EP1424534A2 - Minenräumfahrzeug - Google Patents
Minenräumfahrzeug Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1424534A2 EP1424534A2 EP03020378A EP03020378A EP1424534A2 EP 1424534 A2 EP1424534 A2 EP 1424534A2 EP 03020378 A EP03020378 A EP 03020378A EP 03020378 A EP03020378 A EP 03020378A EP 1424534 A2 EP1424534 A2 EP 1424534A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mine
- protective cell
- clearing vehicle
- clearing
- vehicle according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H11/00—Defence installations; Defence devices
- F41H11/12—Means for clearing land minefields; Systems specially adapted for detection of landmines
- F41H11/16—Self-propelled mine-clearing vehicles; Mine-clearing devices attachable to vehicles
- F41H11/18—Self-propelled mine-clearing vehicles; Mine-clearing devices attachable to vehicles with ground-impacting means for activating mines by the use of mechanical impulses, e.g. flails or stamping elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H11/00—Defence installations; Defence devices
- F41H11/12—Means for clearing land minefields; Systems specially adapted for detection of landmines
- F41H11/16—Self-propelled mine-clearing vehicles; Mine-clearing devices attachable to vehicles
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H7/00—Armoured or armed vehicles
- F41H7/02—Land vehicles with enclosing armour, e.g. tanks
- F41H7/04—Armour construction
- F41H7/048—Vehicles having separate armoured compartments, e.g. modular armoured vehicles
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for mine clearance consisting of a carrier vehicle in the form of a caterpillar or tracked vehicle with attached Mine clearing attachments, such as, for example, arranged in a pivotable manner Push arms, for the horizontal reception of a rotating shaft with a number Mass pieces distributed over their length as a so-called flail or flail system or / and for example a pressure roller arranged behind it in the same way, which is on the fly with the vehicle.
- a carrier vehicle in the form of a caterpillar or tracked vehicle with attached Mine clearing attachments, such as, for example, arranged in a pivotable manner Push arms, for the horizontal reception of a rotating shaft with a number Mass pieces distributed over their length as a so-called flail or flail system or / and for example a pressure roller arranged behind it in the same way, which is on the fly with the vehicle.
- Mines are a threat to the population worldwide. They cause damage body and life. The indiscriminate laying of the mines, also by vegetation are overgrown in the meantime, is a particular danger.
- DE 198 13 541 C1 proposes a mine clearing device that has a has conventional driver's cab for vehicle operation and as Broaching device for a milling drum at least one further drivable roller above or behind it at a distance, with those placed on both rollers Comb machining tools together and form a machining gap for crushing the extracted soil including contained mines.
- Mine clearers are described in WO 0116549 A1 and WO 9858224 A1, which the driving and control station at the rear of the vehicle and the mine clearance device have at the front of the bow.
- a land mine clearing vehicle is further disclosed in EP 0 618 423 B1, wherein it is a specially designed bulldozer.
- a mine clearing device is known based on a modified armored vehicle built and on the front and A milling drum is attached to the rear, being in the area of the armored turret a driver's cab is located on shock absorbing damping elements is stored.
- the Bundesschsch's Keiler mine clearing tank is also known, one using armor protected 2-man crew and has a rotating flail system has mounted the vehicle on push arms with which the floor in front of the vehicle combed, freed of mines and a mine-free alley is made, see Defense technology No. 8/1996 or company name Rheinmetall Landsysteme GmbH, Kiel.
- a mine protection device that has a special layer structure that there consists of a first hard foam layer, a single or multi-layer Structural element plate, another hard foam layer and a pressure-resistant, rigid plate, describes DE 197 34 950 C2.
- remotely controlled clearing vehicles which pose a risk to to completely exclude an operator traveling on the vehicle, for example described in DE 42 42 541 C2.
- a mine detection system is known from generic EP 0 945 700 A2, at which cameras are used, the information about the exposed mine in Deliver form of images.
- the vehicle itself is preferably remotely controlled and monitored remotely.
- the present mine clearance devices are thus either directly or remotely controlled, which affects their use.
- the invention has for its object a mine clearing device of the generic type to demonstrate that remote and manned steerable is possible.
