EP1214154A2 - Procede et dispositif de fabrication d'une couche protectrice amovible pour des surfaces, en particulier des surfaces vernies de vehicules motorises - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif de fabrication d'une couche protectrice amovible pour des surfaces, en particulier des surfaces vernies de vehicules motorises

Info

Publication number
EP1214154A2
EP1214154A2 EP00951295A EP00951295A EP1214154A2 EP 1214154 A2 EP1214154 A2 EP 1214154A2 EP 00951295 A EP00951295 A EP 00951295A EP 00951295 A EP00951295 A EP 00951295A EP 1214154 A2 EP1214154 A2 EP 1214154A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
coating material
nozzle
spray
application nozzle
protective layer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP00951295A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1214154B1 (fr
Inventor
Konrad Zimmermann
Klaus Peter Reinke
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nordson Corp
Original Assignee
Nordson Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nordson Corp filed Critical Nordson Corp
Publication of EP1214154A2 publication Critical patent/EP1214154A2/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1214154B1 publication Critical patent/EP1214154B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B9/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent material, without essentially mixing with gas or vapour
    • B05B9/03—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent material, without essentially mixing with gas or vapour characterised by means for supplying liquid or other fluent material
    • B05B9/04—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent material, without essentially mixing with gas or vapour characterised by means for supplying liquid or other fluent material with pressurised or compressible container; with pump
    • B05B9/0403—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent material, without essentially mixing with gas or vapour characterised by means for supplying liquid or other fluent material with pressurised or compressible container; with pump with pumps for liquids or other fluent material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B12/00—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area
    • B05B12/08—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area responsive to condition of liquid or other fluent material to be discharged, of ambient medium or of target ; responsive to condition of spray devices or of supply means, e.g. pipes, pumps or their drive means
    • B05B12/082—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area responsive to condition of liquid or other fluent material to be discharged, of ambient medium or of target ; responsive to condition of spray devices or of supply means, e.g. pipes, pumps or their drive means responsive to a condition of the discharged jet or spray, e.g. to jet shape, spray pattern or droplet size
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B9/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent material, without essentially mixing with gas or vapour
    • B05B9/03—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent material, without essentially mixing with gas or vapour characterised by means for supplying liquid or other fluent material
    • B05B9/04—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent material, without essentially mixing with gas or vapour characterised by means for supplying liquid or other fluent material with pressurised or compressible container; with pump
    • B05B9/0403—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent material, without essentially mixing with gas or vapour characterised by means for supplying liquid or other fluent material with pressurised or compressible container; with pump with pumps for liquids or other fluent material
    • B05B9/0423—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent material, without essentially mixing with gas or vapour characterised by means for supplying liquid or other fluent material with pressurised or compressible container; with pump with pumps for liquids or other fluent material for supplying liquid or other fluent material to several spraying apparatus
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D1/32—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials using means for protecting parts of a surface not to be coated, e.g. using stencils, resists
    • B05D1/322—Removable films used as masks
    • B05D1/325—Masking layer made of peelable film
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B12/00—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area
    • B05B12/004—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area comprising sensors for monitoring the delivery, e.g. by displaying the sensed value or generating an alarm
    • B05B12/006—Pressure or flow rate sensors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B12/00—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area
    • B05B12/02—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area for controlling time, or sequence, of delivery
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B15/00—Details of spraying plant or spraying apparatus not otherwise provided for; Accessories
    • B05B15/50—Arrangements for cleaning; Arrangements for preventing deposits, drying-out or blockage; Arrangements for detecting improper discharge caused by the presence of foreign matter
    • B05B15/52—Arrangements for cleaning; Arrangements for preventing deposits, drying-out or blockage; Arrangements for detecting improper discharge caused by the presence of foreign matter for removal of clogging particles

