Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L77/00—Compositions of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L51/00—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L51/006—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers grafted on to block copolymers containing at least one sequence of polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L77/00—Compositions of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L77/06—Polyamides derived from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L2201/00—Properties
  • C08L2201/08—Stabilised against heat, light or radiation or oxydation
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
  • H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
  • H01R13/46—Bases; Cases

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a polyamide composition that is used as a forming material in molded products having a thin- wall part and electrical connectors for automobiles, more specifically, a polyamide composition that is used as a forming material in molded products having a thin- wall part and electrical connectors for automobiles, said composition having a high tenacity and excellent rigidity in high-temperature, high-humidity environments, chemical resistance, and surface appearance.
• Such parts are being designed so the part dimensions become smaller and thinner while the original functions are maintained, and a high level of dimensional stability and high productivity for parts is required in order to realize high reliability and low cost.
• Engineering plastics are ideal for use as materials in the production of such parts, and their use is becoming widespread. Examples of these uses include thin-wall electric and electronic parts for motor insulators, coil bobbins, etc., precision gear parts, bearing retainers, retainer housings, etc., having thin-wall parts. Parts that are used under high temperatures and high humidity, for example, grips, bands, and snap fittings the used in automobile engine compartments, various sealing materials, housing materials, etc., can also be cited. Since the use of such engineering plastics is in most cases by formation of the part by injection molding, dimensional stability during the injection molding process and productivity, along with the basic physical properties of the materials, are important.
• electrical connectors for automobiles differ from electrical connectors used in electrical and electronic appliances: since their assembly processes are especially complex, they have numerous parts, and also, since the parts are often shipped during processing, a high degree of rigidity is required. Moreover, since the engine compartment reaches extremely high temperatures, high-temperature rigidity is required in electrical connectors for automobiles, and in addition, automobile parts containing electrical connectors must be able to withstand various climates and be able to handle changes in temperature and changes in humidity. Furthermore, since various chemical products such as engine oils, long-life coolants (LLC), battery liquids, window washing fluids, etc., are used in engine compartments, the electrical connectors must also have good chemical resistance. Thus, the various characteristics required in electrical connectors for automobiles are different from those required in electrical connectors for other electrical and electronic parts.
• Semi-aromatic polyamides containing an aromatic monomer constituent in a portion of the constituent elements have been widely used as engineering plastics in injection molding materials having high high- temperature rigidity, chemical resistance, and humidity-resistant stability.
• Semi-aromatic polyamide compositions are used as molding materials for electric connectors in automobiles.
• Semi-aromatic polyamides are known to be polyamides having a higher glass transition temperature and superior high-temperature rigidity, as well as a lower reduction in mechanical characteristics due to water absorption rigidity, in comparison with aliphatic polyamides.
• Semi-aromatic polyamides that can be molded at comparatively low mold temperatures (approximately 80 to approximately 100°C) exist, and in some cases these are used in molded products having thin-wall parts, but in these cases a reduction in high-temperature rigidity, chemical resistance, and particularly humidity resistance has been unavoidable.
• the object of the present invention is to offer a polyamide resin composition having good moldability when used in the molding of parts having thin-wall portions, little surface roughness, dimensional fluctuation, or deterioration of physical properties after molding, as well as the characteristically high high-temperature rigidity, chemical resistance, and humidity resistance of semi-aromatic polyamides and a polyamide composition that is able to offer electrical connectors for automobiles.
• a polyamide composition for molded products having thin-wall parts characterized as containing: A. 100 wt parts of a semi-aromatic polyamide having a melting point of
• Figure 1 is a diagonal-view diagram of the housing of a male-type electrical connector for automobiles using a composition of the present invention.
• Figure 2 is a diagram showing a cross-section of an electrical connector for automobiles using a composition the present invention.
• the polyamide composition for molding molded products having thin- wall parts in accordance with the first mode of the present invention is characterized as containing: A.