- the invention is based on the idea of an armored protective cell as an operator station to be installed on the vehicle at a suitable location, so that a possible Operator who is needed if necessary, for example on difficult terrain, a protected cabin is provided.
- both operating modes can also be carried out alternately for a short time and the operator can also use the camera sight to share.
- the protective cell be placed very far in front of the vehicle, thus the direct or visual view forward for the operator by means of, for example Angle mirroring is good enough to observe what is in front of the vehicle Terrains and the clearing device at the front of the vehicle.
- the protective cell should preferably additionally in an existing armored camera cabin for the unmanned function, by means of the ongoing images of the scene to a distant one Operator station can be transferred, installed.
- the protective cell is one homogeneous unit and in the existing chassis housing using shockmounts hooked in and has no connection down to the chassis. She is off Armored steel manufactured to withstand the protection requirements against splinter infestation and it is accessible from above through a hatch. There is one on the side Emergency exit.
- FIG. 1 shows a clearing vehicle 1 with a clearing device mounted on the front 6, on which in the front vehicle area a protective cell 3 in an armored Camera cabin 2 is mounted.
- the protective cell 3 is by means of a roof hatch 4 and an emergency access door 5 accessible.
- the clearing device 6 here preferably consists of two arranged parallel to one another Push arms 6.1, which at one end about a transverse to the longitudinal axis of the Carrier vehicle 1 extending transverse axis on the carrier vehicle 1 pivotally arranged are and carry a rotatable clearing roller 6.2, which between the free ends of the push arms 6.1 is attached in front of the carrier vehicle 1, and the also a drivable shaft 6.3 transverse to the direction of travel with a flail system 6.4 to mine clearance, which when moving the clearing vehicle penetrates through the soil material to be cleared as a so-called flail or flail system.
- FIG. 2 shows an operator 7 on an operator seat 9 in an enlarged manner Shockmounts 10 attached protective cell 3.
- the view is forward by means of a Angular mirror 8 usable.
- the roof hatch 4 also allows a clear view from the Cell 3 out if necessary, for example when moving a vehicle outside of a Minefield.
- the side access door 5 allows redundant access to the Protection cell.
- the protective cell 3 can also be used as a homogeneous unit only by means of shock mounts 10 be firmly attached to the vehicle housing or chassis. Furthermore the protective cell 3 is preferably made of shatterproof armor steel or composite material manufactured and ergonomically shaped, being next to the operator seat 9 is equipped with air conditioning.
- the electronic display devices the camera cabin 2 can also be used by the operator 7 in the protective cell 3 so that the television camera view of the camera cabin 2 is additionally available to the user 7 is usable.
- the clearing vehicle 1 receives an armored protective cell 3 for protected reception an operator 7 in addition to the already existing armored camera cabin 2.
- An easily exchangeable protective cell 3 can be used without much preparation if necessary and effort with appropriate precautions on the clearing vehicle 1 in the Clearing vehicle 1 can be integrated.
- the protective cell 3, which for the optimal Protection of an operator 7 is provided in alternative manned operation of the vehicle 1 is next to and separate from the camera cabin 2 for unmanned operation of the clearing vehicle 1, if necessary.
- the protective cell 3 is with all for Operation of the vehicle 1 necessary aids, but here only Viewing means 8, such as angle mirrors, and the television camera are indicated.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
- Component Parts Of Construction Machinery (AREA)
- Closed-Circuit Television Systems (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- Figur 1:
- Ansicht eines Minenräumfahrzeugs mit Schutzzelle,
- Figur 2:
- eine vergrößerte Detailansicht der Schutzzelle aus Fig. 1.
Claims (12)
- Minenräumfahrzeug (1), mit einer Minenräumeinrichtung (6), aufweisend eine Kamerakabine (2) und ein mit geeignetem Werkstoff als Panzerung ausgeführtes Gehäuse als Schutzzelle (3) für einen Bediener auf dem Minenräumfahrzeug (1), wobei die Schutzzelle (3) im vorderen Bereich des Räumfahrzeugs (1 ) in der vor Kamerakabine (2) integriert oder separat neben oder hinter dieser am Räumfahrzeug (1) auswechselbar einbaubar ist.