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for producing a removable protective layer for surfaces, in particular for painted surfaces of motor vehicle bodies, in which a liquid, hardenable coating material is sprayed onto the surface to be protected from a spray nozzle and forms a flat, hardening protective layer there.
  • the invention further relates to a device for producing a removable protective layer for surfaces, in particular for painted surfaces of motor vehicle bodies, with a spray nozzle which can be supplied with a liquid coating material from a coating material source for spraying a liquid, curable coating material onto the surface to be protected, the spray nozzle and the surface are movable relative to each other.
  • Such a method and such a device serve primarily to produce a removable protective layer for painted surfaces of motor vehicles, in order to provide this in particular during transport from the motor vehicle manufacturer to delivery to the customer Protect environmental influences such as dirt and intense sunlight.
  • the protective layer is accordingly produced by the manufacturer by applying a liquid to the painted surface of a motor vehicle and then curing or solidifying the liquid.
  • the liquid can be an aqueous dispersion, the water components of which evaporate during curing, so that a kind of peelable film is formed on the surface.
  • the film produced in this way can then be removed manually before delivery to the buyer of the motor vehicle.
  • a major disadvantage of the known method is that by spraying the liquid coating material in the edge area of the sprayed coating material, no sharp contour can be generated, but individual particles or droplets are formed in the edge area, which are isolated and detached from a coherent protective layer (overspray).
  • This formation of the protective layer in the form of individual particles there does not provide sufficient protection for the lacquer after curing and moreover leads to the fact that the hardened protective layer in the edge region can hardly be picked up manually in order to remove it.
  • the individual particles have to be removed manually or in another manner in a labor-intensive manner.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a method and a device of the type mentioned at the outset with which a sharply contoured protective layer, in particular for motor vehicle bodies, can be produced in a simple manner.
  • the invention achieves this object in a method of the type mentioned at the outset in that in the edge region of the coating material sprayed onto the surface, a coating material emerging essentially as a continuous strand or strip of material from an application nozzle is applied to the surface to be coated.
  • the invention also achieves the object in a device of the type mentioned at the outset by at least one application nozzle for applying a coating material essentially as a continuous strand or strip of material to the surface to be coated.
  • the method according to the invention and the device according to the invention enable the production of a protective layer for surfaces which has a sharp-edged side edge and thus a defined size.
  • the fact that a continuous or largely continuous material strand or material strip is applied in the edge region of the sprayed-on coating material creates a clean, contour-sharp edge without individual particles or droplets (overspray) hardening on the surface.
  • the sharply contoured, overspray-free edge can simply be gripped and lifted manually after curing and the protective layer produced can be removed in a simple manner.
  • a larger area is coated by spraying on the coating material, while at the same time or after spraying in the area of the outer edge of the sprayed-on coating, in which individual sprayed-on liquid particles can be arranged individually, using an application nozzle which produces a substantially continuous strand or strip of material sharp-edged and overspray-free order is produced.
  • the protective layer sprayed on by means of the spray nozzle and the protective layer applied by means of the application nozzle consist of the same coating material and combine to form a single protective layer on the surface before curing.
  • the viscosity of the coating material which is essentially dependent on the temperature, is selected so that the coating material sprayed on with the spray nozzle and the coating material applied with the application nozzle flow together and form a single layer.
  • the particles sprayed on in the edge region combine completely with the coating material applied as an essentially continuous strand or strip of material.
  • the protective layer sprayed on by means of the spray nozzle and the protective layer applied by means of the application nozzle have such a thickness that a completely closed, essentially water-, gas- and dust-impermeable and manually removable protective layer is formed in the hardened state is.
  • a protective layer is liquid-repellent, but usually does not dissolve through contact with water and ensures reliable transport protection.
  • a particularly preferred alternative embodiment of the method according to the invention is characterized in that the coating material is a flat material strip which widens with increasing distance from the application nozzle emerges from the application nozzle.
  • a flat strip of material can be deposited on the surface in a defined manner in the edge region of the coating that was sprayed on previously or simultaneously.
  • the protective layer can be picked up and removed manually without the protective layer tearing.
  • a slot nozzle or a specially designed nozzle with an essentially rectangular outlet opening could be used.
  • a plurality of strands or strips of material from a plurality of application nozzles are applied in the edge region of the coating material sprayed onto the surface. In this way, a relatively wide overspray area can be covered with coating material.
  • the coating material is sprayed overlapping with several adjacent spray nozzles.
  • the area of overlap can be varied; it depends on the pressure of the coating material in the feed line or the distance between the spray nozzles.