• a semi-aromatic polyamide having a melting point of 280 to 320°C and having a glass transition temperature of 95 to 1 15°C, wherein the amount of aromatic monomer constituting the polyamide is at least 30 mol %
• the polyamide composition for molding molded products having thin- wall parts in accordance with the second of mode of the present invention is characterized as containing: A. 100 wt parts of an aromatic polyamide having a melting point of 280 to 320°C and glass transition temperature of 95 to 115°C, and wherein the amount of aromatic monomer constituting the polyamide is at least 30 mol %, and the dicarboxylic acid constituent is selected from the group consisting of terephthalic acid, blends of terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid wherein the isophthalic acid in the dicarboxylic acid constituent is no more than 40 mol %, blends of terephthalic acid and adipic acid, and blends of terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, and adipic acid, wherein the total amount of isophthalic acid and adipic acid in the dicarboxylic acid constituent is no greater than 40 mol %, and the diamine constituent is selected from the group consisting of hexamethylened
• the polyamide composition for molding electrical connectors used in automobiles in accordance with the third mode of the present invention is characterized as containing: A. 100 wt parts of a semi-aromatic polyamide having a melting point of 280 to 320°C and a glass transition temperature of 95 to 1 15°C, and wherein the amount of aromatic monomer constituting the polyamide is at least 30 mol %, and B. 1 to 70 wt parts of an impact resistance agent composed mainly of a modified polyolefin that has been graft-modified by means of a carboxylic acid or a carboxylic anhydride.
• the polyamide composition for molding electrical connectors used in automobiles in accordance with the fourth mode of the present invention is characterized as containing: A. 100 wt parts of an aromatic polyamide having a melting point of 280 to 320°C and glass transition temperature of 95 to 1 15°C, and wherein the amount of aromatic monomer constituting the polyamide is at least 30 mol %, and the dicarboxylic acid constituent is selected from the group consisting of terephthalic acid, blends of terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid wherein the isophthalic acid in the dicarboxylic acid constituent is no more th,an 40 mol %, blends of terephthalic acid and adipic acid, and blends of terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, and adipic acid, wherein the total amount of isophthalic acid and adipic acid in the dicarboxylic acid constituent is no greater than 40 mol %, and the diamine constituent is selected from the group consisting of hexamethylene
• Molded products having thin- wall parts obtained by the molding of a polyamide composition within the range specified in the present invention have dimensional fluctuation or deterioration of physical properties, etc., are also provided with the high high-temperature rigidity, chemical resistance, and humidity resistance that is characteristic of semi-aromatic polyamides, and have characteristics optimally suited to use in motor insulators, coil bobbins, precision gear parts, bearing retainers, retainer housings, grips, bands, and snap fittings as well as for use in sealing materials or housings.
• electrical connectors for use in automobiles obtained by the molding of a polyamide composition within the range specified in the present invention of a retention of terminal holding power when the moisture has been absorbed, low deformation under high-temperature loads, and other properties ideal for use in electrical connector molded products for automobiles.
• the polyamide compositions suitable for use in the molding of molded products having thin-wall parts and the polyamide compositions suitable for use in the molding of electrical connectors for automobiles are compositions that contain: A. 100 wt parts of a semi-aromatic polyamide having a melting point of 280 to 320°C, and having a glass transition temperature of 95 to 1 15°C, wherein the amount of aromatic monomer constituting the polyamide is at least 30 mol %, and B. 1 to 70 wt parts of an impact resistance agent composed mainly of a modified polyolefin that has been graft-modified by means of a carboxylic acid or a carboxylic anhydride.
• the aromatic monomer in the monomer constituents that constitute the polyamide must be contained in an amount of at least 30 mol %, preferably at least 32 mol %, and more preferably at least 32 mol % and no more than 40 mol %. If the aromatic monomer content is less than 30 mol %, the high-temperature rigidity and mechanical characteristics when moisture has been absorbed are impaired.
• aromatic monomers include aromatic diamines, aromatic carboxylic acids, and aromatic aminocarboxylic acids.
• aromatic diamines include para-phenylenediamine, ortho-phenylenediamine, meta-phenylenediamine, para-xylenediamine, ortho-xylenediamine, meta- xylenediamine, etc.
• aromatic dicarboxylic acids include terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, phthalic acid, 2-methylterephthalic acid, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, etc.
• aromatic aminocarboxylic acids include para-aminobenzoic acid, etc.
• the other constituent ingredients of the semi-aromatic polyamide include aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, aliphatic alkylenediamines, alicyclic alkylenediamines, aliphatic aminocarboxylic acids, etc.
• aliphatic dicarboxylic acid components include adipic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid, dodecanoic diacid, etc., and these may be used alone or in combinations of two or more. The use of adipic acid is especially suitable.
• the aliphatic alkylenediamine constituent may have a linear or branched form. Specifically, ethylenediamine, trimethylenediamine, tetramethylenediamine, pentamethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, 1,7- diaminoheptane, 1,8-diaminooctane, 1 ,9-diaminononane, 1,10-diaminodecane, 2- methylpentamethyldiamine, 2-ethyltetramethylene diamine, etc., and cited, and these may be used alone or in blends of two or more.