- Minenräumfahrzeug nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß eine Fernbedieneinrichtung zur Fernsteuerung des Räumfahrzeugs (1) vorgesehen ist.
- Minenräumfahrzeug nach einem der oben genannten Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schutzzelle (3) mit Winkelspiegel (8) und anderen gepanzerten Sichtmitteln für geschützte Bedienersicht aus dem Inneren der Schutzzelle (3) nach außen vor das Räumfahrzeug (1) ausgestattet ist.
- Minenräumfahrzeug nach einem der oben genannten Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schutzzelle (3) für eine Besatzung von ein oder mehreren Personen eingerichtet ist.
- Minenräumfahrzeug nach einem der oben genannten Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schutzzelle (3) mittels Schockmounts (10) befestigt ist, welche vorzugsweise oben an der Schutzzelle (3) befestigt sind und diese damit am Fahrzeuggehäuse aufgehängt ist.
- Minenräumfahrzeug nach einem der oben genannten Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schutzzelle (3) mittels Dachluke (4) und mittels Seitentür (5) begehbar ist.
- Minenräumfahrzeug nach einem der oben genannten Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Luke (4) für die Fahrt über Luke und mit Direktsicht des Bedieners aus der Schutzzelle (3) auch aufgeklappt offen verriegelbar ist.
- Minenräumfahrzeug nach einem der oben genannten Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schutzzelle (3) als homogene Einheit nur mittels Schockmounts (10) mit dem Fahrzeuggehäuse oder Fahrgestell kraftschlüssig befestigt ist.
- Minenräumfahrzeug nach einem der oben genannten Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schutzzelle (3) aus splittersicherem Panzerstahl oder Verbundmaterial hergestellt ist.
- Minenräumfahrzeug nach einem der vorgenannten Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schutzzelle (3) ergonomisch ausgeformt und mit einer Bedienersitzeinrichtung und einer Klimatisierung ausgestattet ist.
- Minenräumfahrzeug nach einem der vorgenannten Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schutzzelle (3) mit elektronischen Sichtgeräten ausgestattet ist, so daß die Fernsehkamerasicht der Kamerakabine (2) zusätzlich auch in der Schutzzelle vom Bediener (7) genutzt werden kann.
- Minenräumfahrzeug nach einem der vorgenannten Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Minenräumeinrichtung (6) zwei parallel zueinander angeordneten Schubarme (6.1) aufweist, die an einem Ende um eine quer zur Längsachse des Trägerfahrzeugs (1) verlaufende Querachse am Trägerfahrzeug (1) verschwenkbar angeordnet sind und die eine drehbare Räumwalze (6.2) tragen, welche zwischen den freien Enden der Schubarme (6.1) vor dem Trägerfahrzeug (1) angebracht ist, und die weiterhin eine antreibbare Welle (6.3) quer zur Fahrtrichtung mit einem Flailsystem (6.4) zu Minenräumung besitzen können, welches bei Vorwärtsfahrt des Räumfahrzeugs durch das zu räumende Bodenmaterial dringt als sogenanntes Flail- oder Dreschflegelsystem.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10255254 | 2002-11-27 | ||
| DE2002155254 DE10255254A1 (de) | 2002-11-27 | 2002-11-27 | Minenräumfahrzeug |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1424534A2 true EP1424534A2 (de) | 2004-06-02 |
| EP1424534A3 EP1424534A3 (de) | 2004-11-03 |
Family
ID=32240459
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP03020378A Withdrawn EP1424534A3 (de) | 2002-11-27 | 2003-09-10 | Minenräumfahrzeug |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1424534A3 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE10255254A1 (de) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009030383A1 (de) * | 2007-08-31 | 2009-03-12 | Rheinmetall Landsysteme Gmbh | Modularer, adaptierbarer ballistischer schutzaufbau insbesondere für einen waffenturm |