  • a further development of the method is characterized in that the spray nozzle and the application nozzle are fed from a common coating material source, but by two at least partially separate coating material flows. Due to the two separate coating material flows, a different pressure can be set in the respective feed lines. The pressure of the coating material in the feed lines to the spray nozzle will usually be significantly higher than the pressure in the coating material feed line to the application nozzle.
  • the coating material can be fed alternately to the spray nozzle or the application nozzle; regularly - according to a preferred embodiment described in more detail below - the material is first sprayed over a large area and then a sharp-edged edge is produced in the edge region with the application nozzle.
  • the pressure in the separate coating material streams to the application nozzle or the spray nozzle can be set or adjusted.
  • the quantity or volume flows of the separate coating material flows to the application nozzle or the spray nozzle are preferably adjustable or adjustable, so that exactly Predeterminable amounts of coating material can be applied to a certain area and thus the thickness of the protective layer can be predefined.
  • the flowability or viscosity of the coating material and thus the spraying or application behavior and thus certain properties of the protective layer can be influenced in a targeted manner.
  • the method according to the invention is particularly environmentally friendly if the coating material is based on water and the water evaporates during curing.
  • the coating material emerging from the spray nozzle or application nozzle is subjected to a spray jet monitoring in which the emerging coating material is introduced into the beam path of a light bundle, the interruption of the light bundle is detected by an optical sensor and by an Control device is analyzed.
  • the spray jet emerging from the spray nozzle and / or the material strand or strip emerging from the application nozzle is analyzed in order to determine whether, for example, the width of a spray fan or an increasing distance from the outlet opening of the application nozzle expanding material strand or strip has the desired shape.
  • a parameter such as the temperature of the coating material or the pressure of the coating material in a supply line to the spray nozzle or application nozzle can be varied or the nozzle can be cleaned until the desired spray pattern is produced.
  • a procedure is particularly advantageous in which the coating material is sprayed on first and then the strand or strip of material is applied to the edge region of the sprayed coating material.
  • a single robot arm can initially be sprayed on over a large area and then a sharp edge contour can be generated by moving the edge area with the application nozzle.
  • a plurality of webs of coating material running essentially parallel to one another are expediently sprayed on with one or more spray nozzles.
  • the spray nozzle and application nozzle by means of a robot arm along pre-programmable movement tracks are moved relative to the surface to be coated.
  • the device according to the invention is advantageously further developed in that the spray nozzle and application nozzle are attached to a common frame and can be moved relative to the surface to be protected by means of a robot arm.
  • a further development provides that several application nozzles and spray nozzles are each arranged adjacent to one another on the frame and can be fixed at different distances from one another.
  • the spray nozzle and application nozzle are fed with coating material independently of one another through two separate coating material lines.
  • a substantially higher pressure can be expedient for the spray nozzle than for the application nozzle from which a continuous strand of material emerges.
  • a pressure regulator is arranged in each of the coating material lines, by means of which the pressure of the coating material in the coating material lines can be set.
  • An optical system for spray jet monitoring is preferably implemented by a light source for generating a light beam and by an optical sensor for detecting incident light and providing an electrical signal as a function of the intensity of the light occurring and by a control device coupled to the optical sensor for evaluating the optical signals generated by the sensor for monitoring the coating material flows emitted by the application nozzle or spray nozzle.
  • the material properties of the coating material can be influenced favorably by a temperature control device for temperature control.
  • a device or system for producing a removable protective layer for painted surfaces of motor vehicles or their bodies is shown in a schematic representation.
  • the embodiment of a device according to the invention essentially comprises two spray nozzles 2, 4, an application nozzle 6, a line system to be explained in more detail for supplying the spray or application nozzle 2, 4, 6 with coating material and a pump 8 connected to a coating material source (not shown) to promote the coating material.
  • the pump 8 is connected on the output side to a line 1 0, to which a pressure transducer 1 2 is connected to receive the pressure of the coating material in line 10.
  • Line 10 merges in the flow direction of the coating material into two sub-lines, in each of which a filter 1 8 and valves are connected, so that the coating material, depending on the position of the valves, is conveyed either by filter 1 8 in sub-line 1 6 or filter 1 8 sub-line 14 becomes.
  • a further pressure transducer 22 is connected in the line 20 adjoining the partial lines 1 4, 1 6. From the difference between the recorded pressure values of the pressure sensor 22 and 1 2, a conclusion can be drawn about the state of the respective filter 1 8.
  • Line 20 contains a flexible hose 24, which may be heated.
  • a volume flow measuring cell 28 is arranged within a cabinet 26 in the further course of the line 20.
  • a signal provided by the volume flow measuring cell 28 is transmitted via a signal line (shown in dashed lines) to a central control box 30 in the cabinet 26.