• 1,3-diaminocyclohexane 1,3-diaminocyclohexane
• the specific constituent elements and constituent ratios of the semi- aromatic polyamides wherein aromatic monomers pickup at least 30 mol % of the monomer constituents constituting the polyamide are set so that the melting point of the semi-aromatic polyamide is the range of 280°C to 320°C and glass transition temperature is 95°C to 115°C. Furthermore, by setting the specific constituent elements and constituent ratios of the semi-aromatic polyamides among the aforesaid source material polymers, the desired polyamide composition in which the retention of terminal holding force of the electrical connector when moisture has been absorbed is 75% or above, and the deformation under high-temperature load is 1 mm or less.
• the terminal holding power is an index the rigidity and is the load weight (N) required to pull the terminal out of the anchoring part of the housing when the wiring is drawn in the axial direction at a fixed speed of approximately 100 mm/min, when a terminal formed by the pressure-bonding of electric wire having length of approximately 100 mm is fixed in a housing as shown in Figure 2 in an atmosphere of 23 ⁇ 2°C, humidity 50 ⁇ 5%.
• the terminal retention when moisture is absorbed is an index of rigidity when moisture has been absorbed and is the value, represented as percent, of the terminal retention force as measured by means of the same test method using an electrical connector housing that has undergone a moisture absorption treatment (standing for 100 to 200 hours in the environment of 30 to 40°C temperature, 95% relative humidity) versus the initial terminal holding force.
• the high-temperature load deformation is an index of high- temperature rigidity, and is a value of the amount of deformation of the hood part measured when the load of 50 grams is placed on the male housing hood of electrical connector in an atmosphere having a temperature of 23 ⁇ 2 °C and humidity of 50 ⁇ 5%, when it is allowed to stand for 1 hr at 150 °C, the load is then removed, and the hood then allowed to stand in an atmosphere of 23 ⁇ 2°C and a relative humidity of 50 ⁇ 5% for 15 min.
• the high-temperature load deformation preferably should be 0.7 mm or less.
• the impact resistance agent has as its main constituent a modified polyolefin that has been graft-modified by means of a carboxylic acid or a carboxylic acid anhydride, but may also contain other elastomers.
• a modified polyolefin that has been graft-modified by means of a carboxylic acid or a carboxylic acid anhydride specifically, ethylene elastomers composed of ethylene • alpha-olefins, elastomers composed of ethylene • propylene • diene, olefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, and ionomers of copolymers and polyolefin copolymers thereof can be cited.
• the ethylene elastomers composed of ethylene • alpha-olefins include, for example, ethylene • propylene, ethylene • methylpentene, ethylene • octene copolymers, etc.
• Elastomers of the ethylene • propylene • diene type include, for example, ethylene/propylene/1, 4-hexadiene-g-maleic anhydride; blends of ethylene/propylene/1 , 4-hexadiene and ethylene/maleic anhydride; blends of ethylene/propylene/1 , 4-hexadiene and ethylene/propylene/1 ,4-hexadiene-g-maleic anhydride; ethylene/propylene/1 ,4-hexadiene/norbornadiene-g-maleic anhydride fumaric acid; ethylene/ 1,4-hexadiene/norbornadiene-g-maleic anhydride monoethyl ether; ethylene/propylene/1, 4-hexadiene/norbonadiene-g-fumaric acid; blends of ethylene/propylene/1 ,4-hexadiene and ethylene/maleic anhydride monoethyl ether; blend
• Ionomers of polyolefin copolymers include, for example, ionomers composed of ethylene units, derivative units of alpha- and beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, and ester units, more specifically, ionomers in which the derivative units of alpha- and beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids are derivatives of one or more alpha- and beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids which are alpha- and beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids having a carbon number of 3 to 8, selected from the group consisting of monocarboxylic acids having carboxylic acid groups that have been ionized by neutralization with metal ions, and dicarboxylic acids having carboxylic acid groups and ester groups that have been ionized by neutralization with metal ions, and in which the ester units are acrylates or methacrylates having a carbon number of 4 to 22.
• the impact resistance agent may be used alone or in blends of two or more.
