preferably at least 15, in order to ensure specific hybridization.
• an antisense oligonucleotide typically comprises less than 100 bases, for example of the order of 10 to 50 bases. This oligonucleotide can be modified to improve its stability, its resistance to nucleases, its cell penetration, etc. Perfect complementarity between the sequence of the antisense and that of the target gene or messenger is not essential, but it is generally preferred.
• the inhibitor compound is a polypeptide. It may for example be a peptide comprising a region of the sequence of a histone deacetylase, and capable of antagonizing its activity.
• a peptide advantageously comprises from 5 to 50 consecutive amino acids of the primary sequence of the deacetylase considered, typically from 7 to 40.
• the polypeptide can also be an anti-histone deacetylase antibody, or a fragment or derivative of such an antibody, by example a Fab fragment, a CDR region, or, more preferably, a single-chain antibody (eg, ScFv).
• Single-chain antibodies are particularly advantageous in that they can act specifically and intracellularly to modulate the activity of a target protein.
• Such antibodies or fragments or derivatives can be produced by conventional techniques, including immunizing an animal and recovering its serum (polyclonal) or spleen cells (so as to produce hybridomas by fusion with appropriate cell lines).
• polyclonal antibodies from various species are described in the prior art.
• the antigen is combined with an adjuvant (eg, Freund's adjuvant) and administered to an animal, typically by subcutaneous injection. Repeated injections can be given. Blood samples are collected and immunoglobulin or serum are separated.
• Conventional methods of producing monoclonal antibodies include immunizing an animal with an antigen, followed by the recovery of spleen cells which are then fused with immortalized cells, such as myeloma cells. The resulting hybridomas produce monoclonal antibodies and can be selected by limiting dilutions so as to isolate the individual clones.
• the Fab or F (ab ') 2 fragments can be produced by digestion using a protease according to conventional techniques.
• the compound is a chemical compound, of natural or synthetic origin, in particular an organic or inorganic molecule, capable of modulating the expression or the activity of histone deacetylase.
• Such compounds can be produced and / or selected according to various tests described below.
• WO98 / 00127 or analogs or the like.
• Trichostatin A is a preferred example.
• a particular object of the invention lies in the use of a compound which inhibits a human histone deacetylase, in particular a selective inhibitor, for the preparation of a composition intended to reduce neuronal excitotoxicity.
• a particular object of the invention resides in the use of a compound which inhibits human histone deacetylase 2, in particular a selective inhibitor, for the preparation of a composition intended to reduce neuronal excitotoxicity, in particular for the treatment of ALS.
• a particular object of the invention resides in the use of an inhibitor of a human histone deacetylase, in particular of a selective inhibitor, for the preparation of a composition intended for the treatment of ALS, in particular for reducing the neural excitotoxicity in the early phase of ALS.
• Another particular object of the invention lies in the use of trichostatin A for the preparation of a composition intended to reduce neuronal excitotoxicity and / or for the preparation of a composition intended for the treatment of ALS.
• Another particular object of the invention lies in the use of trichostatin A for the preparation of a composition intended to inhibit the activity of histone deacetylase 2 in patients suffering from ALS.
• Also provided are methods of treating ALS comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound that inhibits the expression or activity of a histone deacetylase, including histone. deacetylase 2, preferably human.
• the invention is used for the early phase treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
• the administration can be carried out by any method known to a person skilled in the art, preferably by injection, typically by intraperitoneal, intra-cerebral, intravenous, intra-arterial or intramuscular route. These injected doses can be adapted by those skilled in the art. Typically, from 0.01 mg to 100 mg / kg approximately are injected, for inhibiting compounds of a chemical nature. For nucleic compounds, the doses can vary for example between 0.01 mg and 100 mg per dose. It is understood that repeated injections can be carried out, optionally in combination with other active agents or any pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle (eg, buffers, saline, isotonic solutions, in the presence of stabilizing agents, etc.).
• active agents eg, buffers, saline, isotonic solutions, in the presence of stabilizing agents, etc.
• the invention can be used in mammals, in particular in humans.
• the invention shows in particular the existence of splicing events which affect the coding region of histone deacetylase 2 (mHDA2, Genbank reference: AF006603), more particularly a region covering nucleotides 2934 to 3243.
• This splicing preferably detected in the conditions of neuronal viability (25 ⁇ M of potassium) inactivates the enzyme and results in an increase in the acetylation of histones and other actors of gene expression in viable neurons. Conversely, it is demonstrated that a decrease in the acetylation of the same nuclear actors is associated with neuronal death in the presence of 5 ⁇ M of potassium.
