Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B13/00—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
  • C09K3/18—Materials not provided for elsewhere for application to surfaces to minimize adherence of ice, mist or water thereto; Thawing or antifreeze materials for application to surfaces
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B13/00—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material
  • B32B13/04—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material comprising such water setting substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
  • C04B24/24—Macromolecular compounds
  • C04B24/26—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C04B24/2641—Polyacrylates; Polymethacrylates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
  • C04B24/24—Macromolecular compounds
  • C04B24/26—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C04B24/2688—Copolymers containing at least three different monomers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
  • C04B28/14—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing calcium sulfate cements
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
  • C04B41/009—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
  • C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
  • C04B41/46—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with organic materials
  • C04B41/48—Macromolecular compounds
  • C04B41/483—Polyacrylates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
  • C04B41/60—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only artificial stone
  • C04B41/61—Coating or impregnation
  • C04B41/62—Coating or impregnation with organic materials
  • C04B41/63—Macromolecular compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L25/00—Compositions of, homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L25/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
  • C08L25/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
  • C08L25/08—Copolymers of styrene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L91/00—Compositions of oils, fats or waxes; Compositions of derivatives thereof
  • C08L91/06—Waxes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/70—Other properties
  • B32B2307/726—Permeability to liquids, absorption
  • B32B2307/7265—Non-permeable
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2315/00—Other materials containing non-metallic inorganic compounds not provided for in groups B32B2311/00 - B32B2313/04
  • B32B2315/18—Plaster
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2325/00—Polymers of vinyl-aromatic compounds, e.g. polystyrene
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2391/00—Waxes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2103/00—Function or property of ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone
  • C04B2103/60—Agents for protection against chemical, physical or biological attack
  • C04B2103/65—Water proofers or repellants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
  • C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
  • C04B2111/00612—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 as one or more layers of a layered structure
  • C04B2111/0062—Gypsum-paper board like materials
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
  • C04B2111/20—Resistance against chemical, physical or biological attack
  • C04B2111/27—Water resistance, i.e. waterproof or water-repellent materials
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L29/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical; Compositions of hydrolysed polymers of esters of unsaturated alcohols with saturated carboxylic acids; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L29/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated alcohols
  • C08L29/04—Polyvinyl alcohol; Partially hydrolysed homopolymers or copolymers of esters of unsaturated alcohols with saturated carboxylic acids

Definitions

• This invention relates to water repellent compositions and objects which have been
• This invention also relates to a process for producing a water repellent composition, a process for imparting water resistance to an object and a process for producing a water resistant object.
• This invention also relates to objects and applications utilising said compositions and processes.
• Water repellent compositions are useful for imparting water resistance to a variety of objects.
• these objects include panels and blocks used in the building industry.
• the panels and blocks used in the building industry include gypsum board, plaster board, wall board, gypsum fibreboard, large hollow-core wall panels, bricks, blocks and the like.
• water repellent compositions are i s also useful for a wide variety of objects including foodstuffs, cosmetics, packaging materials and other items.
• the aforesaid panels and blocks suffer from the disadvantage that upon water absorption there is a loss of desired properties such as strength, fire retardancy, sound shielding properties, etc.
• building panels and blocks such as plasterboard, gypsum board or wallboard as it is otherwise known, gypsum fibreboard, hollow-core panels and blocks are produced by the reaction of anhydrous calcium sulphate or calcium sulphate hemihydrate with water and allowing the mixture to hydrate or set as calcium sulphate dihydrate which is relatively hard.
• Building panels such as plasterboard, gypsum board or wallboard usually are formed from a core of set gypsum which is positioned between a pair of outer liners which form the respective outer faces of the building panel.
• the pair of outer liners are generally made from paper or fibreglass.
• Gypsum fibreboard is formed from a core of set gypsum which contains a fibrous
• the gypsum core may be positioned on one liner of paper or fibreglass, or positioned between two liners, or cast on a belt without any liners whatsoever, in which case the set gypsum composition forms the surfaces of the finished panel.
• Large scale hollow-core panels are formed from a core of set gypsum which may or
• 35 may not contain fibrous reinforcement, and may or may not be cast on a liner or positioned between two liners.