  • the switch box 30 is connected by means of a plurality of lines 32, also shown schematically and in dashed lines, to a control device 34 which is equipped with a display panel and a plurality of buttons and switches for inputting commands and, if appropriate, is coupled to a central control device of a production system.
  • the line 20 merges into two separate coating material lines 38, 40.
  • a membrane pressure regulator 42 or 44 and a pressure sensor 46, 48 are connected, so that different pressure values in the further The course of the coating material line 38 or 40 can be adjusted and measured by measurement.
  • the pressure regulators 42, 44 and pressure transducers 46, 48 are coupled to the switch box 30 via signal lines, also shown in broken lines.
  • the coating material line 40 leads to the application nozzle 6 by means of a flexible and thermally insulated hose 50.
  • the coating material line 38 leads to the two spray nozzles 2, 4 by means of a hose 52, which are connected simultaneously or optionally separately via a corresponding circuit Coating material can be supplied.
  • the spray nozzles 2, 4 and the application nozzle 6 are each assigned an individually pneumatically actuated application valve, the valve needle of which can be moved relative to a valve seat by means of a pneumatically reciprocating piston with compressed air in order to be able to interrupt or release the coating material supply to the outlet openings ,
  • the order valves can be controlled by means of compressed air lines 52 with electromagnetically actuated solenoid valves, which in turn can be controlled by means of the control box 30 and the lines 32 with the control device 34.
  • the solenoid valves are connected to a compressed air source 53.
  • the spray nozzles 2, 4 and the application nozzle 6 are fastened to a common frame 56. They can be fastened to the frame 56 at different distances from one another. For this purpose, the spray or application nozzle 2, 4, 6 can be moved along a rail and fixed to it with the aid of clamping screws.
  • the frame 56 is in turn attached to a robot arm (not shown) that executes programmable movement paths, so that the spray nozzles 2, 4 or the application nozzle 6 can be moved along predeterminable movement paths relative to a surface to be coated, in the exemplary embodiment a motor vehicle. In a manner not shown, further spray nozzles and application nozzles can be attached to the frame 56 if the specific application requires this.
  • Each spray jet monitoring device 58 has a light source for generating a light beam, preferably a laser, and an optical sensor spaced apart from the light source for detecting incident light and providing an electrical signal as a function of the intensity of the light occurring.
  • the respective spray pattern can, for. B. with regard to a desired, predetermined width at a certain distance from the outlet opening of the respective spray nozzle 2, 4 or application nozzle 6 are examined.
  • the one or more optical Electrical signals provided to sensors, which represent a measure of the intensity of the incident light, are transmitted to an electrical or electronic control device for evaluating the signals and processed there in order to obtain information on the respective spray pattern.
  • An air motor 60 that can be driven with compressed air drives a rotatable brush 62, with which the outlet openings of the spray nozzles 2, 4 or the application nozzle 6 can be cleaned, in that the latter are moved to the brush 62 with the aid of the robot arm.
  • the air motor 60 can be controlled by means of a signal line 64.
  • the liquid coating material which can be an aqueous dispersion or the like, is conveyed through the line 10 with the aid of the pump 8. It flows through one of the filters 18 into the line 20 and through the volume flow measuring cell 28.
  • coating material is first conveyed through the coating material line 38 and the hose 52 to the spray nozzles 2, 4 under a pressure of approximately up to 30 bar.
  • the spray nozzles 2, 4 the material is applied flatly to a vehicle body in that the spray nozzles 2, 4 are moved together with the frame 56 by a robot arm along predetermined movement paths, so that a uniform spray application of the coating material is applied to the surface.
  • the spray nozzles 2, 4 can be moved back and forth along essentially straight trajectories.
  • the order valves of spray valves 2, 4 are closed.
  • the application valve 6 is moved into the edge region of the previously produced spray application and the application valve of the application nozzle 6 is brought into the opening position, so that coating material through the coating material line 40 and the hose 50 through the application nozzle 6 in the form of a substantially continuous strand or strip of material from the Application nozzle 6 emerging jet is applied to the surface.
  • the application nozzle 6 is moved along the edge region of the sprayed coating material, so that a completely closed protective layer is formed which is applied from the sprayed coating material and then as a continuous strand or strip of material Coating material exists.
  • the coating materials sprayed on by the spray nozzles 2, 4 and applied by the application nozzle 6 combine to form a single protective layer. This then hardens. It can then be manually removed from the surface at a later time.
  • the sprayed on and applied by means of the application nozzle 6 protective layer has such a thickness that it forms a completely closed removable protective layer in the hardened state.
  • the coating material strand or strip emerging from the application nozzle 6 can be generated, for example, by a slot nozzle; other nozzle shapes can also be used. According to a variant of the method, coating material emerges from the application nozzle as a flat material strip that spreads with increasing distance from the application nozzle.
  • the pressure in the coating material lines 38, 14 can be adjusted with the aid of the pressure regulators 42, 44.
  • the respective spray pattern of the spray nozzles 2, 4 or application nozzle 6 can be examined with the aid of the spray jet monitoring device 58, as described above.