• the amount of impact resistance agent contained in the polyamide composition of the present invention is 1 to 70 wt parts per 100 wt parts of semi- aromatic polyamide. If the amount is less than 1 weight part, the tenacity required in molded products having thin- wall parts and in electrical connectors for automobiles cannot be obtained, and the amount exceeds 70 wt parts, the high-temperature rigidity required in molded products having thin-wall parts and in electrical connectors for automobiles cannot be obtained. Preferably, this amount should be in a range of 5 to 35 wt parts, more preferably, 10 to 25 wt parts.
• the melting point is lower than 280°C, the heat resistance as molded products having thin-wall parts and electrical connectors for automobiles becomes insufficient, while if it exceeds 320°C, decomposition gas is generated from the composition during molding.
• the melting point should be in a range of295°C to 310°C. Additionally, if the glass transition temperature is less than 95°C, the high-temperature, high-humidity rigidity is insufficient for molded products having thin-wall parts and electrical connectors for automobiles, and problems such as part deformation occur.
• the molded temperature can be made higher or the cooling time can be made longer, but this impairs productivity and increases the cost of the molded product.
• thin-wall part generally means approximately 3 mm or less, but in parts having a thickness of 2 mm or less, the effect of using the semi- aromatic polyamide resin specified in the present invention is especially striking.
• the glass transition temperature is a value that is measured by means of a dynamic viscoelasticity analyzer (DMA) using a 3.2 mm x 13 mm x 130 mm test piece used in ASTM D790(-92).
• DMA dynamic viscoelasticity analyzer
• Polyamide compositions which are even more desirable for use in the forming of molded products having thin- wall parts and electrical connectors for automobiles should contain: A. 100 weight parts of an aromatic polyamide having a melting point of 280 to 320°C and glass transition temperature of 95 to 115°C, and wherein the amount of aromatic monomer constituting the polyamide is at least 30 mol %, and the dicarboxylic acid constituent is selected from the group consisting of terephthalic acid, blends of terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid wherein the isophthalic acid in the dicarboxylic acid constituent is no more than 40 mol %, blends of terephthalic acid and adipic acid, and blends of terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, and adipic acid, wherein the total amount of isophthalic acid and adipic acid in the dicarboxylic acid constituent is no greater than 40 mol %, and the diamine constituent is selected from the group consisting of hexamethylenedi
• an impact resistance agent composed mainly of a modified polyolefin that has been graft-modified by means of a carboxylic acid or a carboxylic anhydride.
• dicarboxylic acid constituents other than terephthalic acid comprise no more than 30 mol %.
• the amount of impact resistance agent in the polyamide composition of the present invention is 1 to 70 weight parts. If the amount is less than 1 weight part, the tenacity required in molded products having thin-wall parts and electrical connectors for automobiles cannot be obtained, while if it exceeds 70 weight parts, the high-temperature rigidity required in molded products having thin-wall parts and electrical connectors for automobiles cannot be obtained. This amount should be preferably in a range of 5 to 35 weight parts, even more preferably 10 to 25 weight parts.
• the polyamide composition of the present invention contain a thermal stabilizer.
• thermal stabilizers compounds containing copper are desirable, and copper halides such as copper iodide and copper bromide are especially desirable. Normally these can be added in amounts so that the copper content in the polyamide composition is 10 to 1000 ppm. Normally, alkyl halogen compounds are also added as thermal stabilizing assistants.
• phenolic antioxidants can also be added to the polyamide composition of the present invention.
• the antioxidant and thermal stabilizer can be used in combination.
• phenolic antioxidants include triethylene glycol • bis[3-(3-t- butyl-5-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate], 1 ,6-hexanediol • bis[3-[3, 5-di-t- butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate], pentaerythrityl-tetr akis[3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4- hydroxyphenyl) propionate], octadecyl-3 -(3, 5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl phosphonate-diethyl ester, N,N'- hexamethylenebis(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxy-hydrocinnamide), 1,3,5
• phosphorus-based or sulfur-based antioxidation assistants may also be added.
• examples of phosphorus-based or sulfur-based antioxidation assistants include tris(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl) phosphite, 2-[[2,4,8, 10-tetrakis(l , 1 -dimethylethyl)dibenzo[d,f][l ,3,2]dioxaphosphepin-6- yl]oxy]-N,N-bis[2-[[2,4,8,10-tetrakis(l,l- dimethylethyl)dibenzo[d,f][l,3,2]dioxaphosphepin-6-yl]oxy]-ethyl]etamine, bis(2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, etc., and among these 2-[[2,4, 8,10
• sulfur-based antioxidation assistants examples include 2,2-thio- diethylenebis[3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate], tetrakisfmethylene- 3-(dodecylthio)propionate]methane, etc..