• the panel is cast in a mould with hollow tubes positioned in it that are removed after the gypsum has set.
• These large scale hollow-core panels are commonly used as structural load-bearing wall components for internal and external walls.
• Bricks and blocks are formed from set gypsum which may contain cellulosic or fibreglass reinforcement or the like.
• the bricks or blocks are cast in moulds. In use, these building panels and blocks are commonly exposed to water and since set gypsum readily absorbs water, such water absorption leads to the deleterious effect mentioned previously, i.e. loss of strength, fire retardancy, etc.
• This invention seeks to ameliorate the disadvantages of the known water repellent compositions by imparting improved water resistance, or at least provide a useful alternative.
• a water repellent composition comprising: a) a wax; and b) a styrene (meth)acrylic copolymer comprising at least some active hydrogen.
• a water repellent composition comprising: a) a wax; b) a styrene (meth)acrylic copolymer comprising at least some active hydrogen; and c) a protective colloid compound.
• the water repellent composition of the first or second embodiment may further comprise d) an alkaline compound.
• a water repellent composition comprising: a) a wax; b) a styrene (meth)acrylic copolymer comprising at least some active hydrogen; c) a protective colloid compound; and d) an alkaline compound.
• a water repellent composition comprising: a) a wax; b) a styrene (meth)acrylic copolymer comprising at least some active hydrogen; c) a polyvinyl alcohol having a saponification degree of at least 75 mol % ; and d) an alkaline compound.
• the water repellent compositions of the invention may further comprise e) a hydrocarbon resin.
• a water repellent composition comprising: a) a wax; b) a styrene (meth)acrylic copolymer comprising at least some active hydrogen; c) a polyvinyl alcohol having a saponification degree of at least 75 mol % ; d) an alkaline compound; and e) a hydrocarbon resin.
• a water resistant object comprising an object and the water repellent composition according to any one of the first to fifth embodiments of this invention.
• a water resistant gypsum composition comprising gypsum and the water repellent composition according to any one of the first to fifth embodiments of this invention.
• a shaped object comprising the water repellent composition according to any one of the first to fifth embodiments of this invention.
• a panel comprising the water repellent composition of any one of the first to fifth embodiments of this invention.
• a panel comprising the water repellent composition of any one of the first to fifth embodiments of this invention wherein the panel is plasterboard, gypsum board, wallboard, gypsum fibreboard, large hollow-core gypsum panel or the like.
• a layered product comprising: i) at least one liner; and ii) a water resistant set gypsum comprising the water repellent composition of any one of the first to fifth embodiments of this invention.
• a layered product comprising: i) a first liner and a second liner; ii) a water resistant set gypsum comprising the water repellent composition of any one of the first to fifth embodiments of this invention positioned such that the water resistant gypsum is between the first liner and the second liner.
• a panel comprising the layered product of either the eleventh or twelfth embodiments of this invention.
• a plasterboard comprising the layered product of the eleventh or twelfth embodiments of this invention.
• a process for forming a water resistant object comprising the steps of applying a water repellent composition according to any one of the first to fifth embodiments of this invention to an object.
• a process for forming a water resistant panel comprising the steps of applying a water repellent composition according to any one of the first to fifth embodiments of this invention to a panel.
• a process for forming a water resistant plasterboard, gypsum board or the like comprising the steps of applying the water repellent composition according to any one of the first to fifth embodiments of this invention to a plasterboard, gypsum board or the like.
• a water resistant object formed from applying the water repellent composition of any one of the first to fifth embodiments of this invention to an object.
• a surfactant is added as a further component to the composition of any one of the first to fifth embodiments of this invention.
• styrene (meth)acrylic acid copolymer refers to copolymers which predominantly comprise copolymerised styrene and acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid, and includes within its meaning such copolymers which include other comonomers and/or in which the carboxyl groups of the acrylic or methacrylic acid residues are partially esterified.
• the styrene (meth)acrylic copolymer includes at least some free carboxyl groups and therefore includes at least some active hydrogen.
• water resistant refers to an object which has been treated so that when contacted with water the object does not degrade as rapidly as would
• the component a) wax in the water repellent composition is a paraffin wax. slack wax, polyolefin wax, ozokerite wax, ceresin wax. Still typically, the wax has a melting point in the range of 40 to 90° Celsius. Still more typically, the wax is a paraffin wax or polyolefin wax. The wax acts as a primary waterproofing agent in the ⁇ o water repellent composition.