• the present invention therefore opens a new therapeutic strategy based on the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors in order to restore neuronal viability during potassium efflux and in particular during phenomena of excitotoxicity and more particularly during pathologies such as ALS.
• the present invention provides, for the first time, histone deacetylase 2 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of molecular events associated with excitotoxicity.
• the invention can be used to inhibit or reduce neuronal excitotoxicity in the early phase of neurodegenerative diseases. It is applicable in particular to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or cerebral ischemia.
• the present invention also provides a new target for the identification, validation, selection or optimization of active compounds.
• the invention indeed makes it possible to select compounds having advantageous therapeutic or biological properties, on the basis of their capacity to modulate the expression or the activity of histone deacetylase.
• These tests can be performed in a cellular, animal or acellular system (eg, on isolated proteins, polypeptides or nucleic acids, or in in vitro expression systems), and be based on the measurement of an interaction (eg, binding tests, travel, competition, etc.) or a function (activity, transcription, etc.).
• Another particular subject of the invention relates to a method of selection, identification or characterization of active compounds, in particular on pathologies associated with excitotoxicity or neuronal stress, comprising bringing a test compound into contact with a cell expressing a histone deacetylase or a fragment or functional variant thereof, and determining the ability of the compound to inhibit the expression or activity of this protein.
• the methods can be implemented with different cell populations, such as primary cells or cell lines of mammalian origin (human, murine, etc.).
• cells which do not naturally express the histone deacetylase in question are used, transfected with a nucleic acid encoding the desired enzyme. In this way, the selectivity of the method is increased.
• Transgenic non-human animals can also be used.
• the inhibitory effect can be measured in various ways, such as in particular by RNA assay, protein assay, activity measurement, etc.
• the probes can be carried out by any conventional immunoenzymatic technique (RIA, ELISA, EIA, etc.) or by hybridization techniques with labeled probes, on a chip, amplification with specific primers, etc.
• the selection methods can also be carried out in an acellular system, by measuring the capacity of test compounds to bind the histone deacetylase or a variant or fragment thereof.
• another particular object of the invention relates to a method of selection, identification or characterization of active compounds, in particular on pathologies associated with excitotoxicity or neuronal stress, comprising bringing a test compound into contact with a histone deacetylase or a variant or fragment thereof, and determining the capacity of the test compound for binding said histone deacetylase, fragment or variant.
• the histone deacetylase, fragment or variant can be used in isolated and purified form, soluble or attached to a support (eg, ball, column, etc.), or incorporated into a membrane or a vesicle.
• the binding of the test compound and the histone can be determined by any known technique, in particular by displacement of a labeled reference ligand, by migration on gel, electrophoresis, etc.
• variant includes polypeptides comprising one or more mutations, substitutions, deletions and / or additions of one or more amino acid residues and having substantially the same antigenic specificity or activity, and in particular retaining the capacity to deacetylate a histone.
• derivatives include sequence variations due to histone deacetylase polymorphism, splicing, etc. Particularly preferred derivatives include at most 5 amino acid residues distinct from those present in the wild-type sequence.
• fragment designates any polypeptide comprising from 5 to 100 consecutive residues of the amino acid sequence of the histone deacetylase, preferably from 10 to 100. The fragments advantageously comprise an active site of the enzyme.
• test compounds can be of varied nature and origin, such as natural or synthetic compounds, lipids, nucleic acids, polypeptides, chemical molecules, etc. They can be isolated or mixed compounds, combinatorial libraries, etc. In the methods of the invention, it is possible to test several test compounds in parallel, for example in suitable devices such as multiwell plate, box, etc.
• the vectors can be plasmids, phages, cosmids, viruses, artificial chromosomes, etc.
• Preferred vectors are, for example, plasmid vectors, such as those derived from commercial plasmids (pUC, pcDNA, pBR, etc.).
• Such vectors advantageously comprise a selection gene and / or an origin of replication and / or a transcriptional promoter.
• vectors are, for example, viruses or phages, in particular recombinant viruses defective for replication, such as viruses derived from retroviruses, adenoviruses, AAVs, herpesviruses, baculoviruses, etc.
• the vectors can be used in any competent host, such as, for example, prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. They can be bacteria (for example E. coli), yeasts (for example Saccharomyces or Kluyveromyces), plant cells, insect cells, mammalian, in particular human cells, etc. These can be lines, primary cells, mixed cultures, etc.
• the present invention can also be used for the diagnosis of excititoxicity situations, in particular in early phases. It can in particular be used to detect the presence, the predisposition or the development of a situation of excitotoxicity in a subject, in particular of a pathology associated with such a situation, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, ALS or cerebral ischemia. It is particularly suitable for the early detection of multiple sclerosis or ALS.
