EP1059568A1 - Révélateur et procédé de formation d'image - Google Patents

Révélateur et procédé de formation d'image Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1059568A1
EP1059568A1 EP00112158A EP00112158A EP1059568A1 EP 1059568 A1 EP1059568 A1 EP 1059568A1 EP 00112158 A EP00112158 A EP 00112158A EP 00112158 A EP00112158 A EP 00112158A EP 1059568 A1 EP1059568 A1 EP 1059568A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
toner
binder resin
resin
weight
toner according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP00112158A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1059568B1 (fr
Inventor
Satoshi Matsunaga
Manabu Ohno
Koji Inaba
Satoshi Handa
Ryota Kashiwabara
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Canon Inc
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Canon Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/097—Plasticisers; Charge controlling agents
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/097—Plasticisers; Charge controlling agents
    • G03G9/09733—Organic compounds
    • G03G9/09741—Organic compounds cationic
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/097—Plasticisers; Charge controlling agents
    • G03G9/09733—Organic compounds
    • G03G9/0975—Organic compounds anionic
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/097—Plasticisers; Charge controlling agents
    • G03G9/09783—Organo-metallic compounds

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a toner used in a recording method using electrophotography, electrostatic recording, electrostatic printing, toner-jet recording, and the like.
  • an electrostatically charged image is formed on a photosensitive member by various means, the electrostatically charged image is then developed using a toner, the toner image is transferred on a transferring material such as paper, and is fixed by applying heat and/or pressure, or exposing to solvent vapor to form a toner image.
  • a sheet carrying toner images is passed between the hot rollers having surfaces to which the toner is not adhered while allowing the surface of the rollers to contact with the toner image surface of the sheet under a pressure.
  • the offset phenomenon is significantly affected by the speed and temperature for fixation.
  • the fixation speed is low, the surface temperature of the heating rollers is set relatively low; and when the fixation speed is high, the surface temperature of the heating rollers is set relatively high. This is done such that the amount of heat provided from the hot rollers to the toner is made substantially constant regardless of the fixing speed.
  • the toner on the sheet forms a number of toner layers. If the fixing speed is high, and the surface temperature of the hot rollers is high, the temperature difference between the toner layer contacting with the hot rollers and the lowermost toner layer contacting with the sheet is large. If the surface temperature of the hot rollers is high, the uppermost toner layer is excessively softened or melted to cause the offset phenomenon easily. If the surface temperature of the hot rollers is low, the lowermost toner layer is not melted sufficiently for fixation, often causing a phenomenon in which the toner not to fix on the sheet, known as cold offset.
  • the toner for forming electrostatic images must have positive or negative charge depending on the polarity of the electrostatic images to be developed and the method of developing,
  • the frictional chargeability of the resin that is a component of the toner can be used, but the chargeability of the resin is generally low. Therefore, to impart desired frictional chargeability to the resin, a dye and/or a pigment for imparting chargeability, or further a charge-controlling agent is added to the toner.
  • the known charge-controlling agents for positive frictional chargeability include nigrosine dyes, azine dyes, copper phthalocyanine pigments, quaternary ammonium salts, or polymers having quaternary ammonium salts on the side chains.
  • the known charge-controlling agents for negative frictional chargeability include the metal complex salts of monoazo dyes; the metal complexes or metal salts of salicylic acid, naphthoic acid, dicarboxylic acids, or the derivatives thereof; or resins having acid groups.
  • colorless, white, or light color agents are useful as the charge-controlling agent for color toners.
  • toners containing a metal compound of an oxycarboxylic acid have been proposed.
  • toners containing aluminum compound of aromatic oxycarboxylic acid as charge promoting additives are disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 6-214424; toners containing the boron compound of benzilic acid are disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 62-63941, 2-221967, 3-39973, and 5-72812;
  • a color toner containing a boron complex salt of benzilic acid and silicone-oil-treated hydrophobic inorganic fine powder is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No.
  • Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 6-301240 discloses a toner using the combination of a boron complex salt of benzilic acid and a metal salt of a derivative of salicylic acid.
  • the present invention provides a toner without the above-described problems.
  • a toner containing at least a binder resin, a colorant, a wax, and an organic aluminum compound, wherein,
  • an image forming method comprising at least
  • the inventors of the present invention carried out repeated examinations, and found that in order to prevent a fixing member from contamination due to offset without heating the fixing member, only the improvement of the fixing properties of a toner at low temperature and of the resistance to high temperature offset is insufficient, and that the improvement in the releasability of the toner from the fixing member is critical.
  • the inhibition of the offset phenomenon of a toner has been considered to be the same as the improvement of the fixing properties of the toner.
  • the inhibition of the offset phenomenon ascribable to the improvement of fixing properties by improving wax or the like contained in the toner, and this is insufficient.
  • the releasability of the toner is insufficient even if the releasability of the fixing member and the cleaning member, the sufficient effect on prevention of offset effect can be expected in the initial stage of using these members, but each member may be aged and degraded, and eventually offset may occur when used over a long period of time.
  • the binder resin of the toner that contains components insoluble to organic solvents such as chloroform and THF has been proposed from the point of view of improving the resistance to hot offset of the toner.
  • a toner may not exhibit a sufficient offset prevention effect on the aged and degraded fixing member or the cleaning member.