• the component a) wax may also be a mixture of two or more of the aforesaid types of waxes.
• the component b) styrene (meth)acrylic copolymer comprising at least some active hydrogen in the water repellent composition is a copolymer of styrene and acrylic acid or methacrylic acid.
• the acrylic acid or methacrylic acid may be partially i s esterified.
• the esterification of the styrene (mefh)acrylic acid copolymer is achieved by use of fatty acid alcohols, typically C1 -C15 fatty acid alcohols.
• the weight average molecular weight of the styrene (meth)acrylic acid copolymer is 500 to 100,000, still more typically 1000 to 90,000, 1500 to 50,000, 1500 to 30.000, 1500 to 20,000, or 1500 to 10,000 and more typically 1800 to 8500.
• the styrene (meth)acrylic acid copolymer is in its salt form.
• the styrene (meth)acrylic acid copolymer acts as a dispersing agent which provides better dispersion in the water repellent composition.
• the styrene (meth)acrylic acid copolymer typically forms a substantially insoluble water impervious film on an object thereby imparting water resistance to the object.
• the styrene (mefh)acrylic acid copolymer also enhances the bonding of liner papers to the core of the panel.
• the use of styrene (meth)acrylic acid copolymer is compatible with other dispersants and additives used in water repellent compositions.
• alkali soluble, acid containing copolymers useful as the styrene
• (mcth)acrylic acid copolymer in the compositions of this invention are: styrene-acrylic acid copolymers. styrene-methacrylic acid copolymers, styrene-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid copolymers. styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid copolymers, and the like.
• the styrene may be partially replaced with other hydrophobic monomers such as alpha-methylstyrene; alkyl substituted styrenes such as vinyl toluene; acrylonitrile; vinyl chloride; acrylic- and
• esters such as butyl acrylate. methyl methacrylate and the like, or mixtures thereof; vinyl esters, such as vinyl acetate or vinyl laurate; fumarate esters, such as dibutyl fumarate: itaconate esters, such as dibutyl itaconate; olefins, such as ethylene, and the like, or mixtures thereof.
• unsaturated acids may be used in the synthesis of styrene (meth)acrylic
• copolymer examples include crotonic acid, itaconic acid and the like.
• Unsaturated sulfonic acids such as vinyl sulfonic acid or styrene sulfonic acid and the like may also be used.
• the acid number of the styrene (meth)acrylic acid copolymer is at least 100 and generally from 100 to 400, preferably from 190 to 250.
• the weight ratio of styrene to acrylic acid is generally from about 6:1 to about 1.5:1, preferably from about 5: 1 to about 2.5:1.
• the styrene (meth)acrylic acid copolymer can be any of the commercially available products, such as Morez 101, sold by Morton Chemical Company, or Flexbond 25, sold by the Air Products Co., or Joncryl 678 sold by S. C. Johnson Company.
• Some of these commercial copolymers are available as aqueous solutions and can be used in the compositions of the invention as such. If they are in a solid form they have to be dissolved in an alkaline medium at elevated temperature.
• Alkali compounds such as ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, soda ash and the like, as well as water soluble mono-, di- and trialkyl- or hydroxyalkyl amines, such as methyl or ethyl amine or monoethanolamine, may be employed to solubilize the styrene (meth)acrylic acid copolymer.
• the pH of the solution of the styrene (meth)acrylic acid copolymer is generally about from 6 to 10, preferably from about 7.5 to 9.
• the aqueous styrene (meth)acrylic acid copolymer solution generally has a solids level of from 20 to 40% w/v.
• the water repellent composition further comprises other additives such as dispersing agents, emulsifiers, buffers, surfactants, wetting agents, thickeners, etc.
• the dispersant is selected from the group such as lignosulphonates and aldehyde based dispersants.
• Suitable buffering agents include potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate and lithium carbonate.
• Suitable surfactants include sulfonated petroleum derivatives and their salts, sulfonated carboxylic acids and their salts, ethylene oxide modified surfactants, and fluorine modified surfactants.