• Another aspect of the present application therefore relates to methods and tools for detecting the presence of a histone deacetylase (or a splicing variant or other genetic alteration) in biological samples, or for assaying or determining its relative amounts .
• a particular object of the invention relates to a method for detecting a situation of excitotoxicity or neuronal stress in a subject, comprising measuring in vitro or ex vivo the expression of one (or more) histones deacetylases, including histone deacetylase 2, in a sample from the subject.
• Another particular object relates to a method for detecting a situation of excitotoxicity or neuronal stress in a subject, comprising the detection of the presence (or absence) of a mutated form of one (or more) histones deacetylases, especially histone deacetylase 2, or the corresponding RNA, in a sample from the subject.
• Tools suitable for measuring or detecting a protein, an RNA or an expression include in particular nucleic probes or primers, antibodies or other specific ligands, kits, supports, chips, etc. Detection methods can include hybridization, PCR, chromatography, immunology, etc. These methods are particularly suitable for the detection, characterization, monitoring of the progression or the effectiveness of a treatment for pathologies as mentioned above, or for determining a predisposition.
• the method can be implemented using different biological samples, such as blood, plasma, urine, serum, saliva, biopsies or cell cultures, etc. It is preferably a sample comprising nerve or muscle cells. Depending on the technique used, the sample can be treated beforehand, for example to make the nucleic acids accessible to a hybridization and / or amplification reaction, and / or to make the proteins accessible to an immunological or enzymatic reaction.
• biological samples such as blood, plasma, urine, serum, saliva, biopsies or cell cultures, etc. It is preferably a sample comprising nerve or muscle cells.
• the sample can be treated beforehand, for example to make the nucleic acids accessible to a hybridization and / or amplification reaction, and / or to make the proteins accessible to an immunological or enzymatic reaction.
• the expression is measured, the presence or the quantity of mRNA encoding a histone deacetylase is measured or measured in the sample.
• histone deacetylases can be detected or assayed in parallel.
• This measurement, detection or assay can be carried out by hybridization of the sample with a nucleic probe specific for the RNA considered, in particular a probe comprising all or part of a messenger RNA sequence of histone deacetylase or d 'a complementary or derived sequence.
• the probe is single-stranded and / or is labeled, to facilitate the detection of the hybridization product.
• the labeling can be radioactive, fluorescent, luminescent, etc.
• the probe can be immobilized on a support.
• a particular object of the invention resides in the use of a nucleic acid comprising all or part of a sequence derived from the gene or the messenger RNA of a histone deacetylase for the implementation of a diagnostic method , detection, screening or characterization of a situation of neuronal stress and more particularly the situation of excitotoxicity, in particular of a method of diagnosis, detection, screening or characterization of neurodegenerative pathologies having a component or a stage linked to the phenomenon of excitotoxicity or neuronal stress, in particular of a specific sequence, complementary to or derived from this sequence.
• the present application demonstrates the existence of a non-spliced form in certain tissues engaged in neurotoxicity processes, and the invention allows a detection or a relative assay of the spliced form and the non-spliced form. in the sample.
• the appearance, presence or increase of the non-spliced species is correlated with the development of the situation of excitotoxicity.
• the method of the invention therefore provides for an analysis of the presence of the spliced form and / or of the non-spliced form of the RNA coding for the histone deacetylase.
• This detection can be carried out for example using a nucleic probe specific for the sequence resulting from the junction between the non-deleted (ie, non-spliced) regions of the RNA.
• the evolution of the relationship between the spliced form and the non-spliced form can be followed, as an indicator of the progression of the pathology (or of the effectiveness of a treatment.
• the measurement, detection or assay can also be carried out by selective amplification of the nucleic acids of the sample with a nucleic primer (or a pair of primers) specific for the RNA considered.
• the primer (or one of the primers of the pair) is specific for the sequence resulting from the junction between the non-deleted (ie, non-spliced) regions of the RNA.
• the amplification can be carried out for example by PCR.
• the amplification product can be detected or assayed by any known technique.
• Another primer (or pair of primers) constitutes another object of the present application.
• the presence or amount of histone deacetylase is detected or measured in the sample.
• This detection can be carried out using a specific antibody, or any other specific ligand.
• Another subject of the invention relates to a (product comprising a) support on which one or more nucleic acids (including a vector, a probe, a primer, an oligonucleotide, an antisense), polypeptides (including an antibody) or cells as defined above are immobilized.
• the support can be solid, flat or not, regular or not, such as for example nylon, glass, plastic, etc., or any other compatible material.
• the polypeptides or nucleic acids are preferably immobilized at one end, under conditions which leave the molecule accessible for an interaction reaction with a specific ligand, such as an antibody or a probe.