  • some toners contain wax imparting releasability to the toner, but a large quantity of wax must be added for maintaining a sufficient offset prevention effect on the aged and degraded fixing member or cleaning member. This may cause problems in developing properties of the toner, i.e., the lowering of image density by enduring operation or increase in fog density.
  • the dispersion of wax contained in toner particles is difficult to control, and the toner comes to contain a large quantity of liberated wax. As a result, the toner on the photosensitive member cannot be removed completely, and defective images may be formed.
  • the improvement of the releasability of the toner must be compatible with the developing properties of the toner.
  • the object of the present invention is achieved by the toner which has a specific acid value, contains a specific THF-insoluble matter, and contains a specific molecular-weight component, and in which the THF-soluble matter of the binder resin of the toner has a main peak at the specific molecular-weight region.
  • the acid value of the binder resin may be 1 to 40 mgKOH/g, preferably 2 to 40 mgKOH/g.
  • the binder resin is a polyester-based resin, or a resin that contains a hybrid resin component having polyester units and vinyl polymer units
  • its acid value is preferably 5 to 35 mgKOH/g, more preferably 10 to 30 mgKOH/g.
  • the binder resin is a vinyl-polymer-based resin
  • its acid value is preferably 2 to 30 mgKOH/g, more preferably 5 to 20 mgKOH/g.
  • the toner that contains aluminum benzilate as the charge-controlling agent if the acid value of the binder resin is less than 1 mgKOH/g, or exceeds 40 mgKOH/g, the dispersion of the aluminum compound is not always satisfactory, and the image density may be lowered due to enduring operation.
  • the binder resin contained in the toner must contain 2 to 50 percent by weight of THF-insoluble matters.
  • the toner that contains aluminum benzilate as the charge-controlling agent if the THF-insoluble matters contained in the binder resin of the toner is either less than 2 percent by weight or more than 50 percent by weight, the dispersion of wax contained in the toner is not always satisfactory, and the adhesion of the toner to the fixing member may become trangible due to enduring operation.
  • the binder resin is a polyester-based resin, or a resin that contains a hybrid resin component having polyester units and vinyl polymer units
  • the binder resin contains preferably 5 to 40 percent by weight, more preferably 7 to 30 percent by weight of THF-insoluble matters.
  • the binder resin is a vinyl-polymer-based resin
  • the binder resin contains preferably 3 to 50 percent by weight, more preferably 5 to 30 percent by weight of THF-insoluble matters.
  • the binder resin In the toner of the present invention, the binder resin must have the main peak at the region of a molecular weight between 2,000 and 30,000. If the binder resin does not have the main peak at the region of a molecular weight between 2,000 and 30,000, either the hot-offset resistance, blocking resistance, or low-temperature fixing properties of the toner will become deteriorated.
  • the binder resin is a polyester-based resin
  • the binder resin has the main peak preferably at the region of a molecular weight between 2,000 and 15,000, more preferably between 4,000 and 12,000, and most preferably between 6,000 and 10,000.
  • the binder resin is a resin that contains hybrid resin components having polyester units and vinyl polymer units
  • the binder resin has the main peak preferably at the region of a molecular weight between 2,000 and 15,000, more preferably between 3,000 and 10,000, and most preferably between 4,000 and 9,000.
  • the binder resin when the binder resin is a vinyl-polymer-based resin, the binder resin has the main peak preferably at the region of a molecular weight between 5,000 and 30,000, more preferably between 7,000 and 25,000, and most preferably between 9,000 and 20,000.
  • the THF-soluble matters of the binder resin when the binder resin contained in the toner is a polyester-based resin, contains components of a molecular weight of 100,000 or more and less than 10,000,000, in a quantity preferably 5 to 30 percent by weight, more preferably 7 to 27 percent by weight, and most preferably 10 to 25 percent by weight.
  • the binder resin is a resin that contains hybrid resin components having polyester units and vinyl polymer units
  • the THF-soluble matters of the binder resin contains components of the above-described molecular weight in a quantity preferably 5 to 40 percent by weight, more preferably 7 to 35 percent by weight, and most preferably 10 to 30 percent by weight.
  • the toner may have poor hot-offset resistance; if the THF-soluble matters of the binder resin contains components of the above-described molecular weight in an amount more than the upper limit in each resin, the low-temperature fixing properties of the toner may be lowered.
  • the THF-soluble matters of the binder resin when the binder resin contained in the toner is a polyester-based resin, contains components of a molecular weight of 5,000 or more and less than 100,000, in a quantity preferably 50 to 80 percent by weight, more preferably 52 to 78 percent by weight, and most preferably 55 to 75 percent by weight.
  • the binder resin is a resin that contains hybrid resin components having polyester units and vinyl polymer units
  • the THF-soluble matters of the binder resin contains components of the above-described molecular weight in a quantity preferably 40 to 70 percent by weight, more preferably 42 to 68 percent by weight, and most preferably 45 to 65 percent by weight.
  • the THF-soluble matters of the binder resin contains components of the above-described molecular weight in an amount less than the lower limit in each resin, the dispersion of the aluminum compound of benzilic acid contained in the toner is not always satisfactory, and the image density may be lowered due to enduring operation.
  • the binder resin contained in the toner is a polyester-based resin, or a resin that contains hybrid resin components having polyester units and vinyl polymer units
  • the THF-soluble matters of the binder resin contains components of a molecular weight of 1,000 or more and less than 5,000, in a quantity preferably 10 to 30 percent by weight, more preferably 12 to 28 percent by weight, and most preferably 15 to 25 percent by weight.