• the water repellent composition further comprises one or more wetting agents selected from fluorine modified wetting agents, silicon containing wetting agents and ethylene oxide modified wetting agents.
• the water repellent composition further comprises one or more thickeners selected from natural or modified gums, methyl, ethyl or propyl cellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose.
• the component c) protective colloid compound in the composition of the second and third embodiments is a polyvinyl alcohol, a natural or modified gum.
• the polyvinyl alcohol is more typically a partially or fully hydrolysed alcohol, still more typically in the range of 75 to 100% hydrolysed.
• the typical viscosity of the polyvinyl alcohol is 3 to 50 centipoise when tested as a 4% aqueous dispersion.
• the component d) alkaline compound in the composition of the third, fourth and fifth embodiments is a water soluble compound and is selected from the group of alkali metal hydroxides such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide; alkali metal carbonates such as sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate; ammonia; ammonium hydroxide; amines such as dimethylamme, trimethylamine and triethylamine; and ethanolamines such as triethanolamine, diethanolamine, dimethylethanolamme and methyldiethanolamine.
• the alkaline compound is added in an amount of from 0.3 to 3 times the amount required for neutralising the styrene (meth)acrylic acid copolymer.
• the component e) hydrocarbon resin in the composition of the fifth embodiment is a petroleum resin such as a coumarone-indene resin having a molecular weight of from 500 to 3000 obtainable by polymerising a Co, aromatic hydrocarbon or C5 aliphatic hydrocarbon fraction obtained from the refinery of petroleum or from a process of a petroleum chemical industry, by way of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst; a terpene resin having a molecular weight of from 500 to 3000 obtainable from turpentine oil; rosin; a homopolymer or copolymer of ethylene, propylene, butene, isobutylene or styrene having a molecular weight of from 500 to 30 000 and a melting point of at least 95° C, or asphalt.
• the hydrocarbon resins used in the present invention may also includes other atoms such as oxygen.
• the weight percent of component a) wax in respect of the total weight of components a) to e) of the water repellent compositions is: typically 20 to 99.5 percent by weight, more typically 25 to 99.5 percent by weight, still more typically 30 to 95 percent by weight, even more typically 35 to 90 percent by weight, yet more typically 40 to 85 percent by weight.
• Table A provides typical weight ratios of the component a) wax to the component b) styrene (meth)acrylic copolymer in the water repellent composition of this invention.
• Wax parts by Styrene (meth) acrylic copolymer containing at least some active weight
• hydrogen parts by weight
• the weight ratio of the component a) wax to the component b) styrene (meth)acrylic copolymer of this invention is selected within the range of from 1 to 0.005 to 1 to 0.3, more typically 1 to 0.005 to 1 to 0.2, still more typically 1 to 0.01 to 1 to 0.1.
• the weight percentage range of component c) protective colloid compound, when present, in respect of the total weight components a) to e) of the water repellent compositions is: typically 0J to 20 percent by weight, ⁇ o more typically 0.5 to 15 percent by weight, still more typically 0.75 to 10 percent by weight, even more typically 0.75 to 7.5 percent by weight yet more typically 1.0 to 5 percent by weight.
• the weight percentage range of component d) alkaline compound, when present, in 15 respect of components a) to e) of the total weight of the water repellent compositions is typically 0 to 10 percent by weight, more typically 0J to 10 percent by weight, still more typically 0J to 7.5 percent by weight, even more typically 0J to 5.0 percent by weight.
• the weight percentage range of component e) hydrocarbon resin, when present, in respect of the total weight of components a) to e) of the water repellent compositions is typically 0 to 10 percent by weight, more typically 0J to 10 percent by weight, still more typically 0.5 to 7.5 percent by weight, 25 even more typically 0.5 to 5.0 percent by weight, and yet more typically is dependent upon the required water resistance for the desired object to be treated with the water repellent composition.
• a water soluble polymer such as a polyacrylamide, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose or hydroxypropylcellulose may be incorporated into the water repellent composition.
• paraffin wax with a melting point between 40°C and 90°C is heated in a tank to 35 120°C and a petroleum resin with a softening point of 95 to 100°C is dissolved in it.
• polyvinyl alcohol is dispersed in water and heated to 95°C to dissolve it.