| EP2354754A2 (de) | 2010-02-09 | 2011-08-10 | Rheinmetall Landsysteme GmbH | Kampfpanzer mit einer Besatzung im Turm |
| CN109974528A (zh) * | 2018-11-02 | 2019-07-05 | 北京理工大学 | 一种履带式遥控扫雷系统 |
| WO2025203132A1 (en) * | 2024-03-26 | 2025-10-02 | Waage Bjarki V | Vehicle body comprising an inner body unit suspended within an outer body unit |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102013101630A1 (de) | 2013-02-19 | 2014-08-21 | Krauss-Maffei Wegmann Gmbh & Co. Kg | Militärisches Fahrzeug mit einer Führungseinheit |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4242541C2 (de) | 1992-12-16 | 1996-03-28 | Tzn Forschung & Entwicklung | Vorrichtung zum Orten von unterhalb der Erdoberfläche befindlicher Munition |
| EP0618423B1 (de) | 1993-03-26 | 1997-01-15 | Walter Krohn | Landminen-Raumfahrzeug |
| WO1998058224A1 (en) | 1997-06-16 | 1998-12-23 | Bofors Weapon Systems Ab | Demining method and dedicated demining vehicle |
| DE19633186C2 (de) | 1996-08-17 | 1999-04-29 | Flensburger Fahrzeugbau Gmbh | Minenräum-System |
| DE19734950C2 (de) | 1997-08-13 | 1999-05-27 | Gerd Dr Ing Kellner | Minenschutzvorrichtung |
| EP0945700A2 (de) | 1998-03-27 | 1999-09-29 | MaK System Gesellschaft mbH | Vorrichtung zum Minensuchen und zur Identifizierung von Minen |
| DE19813541C1 (de) | 1998-03-27 | 1999-10-07 | Mak System Gmbh | Vorrichtung zum Minenräumen |
| WO2001016549A1 (en) | 1999-09-01 | 2001-03-08 | Norwegian Demining Consortium As | Device; especially for clearing of land mines |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR917695A (fr) * | 1945-07-20 | 1947-01-17 | Perfectionnements aux engins pour la neutralisation des champs de mines terrestres | |
| US3498177A (en) * | 1967-10-03 | 1970-03-03 | Alberto Moro | Mine clearing machine |
| DE8906649U1 (de) * | 1989-05-31 | 1989-08-24 | Ahlmann Maschinenbau GmbH, 2370 Rendsburg | Motorisch angetriebenes Fahrzeug zum Räumen von auf einem Untergrund verstreuten explosiven Gegenständen, wie Sprengkörpern, Bomben, Minen od.dgl. |
| DE4423623C2 (de) * | 1994-07-06 | 1997-12-04 | Foerster Inst Dr Friedrich | Verfahren und System zur Altlastendetektion |
| DE19502455C2 (de) * | 1995-01-27 | 1996-12-05 | Lobbe Xenex Gmbh | Vorrichtung zum Aufspüren von im Erdreich befindlichen Gegenständen, insbesondere explosiver Gegenstände |
| GB2321880B (en) * | 1998-01-08 | 1999-02-24 | Robert George Howes | Anti-personnel mines-clearance-detonation vehicle |
| FR2786263B1 (fr) * | 1998-11-25 | 2001-01-12 | Dassault Electronique | Procede et installation de deplacement precis d'un vehicule sur un terrain, en particulier un vehicule de deminage |
-
2002
- 2002-11-27 DE DE2002155254 patent/DE10255254A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2003
- 2003-09-10 EP EP03020378A patent/EP1424534A3/de not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4242541C2 (de) | 1992-12-16 | 1996-03-28 | Tzn Forschung & Entwicklung | Vorrichtung zum Orten von unterhalb der Erdoberfläche befindlicher Munition |
| EP0618423B1 (de) | 1993-03-26 | 1997-01-15 | Walter Krohn | Landminen-Raumfahrzeug |
| DE19633186C2 (de) | 1996-08-17 | 1999-04-29 | Flensburger Fahrzeugbau Gmbh | Minenräum-System |
| WO1998058224A1 (en) | 1997-06-16 | 1998-12-23 | Bofors Weapon Systems Ab | Demining method and dedicated demining vehicle |
| DE19734950C2 (de) | 1997-08-13 | 1999-05-27 | Gerd Dr Ing Kellner | Minenschutzvorrichtung |
| EP0945700A2 (de) | 1998-03-27 | 1999-09-29 | MaK System Gesellschaft mbH | Vorrichtung zum Minensuchen und zur Identifizierung von Minen |