Landscapes

  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
  • Spray Control Apparatus (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Motors, Generators (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de fabrication d'une couche protectrice amovible pour des surfaces, en particulier des surfaces vernies de véhicules motorisés, selon lequel un matériau de revêtement durcissable liquide est pulvérisé sur la surface à protéger au moyen d'une buse de pulvérisation (2, 4), et ce matériau forme une couche protectrice durcie sur cette surface. Selon l'invention, un jet quasi continu de matériau de revêtement issu d'une buse d'application (6) est ensuite appliqué sur la surface à traiter, au niveau des bords du matériau de revêtement pulvérisé sur la surface. L'invention concerne également un dispositif destiné à la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé, et est caractérisée en ce qu'elle comporte au moins une buse d'application (6) destinée à appliquer un matériau de revêtement sous forme de jet quasi continu sur la surface à traiter.
EP00951295A 1999-08-10 2000-06-24 Procede et dispositif de fabrication d'une couche protectrice amovible pour des surfaces, en particulier des surfaces vernies de vehicules motorises Expired - Lifetime EP1214154B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19936790A DE19936790A1 (de) 1999-08-10 1999-08-10 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen einer abziehbaren Schutzschicht für Oberflächen, insbesondere für lackierte Oberflächen von Kraftfahrzeugkarosserien
DE19936790 1999-08-10
PCT/EP2000/005843 WO2001010570A2 (fr) 1999-08-10 2000-06-24 Procede et dispositif de fabrication d'une couche protectrice amovible pour des surfaces, en particulier des surfaces vernies de vehicules motorises

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1214154A2 true EP1214154A2 (fr) 2002-06-19
EP1214154B1 EP1214154B1 (fr) 2003-07-30

Family

ID=7917213

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP00951295A Expired - Lifetime EP1214154B1 (fr) 1999-08-10 2000-06-24 Procede et dispositif de fabrication d'une couche protectrice amovible pour des surfaces, en particulier des surfaces vernies de vehicules motorises

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (2) US6811807B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1214154B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2003506210A (fr)
AU (1) AU6428700A (fr)
CA (1) CA2380752A1 (fr)
DE (2) DE19936790A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2199842T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO2001010570A2 (fr)

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WO2019142885A1 (fr) * 2018-01-18 2019-07-25 本田技研工業株式会社 Dispositif de revêtement
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AU6428700A (en) 2001-03-05
US6811807B1 (en) 2004-11-02
EP1214154B1 (fr) 2003-07-30
WO2001010570A2 (fr) 2001-02-15
JP2003506210A (ja) 2003-02-18
US20040221804A1 (en) 2004-11-11
CA2380752A1 (fr) 2001-02-15
ES2199842T3 (es) 2004-03-01
DE50003136D1 (de) 2003-09-04
WO2001010570A3 (fr) 2001-08-30
DE19936790A1 (de) 2001-02-15

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