• a solution of styrene acrylic resin dissolved in water with the aid of an alkaline compound is added to the polyvinyl alcohol solution, together with such other additives as may be required lo impart further desirable properties to the emulsion to be formed.
• Preferred 40 styrene acrylic resins are commercially available as JONCRYL 678 or .lONCRYL 682 (S. C. Johnson & Co.) or MOREZ 100 or MOREZ 101 (Morton Polymers)
• the water solution containing polyvinyl alcohol and styrene acrylic resin, and the wax solution containing petroleum resin are combined to form an emulsion with the aid of suitable emulsif ⁇ cation equipment.
• Typical processes for production of the water repellent composition comprise phase reversal emulsification or mechanical emulsification. These methods may be used alone or in combination.
• the mechanical emulsification may be conducted by a homomixer, a valve homogeniser, a colloid mill or a supersonic method, or any other suitable method.
• the water repellent composition is useful for improving the water resistance of objects including fibres, papers, cardboard, wood materials or synthetic wood materials (particle boards and fibreboards); cosmetics; aggregate materials such as concrete, gravel or the like; and foodstuffs such as fruit, particularly apples.
• the water repellent composition is used for plasterboard, wallboard or gypsum board, gypsum fibreboard, large scale hollow-core gypsum panels, and gypsum bricks and blocks.
• the step of applying the water repellent composition may involve any convenient application method.
• the application may be by spraying, rolling, brushing, dipping or curtain coating.
• selected areas of objects such as panels may have the water repellent composition applied to them by printing techniques such as transfer rolling or screen printing.
• the water repellent composition is an aqueous emulsion and a sufficient amount of water is added to the components a), b) and c) to e) when present, as required for the particular application required.
• the ratio of the weight of water to the total weight of components a) to e) is about 1 : 1 but this may be varied to suit the desired application.
• suitable solubilisers to effect the solution of the styrene (meth)acrylic copolymer for use in the emulsion include alkali metal or ammonium hydroxides and are typically employed in an amount of 0.05 to 10%, by weight, of the emulsion.
• Table B provides a typical blend proportion of gypsum to the water repellent composition of any one of the first to fifth embodiments, in a water resistant gypsum composition of the seventh embodiment of this invention.
• Table B illustrates for entries numbered 1-24 the blend proportion of gypsum: water repellent composition in parts by weight.
• gypsum is added to a water repellent composition of this invention comprising the following components: a) a wax having a melting point of 40 to 90° C; b) a styrene (mefh)acrylic acid copolymer; c) a protective colloid compound; and d) an alkaline compound.
• a hydrocarbon resin is also added.
• the gypsum is added in an amount of 50 to 99.5 % by weight, more typically 60 to 99.5% by weight, still more typically 70 to 99.5 % by weight, even more typically 80 to 99.5 % by weight, yet more typically 90 to 99.5 % by weight, most typically 92 to 95 % by weight, based on the total weight of gypsum and water repellent composition.
• Gypsum compositions of this invention are settable by hydration to form a water resistant gypsum product.
• the gypsum product is gypsum plaster, plasterboard, wall board, gypsum fibreboard, large hollow-core gypsum panel, gypsum brick or block, or the like.
• gypsum is selected from naturally occurring forms of calcium sulphate, flue gas desulphurisation plant wastes, phosphoric acid manufacturing wastes, hydrochloric acid manufacturing wastes etc. More typically the gypsum is extracted from mines or quarry as gypsum rock. Still more typically the gypsum rock is crushed, blended with gypsumboard waste and then is screened. During the crushing process, or after crushing and screening, the gypsum is dried by suitable means such as passing heated air through the crushing mill, or drying in a rotating kiln or oven so as to evaporate any surface moisture on the gypsum. Dry gypsum is ground by crushers or rollers to form a desired particulate size of gypsum.
• the dried gypsum is then calcined by suitable means to remove chemically combined water, and so form gypsum hemihydrate.
• the gypsum hemihydrate is mixed with water, a water repellent composition of this invention, and such other additives as may be required, to form a gypsum slurry.
• the gypsum slurry so formed is then placed in a mould or positioned in a layered product.
• the settable gypsum composition is set so as to form a set gypsum product which is water resistant and layered with at least one liner to form a layered product.