  • the THF-soluble matters of the binder resin contains components of the above-described molecular weight in an amount less than 10 percent by weight, the low-temperature fixing properties of the toner may by lowered; if the THF-soluble matters of the binder resin contains components of the above-described molecular weight in an amount more than 30 percent by weight, the toner may have poor blocking resistance.
  • the THF-soluble matters of the binder resin have at least one sub-peak and/or shoulder preferably in the region of a molecular weight between 200,000 and 1,500,000, and more preferably in the region of a molecular weight between 300,000 and 1,200,000, and most preferably in the range of a molecular weight between 400,000 and 1,000,000. If the THF-soluble matters of the binder resin has neither sub-peak nor shoulder, the low-temperature fixing properties of the toner may not be able to be compatible with hot-offset resistance.
  • the dielectric dissipation factor ( tan ⁇ ) of the toner measured at a frequency of 100 kHz is preferably between 1 ⁇ 10 -3 and 3 ⁇ 10 -2 . If the dielectric dissipation factor of the toner is less than 1 ⁇ 10 -3 , problems arise easily on the image density stability of the toner at normal temperature and low humidity, and if the dielectric dissipation factor is more than 3 ⁇ 10 -2 , problems arise easily on the image density stability of the toner under the environment of high temperature and high humidity as well as normal temperature and normal humidity.
  • the dielectric dissipation factor of the toner is preferably between 5 ⁇ 10 -3 and 3 ⁇ 10 -2 , more preferably between 7 ⁇ 10 -3 and 2 ⁇ 10 -2 , and most preferably between 8 ⁇ 10 -3 and 1.5 ⁇ 10 -2 .
  • the dielectric dissipation factor of the toner is preferably between 3 ⁇ 10 -3 and 3 ⁇ 10 -2 , more preferably between 4 ⁇ 10 -3 and 2 ⁇ 10 -2 , and most preferably between 5 ⁇ 10 -3 and 1.5 ⁇ 10 -2 .
  • the dielectric dissipation factor of the toner is preferably between 1 ⁇ 10 -3 and 2 ⁇ 10 -2 , more preferably between 3 ⁇ 10 -3 and 1.5 ⁇ 10 -2 , and most preferably between 5 ⁇ 10 -3 and 1 ⁇ 10 -2 .
  • the contact angle of the toner to water is 105 to 130 degrees, preferably 107 to 127 degrees, and more preferably 110 to 125 degrees. If the contact angle of the toner to water is less than 105 degrees, it may become difficult to maintain the sufficient offset prevention effect on the fixing member and the cleaning member degraded with enduring operation, and if the contact angle of the toner to water exceeds 130 degrees, the problems of the developing properties of the toner and the cleaning properties of the toner remaining on the photosensitive member may occur, which is not preferable.
  • Wax contained in the toner of the present invention has preferably a main peak molecular weight (Mp) of 500 to 20,000 measured by GPC and ratio (Mw/Mn) of weight average molecular weight (Mw) to number average molecular weight (Mn) of 1.0 to 20, more preferably Mp of 600 to 15,000 and ratio (Mw/Mn) of 1.1 to 18, and further more preferably Mp of 700 to 10,000 and ratio (Mw/Mn) of 1.2 to 10.
  • Mp main peak molecular weight
  • Mw weight average molecular weight
  • Mn number average molecular weight
  • the size of dispersed particles of wax in toner particles is too small if Mp is less than 500 and the ratio (Mw/Mn) is less than 1.0, and the size of dispersed particles of wax is too large if Mp is more than 20,000 or the ratio (Mw/Mn) is more than 20, and in both of the cases, it is difficult to control the size of the dispersed wax articles, which is not preferable.
  • Mp measured by GPC may be 500 to 20,000 and the ratio (Mw/Mn) may be 1.2 to 25 although preferable is the case where Mp is 700 to 15,000 and the ratio (Mw/Mn) is 1.5 to 22, and further more preferable is the case where Mp is 1200 to 10,000 and ratio (Mw/Mn) is 2 to 20.
  • Mp is less than 500 and the ratio (Mw/Mn) is less than 1.2 and the case where Mp is more than 20,000 and the ratio (Mw/Mn) is more than 25, the particle size distribution of wax in toner particles becomes wider and the control thereof is difficult, which is not preferable.
  • Wax contained in the toner of the present invention is preferably selected from ester wax, hydrocarbon wax, polyethylene wax, or polypropylene wax, and particularly preferable is hydrocarbon wax, polyethylene wax or polypropylene wax.
  • wax contained in the toner of the present invention is synthetic hydrocarbon obtained from the distillation residue obtained by the Arge method that uses carbon monoxide and hydrogen as raw materials, or wax obtained by hydrogenation of these substances. Furthermore, wax for which fractionation of hydrocarbon wax has been applied through press sweating, solvent processing, utilization of vacuum distillation and fractional crystallization is more preferably used.
  • Wax contained in the tone of the present invention has a structure that can be represented by formula (2).
  • A represents a hydroxyl group or a carboxyl group and a represents an integer of from 20 to 60, but preferable is the case where A represents a hydroxyl group and a represents an integer of from 30 to 50.