• additives such as inorganic fillers, flame retardants, plasticizers, nucleation agents, dyes, pigments, mold separators, etc., can be added to the aromatic polyamide composition of the present invention.
• the aromatic polyamides and impact resistance agents shown in Table 2 were melt-kneaded with a biaxial screw extruder (manufactured by W & P Corp., model ZSK-40), and after water-cooling were formed into pellets. Using the pellets obtained, test pieces of 3.2 mm x 13 mm x 130 mm were molded, and using the test pieces that were molded, the flexural elastic modulus was measured in accordance with ASTM D790-92. Additionally, test pieces were allowed to stand in an environment of 80°C temperature and 95 % humidity for 100 hours, and the flexural elastic modulus was measured. The results are shown in Table 2.
• the impact resistance agents are as follows. a: maleic anhydride graft-modified low-density polyethylene b: maleic anhydride graft-modified elastomer (elastomer contains ethylene, propylene, octene, hexadiene constituents)
• the aromatic polyamides and impact resistance agents shown in Table 3 were melt-kneaded with a biaxial screw extruder (manufactured by W & P Corp., model ZSK-40), and after water-cooling were formed into pellets. Using the pellets obtained, test pieces having thicknesses of 1 mm and 3.2 mm were molded, and the lengths of the test pieces were measured. After placing the test pieces in a 160°C oven for 24 hours, the lengths were again measured.
• the impact resistance agents are as follows. a: maleic anhydride graft-modified low-density polyethylene b: maleic anhydride graft-modified elastomer (elastomer contains ethylene, propylene, octene, hexadiene constituents)
• the aromatic polyamides and impact resistance agents shown in Table 5 were melt-kneaded with a biaxial screw extruder (manufactured by W & P Corp., model ZSK-40), and after water-cooling were formed into pellets. Using the pellets obtained, test pieces of 3.2 mm x 13 mm x 130 mm were molded at a mold temperature of 80°C. Using the test pieces that were molded, the flexural elastic modulus was measured as described below. The results are shown in Table 6.
• High-temperature load deformation 0 equal to or less than 0.7 mm : larger than 0.7 mm, equal to or less than 1 mm x: larger than 1 mm
• Figure 1 shows the housing of a male-type electrical connector for automobiles using a composition the present invention, inside of which multiple housing chambers are partitioned and formed, and partition walls are formed on the upper and lower portions of each housing chamber.
• the surface of the molded product was visually evaluated.
• Figure 2 is a cross-sectional diagram showing the state in which a male- type contact terminal is housed and anchored inside the housing of a male-type electrical connector for automobiles.
• 2 shows a mechanism whereby an elastic piece on which a protrusion is formed and which is attached to the front face inside the housing is inserted and interlocked with a housed connecting terminal, and connecting terminal is held
• 3 shows the state in which a male-type connector and female-type connector are fitted together with elastic, flexible anchoring parts, and are mutually anchored.
• a terminal wherein a wiring approximately 100 mm in length was pressure-bonded was anchored as shown in Figure 2 in the electrical connector housing in an atmosphere of 23 ⁇ 2°C temperature and 50 ⁇ 5 % humidity, the wiring pulled in axial direction at a constant rate of approximately 100 mm/min, and the load at which the terminal was pulled out from the anchoring part 2 of the housing was made the initial terminal holding power. Also, the load was measured by the same test method using the electrical connector housing that was subjected to moisture absorption treatment, and this was made the terminal holding power when water was absorbed.
• the percentage of terminal holding power when water is absorbed versus the initial terminal holding power was made the terminal holding power retention.

Landscapes

• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
• Connector Housings Or Holding Contact Members (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=17913653

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (8)

Families Citing this family (14)

Family Cites Families (6)

• 1998
  • 1998-10-23 JP JP10302833A patent/JP2000129122A/ja active Pending
• 1999
  • 1999-10-22 CA CA002341992A patent/CA2341992A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1999-10-22 KR KR1020017005026A patent/KR20010099715A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1999-10-22 CN CN99812509A patent/CN1324386A/zh active Pending
  • 1999-10-22 EP EP99971014A patent/EP1137713A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 1999-10-22 WO PCT/US1999/024767 patent/WO2000024830A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1999-10-22 AU AU14496/00A patent/AU1449600A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1999-11-19 TW TW088118313A patent/TW459421B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation

Non-Patent Citations (1)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events