• the water resistant gypsum is positioned in a layered product comprising: a) a first liner; ⁇ o b) the water resistant gypsum; c) a second liner.
• the layered product may be formed into a shaped product most typically a panel. Accordingly, there is also provided a panel comprising: a) a first liner; 15 b) the water resistant gypsum according to this invention; and c) a second liner.
• the water resistant gypsum is sandwiched between the first and second liners so as to form a layered product and more typically a panel such as plasterboard, wallboard or the like.
• the first and second liners may be selected from paper, 20 fibreglass, wood, laminates or other materials commonly used in layered products.
• the shaped products such as panels are useful in the construction industry as building panels such as walls, ceilings, etc.
• a method of forming a layered product comprising the steps of: 25 (i) forming a layer of a water resistant gypsum which has been treated with the water repellent composition according to any one of the first to fifth embodiments of this invention on a first liner;
• the layered product is formed into a shaped product. More typically, the layered product is formed into a panel. Still more typically, the layered product is formed into a board especially adapted for the construction industry. 35 Typically, the formation of a panel incorporating the water resistant gypsum comprises the following steps: a) mixing gypsum rock with or without recycled plasterboard; b) crushing and screening the mixture of gypsum rock and plaster board; c) drying the gypsum rock and plasterboard to remove excess water; 0 d) calcining the gypsum to form gypsum hemihydrate; e) mixing the water repellent composition of any one of the first to fifth embodiments of this invention with water to form a dispersion; and f) mixing the gypsum hemihydrate and the dispersion from step (e) to form a stucco slurry;
• wet area gypsum plasterboard containing the water repellent composition of this invention may include reduced water requirement to obtain a stucco slurry of suitable consistency, improved bond of the set gypsum core to the liner papers covering said core, reduced drier temperatures, reduced energy costs, improved board quality due to reduced end-burn of boards during drying.
• Figure 1 is a graphical representation of comparative water absorption over periods of two hours and twenty four hours in 2.5 centimetre cube specimens of set gypsum composition containing either Emulsion A or Emulsion D described in the following Preparation Examples, or one of two commercially available wax emulsion waterproofing 0 compounds.
• Figure 2 is a graphical representation of comparative water absorption in 2.5 centimetre cube specimens of set gypsum composition containing Emulsion A described in the following Preparation Examples or a commercially available wax emulsion waterproofing compound.
• Figure 3 is a graphical representation of comparative water absorption in 2.5 centimetre cube specimens of set gypsum composition containing Emulsion D described in the following Preparation Examples or either of two commercially available wax emulsion waterproofing compounds (Freemulsion 754 and Rhenium).
• the wax and water solutions were combined in a closed dispersion mixer and the mixture was emulsified by passing it through a piston type pressure homogeniser at 1050 psi (7300kPa). The emulsified mixture was then cooled to obtain an emulsion A with a solids content of 50%.
• Preparation Example 2 An emulsion having a solids content of 50% was prepared in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1, except that 2.5 parts of potassium carbonate were added to the water phase prior to combining the wax and water phases to obtain an emulsion B.
• Preparation Example 3 An emulsion having a solids content of 50% was prepared in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1, except that 2.5 parts of potassium carbonate were added to the water phase prior to combining the wax and water phases to obtain an emulsion B.
• An emulsion having a solids content of 50% was prepared in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1 , except 22 parts of a mixed C 0 aromatic/C 5 aliphatic petroleum resin with a softening point of 97°C were dissolved in the wax phase instead of the C 9 aromatic petroleum resin to obtain an emulsion D.
• the quantity of water required to prepare a gypsum slurry of normal consistency was determined.
• Gypsum slurries were prepared using various emulsion waterproofing additives at 5 % of the dry stucco weight mixed with a suitable amount of water to give the same ratios of total liquid to dry stucco, and 25 millimetre cube specimens were cast from the prepared slurries.
• the cubes were dried in an oven at 180°C until they had reached 75 % of their initial mass, and then dried at 45 °C for 20 hours.
• the dried weight of the specimens was recorded, and they were immersed in water at 23 °C. After 2 hours, the specimens were reweighed, and the water absorption was determined.
• Table C The results are shown in table C.
• the gypsum hemihydrate used to prepare the specimens was from a gypsum plasterboard plant in New Zealand.