  • the wax contained in the toner of the present invention is acid-modified polyethylene, it has an acid value of 1 to 20 mgKOH/g with the polyethylene being modified using at least one acid monomer selected from maleic acid, maleic half ester and maleic anhydride, and the wax has preferably an acid value of 1.5 to 15 mgKOH/g.
  • the wax contained in the toner of the present invention is acid-modified polypropylene, it has an acid value of 1 to 20 mgKOH/g with in the polyethylene being modified using at least one acid monomer selected from maleic acid, maleic half ester and maleic anhydride, and the wax has preferably acid value of 1.5 to 15 mgKOH/g.
  • the wax contained in the toner of the present invention preferably has an endothermic main peak in the range of 40 to 140°C in the DSC curve of the toner containing wax measured by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), more preferably has an endothermic main peak in the range of 70 to 140°C, further preferably has an endothermic main peak in the range of 75 to 135°C, and most preferably has an endothermic main peak in the range of 80 to 130°C and at the same time has endothermic sub peaks or endothermic shoulders. If it has an endothermic main peak in a range other than those described above, it will be difficult to satisfy all of low temperature fixation, hot offset resistance and blocking resistance simultaneously.
  • DSC differential scanning calorimeter
  • the benzilic acid preferably used in the present invention is represented by the following Formula (1).
  • R 1 and R 2 may be the same or different and each represents a substituent selected from the group consisting of straight-chain or branched alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, halogen, nitro, cyano, amino, carboxy and hydroxy, and m and n each represent an integer of from 0 to 5.
  • X represents a monovalent cation, specifically an ion of hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, ammonium and alkyl ammonium.
  • Examples of aluminum compounds of benzilic acid that are preferably used in the toner of the present invention will be shown, but the present invention should not be limited to these aluminum compounds of benzilic acid.
  • Aluminum compounds of benzilic acid preferably used in the toner of the present invention can be obtained, for example, by mixing a substituted or unsubstituted benzilic acid an aluminum salt such as aluminum sulfate (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ) in a desired mole ratio, heating and reacting the mixture in the presence of alkali, filtering and collecting the resulting precipitate, and further washing and drying it.
  • Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 aluminum salt
  • the method of producing aluminum compounds of benzilic acid related to the present invention should not be limited to this.
  • the substituted or unsubstituted benzilic acids reacted with aluminum not only improve the frictional charge and charge speed of toner, but also maintain environmental stability and come to have charge controlling capability by which high quality images can be provide over a long period of time.
  • the content of the aluminum compound of benzilic acid contained as a charge controlling agent is preferably 0.1 to 5 percent by weight, more preferably 0.5 to 3 percent by weight, further preferably 0.7 to 2 percent by weight. If the content of the aluminum compound of benzilic acid in the toner is less than 0.1 percent by weight or more than 5 percent by weight, image density may decrease due to enduring operation, which is not preferable.
  • binder resin to be used in the toner of the present invention any resin known as binder resin for toner may be used, but more preferable is a resin containing polyester as a main component, a resin containing a hybrid resin component having a polyester unit and a vinyl polymer unit, or a resin containing a vinyl polymer as a main component.
  • main component means the component contained in an amount more than 50 percent by weight based on the entire binder resin.
  • polyester containing substantially no chloroform-insoluble matter or polyester containing a chloroform-insoluble matter of less than 10 percent by weight and polyester containing a chloroform-insoluble matter of 10 to 60 percent by weight are mixed preferably in the ratio of 2:8 to 8:2 by weight for use, more preferably they are mixed in the ratio of 3:7 to 7:3 by weight for use, and further more preferably they are mixed in the ratio of 4:6 to 6:4 by weight for use.
  • monomers of polyester include the following.
  • Alcoholic components include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1-5-pentandiol, 1,6-hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, 2-ethyl 1,3-hexanediol, bisphenol hydride A, bisphenol derivatives represented by the following formula (3), and diols represented by the following formula (4).
  • R represents an ethylene or propylene group, each of x and y is an integer of one or more, and the average of x+y is 2 to 10.
  • Acid components include aromatic dicaboxylic acids such as phtalic acid, isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid or their anhydrides; alkyl dicaboxylic acids such as succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid and azelaic acid or their anhydrides; succinic acid substituted with an alkyl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms or their anhydrides; unsaturated dicarboxylic acids such as fumalic acid, maleic acid and citraconic acid or their anhydrides.
  • aromatic dicaboxylic acids such as phtalic acid, isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid or their anhydrides
  • alkyl dicaboxylic acids such as succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid and azelaic acid or their anhydrides
  • succinic acid substituted with an alkyl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms or their anhydrides succinic acid substituted with an alkyl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms
  • the resin containing a hybrid resin component having a polyester unit and a vinyl polymer unit is used as a binder resin contained in the toner.
  • the presence of the hybrid resin component can be identified by 13 C-NMR measurement.
  • the magnetic substance is dissolved by adding the magnetic toner in a concentrated solution of hydrochloric acid and stirring at room temperature for 70 to 80 hours, and the resultant solution can be used as a sample for measurement.
  • the toner containing carbon black and organic pigment can be used directly as a sample for measurement.
  • results of 13 C-NMR measurement in the case where acrylic ester is used as a vinyl polymer will be shown in Table 2.