| DE19813541C1 (de) | 1998-03-27 | 1999-10-07 | Mak System Gmbh | Vorrichtung zum Minenräumen |
| WO2001016549A1 (en) | 1999-09-01 | 2001-03-08 | Norwegian Demining Consortium As | Device; especially for clearing of land mines |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009030383A1 (de) * | 2007-08-31 | 2009-03-12 | Rheinmetall Landsysteme Gmbh | Modularer, adaptierbarer ballistischer schutzaufbau insbesondere für einen waffenturm |
| US8297170B2 (en) | 2007-08-31 | 2012-10-30 | Rheinmetall Landsysteme Gmbh | Modular, adaptable ballistic protective construction in particular for a weapons turret |
| EP2354754A2 (de) | 2010-02-09 | 2011-08-10 | Rheinmetall Landsysteme GmbH | Kampfpanzer mit einer Besatzung im Turm |
| DE102010007432A1 (de) | 2010-02-09 | 2011-08-11 | Rheinmetall Landsysteme GmbH, 24107 | Kampfpanzer mit einer Besatzung im Turm |
| CN109974528A (zh) * | 2018-11-02 | 2019-07-05 | 北京理工大学 | 一种履带式遥控扫雷系统 |
| WO2025203132A1 (en) * | 2024-03-26 | 2025-10-02 | Waage Bjarki V | Vehicle body comprising an inner body unit suspended within an outer body unit |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE10255254A1 (de) | 2004-06-17 |
| EP1424534A3 (de) | 2004-11-03 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP1564519B1 (de) | Minenschutz-Fahrzeugsystem | |
| EP1061323B2 (de) | Gepanzertes Transportkraftfahrzeug | |
| EP2044383B1 (de) | Gepanzertes unterstützungsfahrzeug | |
| EP2959258B1 (de) | Militärisches fahrzeug mit einer führungseinheit | |
| EP0922193B1 (de) | Minenräum-system | |
| EP2411262A1 (de) | Knickgelenktes fahrzeug, insbesondere gepanzertes fahrzeug | |
| EP1424534A2 (de) | Minenräumfahrzeug | |
| EP1319918B1 (de) | ABC-Aufklärungsfahrzeug | |
| DE2121089A1 (de) | Gerät zum Räumen von Landminen | |
| DE20221019U1 (de) | Minenräumfahrzeug | |
| EP2044382B1 (de) | Schutzeinrichtung für militärisches unterstützungsfahrzeug | |
| DE102010007432A1 (de) | Kampfpanzer mit einer Besatzung im Turm | |
| EP0378157B1 (de) | Kampffahrzeug mit Kampfplattformen und Hubanlage | |
| EP3803253B1 (de) | Zusatzsystemanordnung für ein fahrzeug | |
| DE10238092B4 (de) | Minenräumfahrzeug | |
| DE102013101625B4 (de) | Gepanzertes Fahrzeug mit einer Dachhaube | |
| DE1954797A1 (de) | Panzerfahrzeug | |
| EP0615109A1 (de) | Gepanzertes Kampffahrzeug mit bewegbar angeordnetem Schutzdach | |
| DE3134012A1 (de) | Aufklaerungsgeraet fuer panzerfahrzeuge | |
| DE4107741A1 (de) | Fahrzeug fuer den katastrophenschutz | |
| EP2877807B1 (de) | Schutzausstattung, fahrzeug sowie verfahren zum schutz eines objekts | |
| DE10133147B4 (de) | Gepanzertes Transportfahrzeug | |
| EP4073457B1 (de) | Bewegliche schutzvorrichtung für militärische fahrzeuge mit abstandsaktivem schutzsystem | |
| DE102012113017A1 (de) | Minenräumvorrichtung | |
| WO2026057642A1 (de) | Fahrerhaus und nutzfahrzeug |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR |
|
| AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
Extension state: AL LT LV MK |
|
| PUAL | Search report despatched |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009013 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A3 Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR |
|
| AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
Extension state: AL LT LV MK |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20041012 |
|
| AKX | Designation fees paid |
Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR |
|
| RAP1 | Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred) |
Owner name: RHEINMETALL LANDSYSTEME GMBH |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN |
|
| 18D | Application deemed to be withdrawn |
Effective date: 20060208 |