• Table D Figure 2 is a graphical representation of comparative water absorption, over a period of up to 72 hours, in 2.5 centimetre cube specimens of set gypsum composition containing Emulsion A described in the Preparation Examples or Freemulsion 754. Both emulsions were dosed at the rated of 8.3 % by weight of dry stucco. The results are set out in Table E.
• Freemulsions 754 and 759 are proprietary wax emulsion waterproofing additives for plasterboard marketed by PCA Hodgson Chemicals. Diaproof is a proprietary wax emulsion waterproofing additive produced by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, and disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Number JP 42164/89 dated February 22, 1989, and subsequent European Patent Application number EP 0 384 322 Al filed February 16, 1990. and United States Patent number 5,098,943 dated March 24, 1992.
• Figure 3 is a graphical representation of comparative water absorption in 2.5 centimetre cube specimens of set gypsum composition containing Emulsion D described in the Preparation Examples or either of two commercially available wax emulsion waterproofing compounds (Freemulsion 754 and Rhenium, a proprietary wax emulsion waterproofing additive produced by Rhenium Co.) The results are set out in Table F. The waterproofing additives were added in amounts of 5% , 7.5 % or 10% by weight of the dry stucco, as indicated.
• Emulsion based waterproofing additives tend to thicken gypsum slurries, increasing the quantity of water required in the mix to achieve normal consistency. This excess water must be removed in the drying process, and increases the porosity of the finished plasterboard.
• the dispersing effect observed with waterproofing emulsions prepared ⁇ o according to this invention reduces the quantity of water required to produce a gypsum slurry of normal consistency.
• the water required to prepare a gypsum slurry of normal consistency was determined by hand mixing gypsum hemihydrate powder with water.
• the prepared slurry was poured into a cylindrical mould 35 millimetres in diameter with a height of 51 i s millimetres.
• the mould was lifted one minute from the addition of the gypsum hemihydrate powder to the water, and the diameter of the resulting pat of gypsum slurry was measured.
• Normal consistency was defined as the quantity of water required to produce a pat of 100 + 3 millimetres in diameter.
• Gypsum slurries were prepared using emulsion based waterproofing additives mixed
• Table G Stucco slurry incorporating the Wax/Styrene acrylic Emulsion has increased fluidity when compared to stucco slurry without the emulsion, or when compared to stucco slurry s containing a commercially available waterproofing wax emulsion.
• the increased fluidity will allow production of wet area gypsum plasterboard with reduced water content, improved production efficiencies such as faster line speed and reduced end-burn of boards in the drying kiln, and reduced energy costs in the drying kiln due to the lower drying temperature required to remove the excess water from the gypsum plasterboard.
• Similar slurries were prepared by the same method using gypsum hemihydrate from
• Stucco slurries containing emulsions made with styrene acrylic Resin clearly show an increase in dispersion when compared to those containing a commercially available proprietary wax emulsion waterproofing compound, or when compared to stucco slurries containing no wax emulsion.
• the stucco slurries will require less water to attain a suitable consistency for plasterboard production, and hence the plasterboard will require less energy to dry.
• Gypsum Wallboard A preferred aspect of this water repellent composition is to form water resistant 5 gypsum plasterboard or wallboard.
• the following description of an example illustrates a typical method of producing wallboard or plasterboard which is water resistant.
• the gypsum rock is dried by suitable means such as a rotating kiln or oven which evaporates the surface moisture from the gypsum rock.
• the gypsum rock is ground by suitable means such as rollers. i s d) Plaster is calcined or heated to remove excess water which is chemically bonded to the gypsum in a kettle calciner or flash calciner to form stucco.
• the stucco is formed it is suitably mixed with other desired additives such as pearlite, starch, fibreglass or vermiculite so as to provide a range of properties, for example, fire retardancy, sound proofing, etc.
• water is then added together with the water repellent composition as described in any one of the Preparation Examples 1 to 4 above, and soap foam and accelerators in a mixing vessel at the beginning of a board forming line after suitable mixing.
• the resulting slurry is disposed between two paper sheets which also act as a mould.
• the stucco slurry is sandwiched between the two paper sheets and allowed to set so as to form the water resistant gypsum layer between the two outer sheets or liners.

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