  • the hybrid resin component having a vinyl polymer unit and a polyester unit contained in a binder resin is formed by chemically bonding the polyester unit to the vinyl polymer unit which is formed by addition polymerization of an aromatic vinyl monomer and a (meta) acrylic ester monomer.
  • the polyester unit are contained an alcoholic component and/or carboxylic acid capable of controlling dispersion of wax.
  • the hybrid resin component is produced through ester exchange reaction of (meta) acrylic ester and alcohol that is a monomer of polyester.
  • (meta) acrylic ester and alcohol that is a monomer of polyester.
  • 10 to 60 mol% of (meta) acrylic ester constituting the vinyl polymer unit may participate in esterification reaction with the polyester unit, but preferably 15 to 50 mol% participates in the esterification reaction, and further preferably 20 to 45 mol% participates in the esterification reaction.
  • the composition of polyester unit constituting the hybrid resin composite and the vinyl polymer unit is preferably in the ratio of 30:70 to 90:10 by weight, more preferably 40:60 to 80:20, and further more preferably 50:50 to 70:30. If the content of the polyester unit forming the hybrid resin component is less than 30 percent by weight or more than 90 percent by weight, in either case, it is difficult to optimize the interaction of the hybrid resin component and the aluminum compound of benzilic acid, and it may be difficult to control the dispersion condition of wax, which is not preferable.
  • the aforesaid alcoholic components or acid components can be used directly as monomers forming the polyester unit.
  • the vinyl monomers forming the vinyl polymer unit include the following.
  • Styrene styrene and its derivatives such as o-methylstyrene, m-methylstyrene, p-methylstylene, p-phenylstylene, p-ethylstyrene, 2,4-dimethylstyrene, p-n-butylstyrene, p-tert-butylstyrene, p-n-hexylstyrene, p-n-octylstyrene, p-n-nonylstyrene, p-n-decylstyrene, p-n-dodecylstyrene, p-metoxystyrene, p-chlorostyrene, 3,4-dichlorostyrene, m-nitrostyrene, o-nitrostyrene and p-nitrostyrene; styrene
  • unsaturated dibasic acids such as maleic acid, citraconic acid, itaconic acid, alkenyl succinic acid, fumaric acid and mesaconic acid
  • unsaturated dibasic acid anhydrates such as maleic acid anhydrate, citraconic acid anhydrate, itaconic acid anhydrate and alkenyl succinic acid anhydrate
  • half esters of unsaturated dibasic acid such as methyl maleate half ester, ethyl maleate half ester, butyl maleate half ester, methyl citraconate half ester, ethyl citraconate half ester, butyl citraconate half ester, methyl itaconate halt ester, methyl alkenyl succinate half ester, methyl fumarate half ester and methyl mesaconate half ester
  • unsaturated dibasic esters such as dimethyl maleate and dimethyl fumarate
  • ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid,
  • acrylic or methacrylic esters such as 2-hydroxyethylacrylate, 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate and 2-hydroxypropylmethacrylate; and monomers having hydroxy groups such as 4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylbutyl) styrene and 4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylhexyl) styrene are included.
  • the polyester unit preferably has a crosslinked structure formed by crosslinking with polyvalent carboxylic acid of trivalent or more or its anhydrates, or polyvalent alcohol of trivalent or more.
  • Polyvalent carboxylic acids of trivalent or more include, for example, 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-naphthalenetricarboxylic acid, pyromellitic acid and their acid anhydrates or lower alkyl esters
  • the polyvalent alcohols of trivalent or more include, for example, 1,2,3-propanetriol, trimethylolpropane, hexanetriol and pentaerythritol, but preferably 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid and its acid anhydrates.
  • the vinyl polymer unit of the binder resin may have a crosslinked structure formed by cross linking with a cross linking agent that has two or more vinyl groups, but cross linking agents to be used in this case include, for example, divinyl benzene and zivinyl naphthalene, as aromatic divinyl compounds; ethyleneglycol diacrylate, 1,3-butyleneglycol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,5-pentanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, neopentylglycol diacrylate and the above compounds in which their acrylates are replaced with methacrylates, as diacrylate compounds bound with alkyl chains; diethyleneglycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glyco ldiacrylate, polyethylene glycol #400 diacrylate, polyethylene glycol #600 diacrylate, dipropylene glycol diacrylate and the above
  • Multifunctional cross linking agents include pentaerysritol triacrylate, trimethyrolethane triacrylate, trimethyrolpropane triacrylate, tetramethyrolmethane tetraacrylate, oligoester acrylate and the above compounds in which their acrylates are replaced with methacrylates; triallylcyanurate and triallylmellitate.
  • cross linking agents can be used in the ratio of 0.01 to 10 parts by weight (further preferably 0.03 to 5 parts by weight) with respect to 100 parts by weight of other monomers.
  • those that are preferably used as resin for toners in terms of fixation and offset resistance (or anti-offset properties) include aromatic divinyl compounds (particularly divinyl benzene) and diacrylate compounds bound with chains containing one of aromatic groups and ether linkages.
  • the vinyl polymer component and/or the polyester component preferably include a monomer component that can react with both resin components.
  • monomers constituting the polyester component those that can react with vinyl polymers include, for example, unsaturated dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, maleic acid, citraconic acid and itaconic acid or their anhydrates.
  • unsaturated dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, maleic acid, citraconic acid and itaconic acid or their anhydrates.