• the polypeptides or nucleic acids can be precisely arranged on the support, and deposited in several copies.
• the invention can also be used for the characterization of tissue and the ischemic situation. This use is also based on the detection or the determination of a histone deacetylase or of an altered form in the tissue. Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will appear on reading the examples which follow, which should be considered as illustrative and not limiting.
• the differential qualitative analysis was carried out using poly adenylated RNA (poly A +) extracted from samples of animal brains corresponding to the different stages, without prior isolation of the neurons in order to take into account a maximum of alternative splices linked to the development of pathology.
• poly A + poly adenylated RNA
• Poly A + RNAs are prepared according to techniques known to those skilled in the art. It may in particular be a treatment using chaotropic agents such as guanidium thiocyanate followed by extraction of the total RNAs using solvents (phenol, chloroform for example). Such methods are well known to those skilled in the art (see Maniatis et al., Chomczynsli et al., Anal. Biochem. 162 (1987) 156), and can be readily practiced using commercially available kits. From these total RNAs, poly A + RNAs are prepared according to conventional methods known to those skilled in the art and offered by commercial kits. These poly A + RNAs serve as a template for reverse transcription reactions using reverse transcriptase.
• reverse transcriptases lacking RNase H activity are used which make it possible to obtain first strands of complementary DNA of sizes larger than those obtained with conventional reverse transcriptases. Such reverse transcriptase preparations without RNase H activity are commercially available.
• poly A + RNAs as well as single-stranded cDNAs are prepared from transgenic animals (T) and syngeneic control animals (C).
• hybridizations of mRNA are carried out with cDNAs (T) and reciprocal hybridizations of mRNA (T) with cDNAs (C).
• RNA sequences not paired with complementary DNA are released from these heteroduplexes under the action of RNase H, this enzyme degrading the paired RNA sequences.
• RNase H this enzyme degrading the paired RNA sequences.
• These unpaired sequences represent the qualitative differences which exist between RNAs which are otherwise homologous to one another. These qualitative differences can be localized anywhere on the RNA sequence, as well in 5 ′, 3 ′ or inside the sequence and in particular in the coding sequence. Depending on their location, these sequences can be not only modifications of splicing but also the consequences of translocations or deletions.
• the RNA sequences representing the qualitative differences are then cloned according to techniques known to those skilled in the art and in particular those described in the patent for the DATAS technique. These sequences are grouped within cDNA banks which constitute differential qualitative banks.
• One of these banks contains exons and introns specific to the healthy situation; the other banks contain the splicing events characteristic of the pathological conditions.
• the differential expression of the clones was verified by hybridization with probes obtained by reverse transcription from messenger RNA extracted from the different situations studied. The differential hybridization clones were retained for further analysis.
• the sequences identified by DATAS correspond to introns and / or exons expressed in a differential manner by splicing between the pathological situations and the healthy situation. These splicing events may be specific to a given stage in the development of the pathology or characteristic of the healthy state.
• the comparison of these sequences with databases makes it possible to classify the information obtained and to propose a reasoned selection of the sequences according to their diagnostic or therapeutic interest.
• results obtained show the existence of splicing events which affect the coding region of histone deacetylase 2 (mHDA2, Genbank reference: AF006603), more particularly a region covering nucleotides 2934 to 3243.
• This splicing preferably detected in Neuronal viability conditions (25 ⁇ M potassium) inactivates the enzyme and results in an increase in acetylation of histones and other agents of gene expression in viable neurons. Conversely, it is demonstrated that a decrease in the acetylation of the same nuclear actors is associated with neuronal death in the presence of 5 ⁇ M of potassium.
• granular neurons of the rat cerebellum are cultured according to techniques known to those skilled in the art.
• Excitotoxicity is induced on these cells by two types of treatment: the joint administration of 100 ⁇ M of NMDA (N-Methyl-D-apartic acid) and 10 ⁇ M of serine on the one hand, the administration of 50 ⁇ M of kainate d 'somewhere else.
• NMDA N-Methyl-D-apartic acid
• serine the administration of 50 ⁇ M of kainate d 'somewhere else.
• 30 to 40% of toxicity is observed and measured by MTT tests known to those skilled in the art.
• histone deacetylase inhibitors in particular trichostatin A.
• the present invention therefore documents the involvement of histone deacetylase 2 in the mechanisms of excitotoxicity, in particular in a ALS model, and also the ability of inhibitors of this enzyme to maintain neuronal viability during stress related to excitotoxicity.
• Other aspects and applications of the invention reside in:
• nucleic acid fragment including antisense RNA in order to inhibit the expression of histone deacetylase 2 in patients suffering from such pathologies

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