  • monomers constituting the vinyl polymer component those that can react with polyester resin components include compounds having carboxyl groups or hydroxy groups, and acrylic or methacrylic esters.
  • a method for obtaining reaction products of vinyl polymers and polyester resin is preferably a method in which in the presence of polymers containing monomers which can react with each of the vinyl polymer and polyester described above, the reaction product is obtained by making one or both of these resins participate in polimerization reaction.
  • Polymerization initiators that are used in the case where vinyl polymers are produced include, for example, ketone peroxides such as 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile, 2,2'-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2,2'-azobis(-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2,2'-azobis(-2-methylbutyronitrile), dimethyl-2,2'-azobisisobutylate, 1,1'-azobis(1-cyclohexanecarbonitrile), 2-(carbamoylazo)-isobutyronitrile, 2,2'-azobis(2,4,4-trim ethylpentane), 2-phenylazo-2,4-dimethyl-4-methoxyvaleronitrile, 2,2'-azobis(2-methyl-propane), methylethylketone peroxide, acetylacetone peroxide and cyclohexanone peroxide, 2,2-
  • Production methods capable of producing binder resin containing hybrid resin components and having properties according to the present invention include, for example, the production methods described in the following (1) to (6).
  • polymer units having a plurality of different molecular weights and crosslinkage degees may be used as the vinyl polymer unit and/or the polyester unit.
  • the method (3) is particularly preferable in that the molecular weight of the vinyl polymer unit can be easily controlled, formation of the hybrid resin component can be controlled, and the dispersion condition of wax can be controlled in the case where wax is added.
  • a binder resin to be contained in the toner a resin containing a vinyl polymer as a main component is used.
  • the aforesaid vinyl monomers can be used directly, but preferable is a combination of monomers such that a styrene-(meta)acrylic copolymer is formed.
  • a binder resin having a desired acid value can be obtained by polymerizing these monomers individually or in combination with other monomers. Of these, monoester derivatives of unsaturated dicarboxylic acid are particularly preferable in order to control the acid value.
  • monoesters of ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated dicarboxylic acid such as monomethyl maleate, monoethyl maleate, monobutyl maleate, monooctyl maleate, monoallyl maleate, monophenyl maleate, monomethyl fumarate, monoethyl fumarate, monobutyl fumarate and monophenyl fumarate; and monoesters of alkenyldicarboxylic acid such as n-butenylsuccinic monobutyl, n-octenylsuccinic monomethyl, n-butenylmalonic monoethyl, n-dodesenylglutamic monomethyl and n-butenyladipic monobutyl are included.
  • Monomers containing carboxylic groups as described above may be added in the ratio of 0.1 to 20 parts by weight, preferably 0.2 to 15 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of all the monomers constituting a binder resin.
  • the reason for selecting the aforesaid monoester monomers of dicarboxylic acid is that they are preferably used in the form of esters having low solubility in aqueous suspension while having high solubility in organic solvents and other monomers.
  • Carboxylic groups and carboxylic ester portions in the polymer obtained by the polymerization of the aforesaid monomers may be treated with alkali to be saponified. That is, they may be reacted with the cationic component of alkali for changing the carboxylic group or the carboxylic ester portion into a polar functional group.
  • Alkalis that can be used in the present invention include hydroxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals such as Na, K, Ca, Li, Mg and Ba; hydroxides of transition metals such as Zn, Ag, Pb and Ni; and hydroxides of quaternary ammonium salts such as ammonium salts, alkyl ammonium salts and pyridium salts. Particularly preferable examples include NaOH and KOH.
  • the aforesaid saponification reaction is not necessarily carried out for all the carboxylic groups and carboxylic esters in a polymer, but they may be saponified partially to be changed into polar functional groups.
  • the amount of alkali that is used for the saponification reaction is depending on the type of polar groups in a polymer, dispersion methods and the type of constituent monomers and is difficult to determine indiscriminately, but may be 0.02 to 5 times the equivalent of the acid value of binder resin. If it is less than 0.02 times the equivalent, saponification reaction is not sufficient and the number of polar functional groups formed through the reaction is smaller, resulting in insufficient crosslinking reaction that is made through subsequent saponification. To the contrary, if it is more than 5 times the equivalent, functional groups such as carboxylic ester portions are unfavorably affected by, for example, the hydrolysis of ester and the formation of salts through saponification reaction.
  • the concentration of residual cation is between 5 and 1,000, which can be preferably used for defining the amount of alkali.
  • Methods of synthesizing vinyl polymers that are used when toners are produced by a grinding method include solution polymerization, emulsion polymerization and suspension polymerization.
  • the emulsion polymerization is a method in which monomers almost insoluble in water are formed into small particles by emulsifiers and dispersed in an aqueous phase, and polymerization is made using a water soluble polymerization initiator.
  • the regulation of heat of reaction is easy
  • the speed of termination reaction is small since the phase in which polymerization is made (oil phase consisting of polymer and monomer) and the aqueous phase are separate, resulting in a higher speed of polymerization, and polymers in a high polymerization degree are obtained.
  • it has advantageous aspects as a method for producing binder resin for toners because the mixture of a colorant, a charge controlling agent and other additives is easy in the production of toners since polymerization process is relatively simple and polymerization products are fine particles.
  • the suspension polymerization are preferably made in the ratio of 100 parts or loss by weight (preferably 10 to 90 parts by weight) of monomer to 100 parts by weight of aqueous solvent.
  • dispersants that may be used, polyvinyl alcohol, partially saponificated polyvinyl alcohol and calcium phosphate are used, and they are used generally in the ratio of 0.05 to 1 parts by weight to 100 parts by weight of aqueous solvent.
  • Appropriate temperature for polymerization is 50 to 95°C, but is optionally selected depending on polymerization initiators to be used or polymers to be formed.
  • multifunctional polymerization initiators having multifunctional structure include multifunctional polymerization initiators having functional groups having two or more polymerization initiating functions such as peroxide groups in one molecular, such as 1,1-di-t-butylperoxy-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, 1,3-bis-(t-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-(t-butylperoxy)hexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-(t-butylpaeoxy)hexane, tris-(t-butylperoxy)triazine, 1,1-di-t-butylperoxycyclohexane, 2,2-di-t-butylperoxybutane, 4,4-di-t-butylperoxyvalericacid-n-butylester, di-t-butylperoxyhezahydroterephthalate, di-t-butylper
  • 1,1-di-t-butylperoxy-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane 1,1-di-t-butylperoxycyclohexane, di-t-butylperoxyhexahydroterephthalate, di-t-butylperoxyazelate, 2,2-bis-(4,4-di-t-butylperoxycyclohexyl)propane and t-butylperoxyallylcarbonate.
  • these multifunctional polymerization initiators are used in combination with monofunctional polymerization initiators, in order to satisfy a variety of performances required as binder resin for toners.
  • a polymerization initiator of which decomposition temperature for achieving a half-life period of 10 hours is lower than that of the multifunctional polymerization initiator used in combination is preferably used.
  • organic peroxides such as benzoilperoxide, 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylc yclohexane, n-butyl-4,4-di(t-butylperoxy)valerate, dicumylperoxide, ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis(t-butylperoxydiisopropyl)benzene, t-butylperoxycumene and di-t-butylperoxide, and azo and diazo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile and diazoaminoazobenzene.
  • organic peroxides such as benzoilperoxide, 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylc yclohexane, n-butyl-4,4-di(t-butylperoxy)valerate, dicumylperoxide, ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis(t-butylperoxydiis
  • monofunctional polymerization initiators may be added in the monomer together with the above described multifunctional polymerization initiators, but in order to properly maintain the efficiency of such multifunctional polymerization initiators, they are preferably added after the half-life period that such multifanctional polymerization initiators show in polymerization process.
  • toner of the present invention in the case where vinyl polymers which constitute binder resin are produced by solution polymerization, bulk polymerization and the like, they can be produced by usual radical polymerization.
  • radical polymerization initiators which have two peroxide groups in a molecule and of which temperature difference of 10 hour half life when the cleavage reaction of each peroxide group takes place is 5°C or more, preferably 7°C or more, and further preferably 10°C or more
  • polymers produced by changing the reaction temperature difference in the radical polymerization by 5°C or more, preferably by 7°C or more, and further preferably by 10°C or more and adding monomer constituents at each polymerization temperature may be used.
  • these polymerization initiators are preferably used in the ratio of 0.05 to 2 parts by weight to 100 parts by weight of monomers.
  • vinyl polymers are also preferably crosslinked by cross linking monomers.
  • a monomer having two or more double bonds available for polymerization is principally used.
  • aromatic divinyl compounds for example, divinyl benzene and divinyl naphthalene
  • diacrylate compounds bound with alkyl chains for example, ethyleneglycol diacrylate, 1-3-butyleneglycol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,5-pentanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, neopentylglycol diacrylate, and the aforesaid compounds with acrylates replaced with methacrylates
  • diacrylate compounds bound with alkyl chains containing ether linkages for example, diethyleneglycol diacrylate, trethyleneglycol diacrylate, tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate, polysthyleneglycol #400 diacrylate, polyethyleneglyol #600 diacrylate, dipropylenegly
  • Multifunctional crosslinking agents include pentaerysuritol acrylate, trimethylolethane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, tetramethylolpropane triacrylate, tetramethylolmethane tetraacrylate, oligoester acrylate and the aforesaid compounds with acrylates replaced with methacrylates; and triallyl cyanoaurate and triallyl trimellitate.
  • crosslinking agents are preferably used in the ratio of 0.0001 to 1 parts by weight, preferably 0.001 to 0.5 parts by weight to 100 parts by weight of other monomers.
  • cross linking monomers those which are ideally used in terms of the fixation of toners and offset resistance include aromatic divinyl compounds (for example, divinyl benzene) and diacrylate compounds bound with chains containing aromatic groups and ether linkages.
  • aromatic divinyl compounds for example, divinyl benzene
  • diacrylate compounds bound with chains containing aromatic groups and ether linkages.
  • weightive polymerization and solution polymerization may be used.
  • any polymers can be obtained by effecting polymerization at high temperature to enhance the speed of termination reaction, but there is such a disadvantage that the control of reaction is difficult.
  • solution polymerization in this respect, even low molecular weight polymers can be obtained easily by taking advantage of the difference in chain transfer of radicals by solvents or regulating the amount of polymerization initiators and reaction temperature, which is preferable.
  • it is preferable to carry out polymerization under pressurized condition in that the amount of polymerization initiators used is reduced to a minimum and the influence of remaining initiators is reduced as much as possible.
  • toners are produced by direct polymerization
  • vinyl monomers constituting vinyl polymers the aforesaid vinyl monomers can be used directly.
  • a cross linking agent may be used during polymerization in order to intensify the mechanical strength and obtain a stable chargeability.
  • crosslinking agents all of the aforesaid compounds can be used, and they are added in the ratio of preferably 0.05 to 10 parts by weight, and more preferably 0.1 to 5 parts by weight to 100 parts by weight of other vinyl monomers.
  • polar resin such as polyester, epoxy resin, polycarbonate resin, styrene-butadiene copolymer can be contained so long as the chargeability of toners is not affected.
  • the toner of the present invention is used as a magnetic toner
  • magnetic substance is incorporated into the toner.
  • magnetic iron oxides such as magnetite, maghemite and ferrite containing different kinds of elements, and their mixtures are preferably used.
  • magnetic iron oxides containing one or more elements selected from lithium, beryllium, boron, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, germanium, titanium, zirconium, tin, lead, zinc, calcium, barium, scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, copper, nickel, gallium, indium, silver, palladium, gold, platinum, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, osmium, strontium, yttrium, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium and bismuth.
  • elements selected from lithium, beryllium, boron, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, germanium, titanium, zirconium, tin, lead, zinc, calcium, barium, scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, copper, nickel, gallium, indium, silver, palladium, gold, platinum, tungsten, molybdenum, niobi
  • These elements can be captured in the particle by allowing salts of respective elements to coexist and adjusting pH when the magnetic substance is produced. Furthermore, these elements can be precipitated on the surface of particles by adjusting pH, or adding salts of respective elements and adjusting pH after the magnetic substance is produced.
  • Magnetic substances having these elements are well compatible with binder resin and have very good dispersibility. Furthermore, this good dispersibility can enhance the dispersibility of aluminum compounds of benzilic acid for use in the present invention and can bring out the effect of such compounds sufficiently.
  • the magnetic substances act as dispersion media, the good dispersibility of the magnetic substances supports the dispersibility of aluminum compounds of benzilic acid and enhances the dispersibility of aluminum compounds of benzilic acid. Furthermore, these magnetic substances adsorb molecules of water, and have an effect such that aluminum compounds of benzilic acid give stress to charging by molecules of water more easily. This effect, if utilized together with binder resin having acid value, can be more effectively brought out. Furthermore, these magnetic substances have uniform particle size distribution, which together with the dispersibility of binder resin, can stabilize the chargeability of toners.
  • the content of these different kinds of elements is preferably 0.05 to 10 percent by weight based on the iron element of the magnetic iron oxide. Further preferable is 0.1 to 7 percent by weight, particularly preferable is 0.2 to 5 percent by weight, and further more preferable is 0.3 to 4 percent by weight. If the content of different kinds of elements is less than 0.05 percent by weight, the effect of containing these elements cannot be obtained, and good dispersibility and uniform electrification cannot be achieved. If the content of different kinds of elements is more than 10 percent by weight, emission of electric charge increases resulting in the lack of electrification, and image concentration may decrease and fogging may increase.
  • the dissolution rate of a different kind of element is preferably 20% to 100% of all the different kinds of elements, when the dissolution rate of the iron element of iron oxides is 20%. Further preferable is 25% to 100%, and particularly preferable is 30% to 100%. Dispersion effect and electric diffusion effect can be enhanced more significantly, by increasing surface abundance.
  • the number average particle size is preferably 0.05 to 1.0 ⁇ m, and further preferably is 0.1 to 0.5 ⁇ m.
  • the magnetic substances of which BET specific surface area is 2 to 40m 2 /g are preferably used (more preferable is 4 to 20m 2 /g).
  • the shape is not particularly limited, and magnetic substances of any shape are used.
  • magnetic substances which are preferably used are those having saturation magnetization of 10 to 200 Am 2 /kg (more preferably, 70 to 100 Am 2 /kg), remnant magnetization of 1 to 100 Am 2 /kg (more preferably, 2 to 20 Am 2 /kg) and magnetic force resistance of 1 to 30 kA/m (more preferably, 2 to 15kA/m) under magnetic field of 795.8kA/m.
  • These magnetic substances are used in the ratio of 20 to 200 parts by weight to 100 parts by weight of binder resin.
  • the amount of elements in the magnetic iron oxide can be measured by carrying out X-ray fluorescence analysis in accordance with JIS K0119 General Rule of X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis, using Fluorescent X-Ray Spectrometer SYSTEM 3080 (manufactured by Rigaku Denki Kogyo Ltd.). Distribution of elements can be obtained by determining the amount of atoms being dissolved in hydrochloric acid or hydrofluoric acid using plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP) and calculating its dissolution rate from the ratio of the concentration of each element with each dissolved to the concentration of each element with all dissolved.
  • ICP plasma emission spectroscopy
  • the number average diameter of the magnetic substance can be found by using a digitizer or the like to measure photographs of the particles magnified with a transmission electron microscope.
  • Magnetic properties of magnetic substance are values measured under external magnetic field of 795.8 kA/m using "Vibrating Sample Type Magnetometer VSM-3S-15" (manufactured by Toei Kogyo).
  • VSM-3S-15 "Vibrating Sample Type Magnetometer VSM-3S-15” (manufactured by Toei Kogyo).
  • specific surface area the sample is made to adsorb gaseous nitrogen on the surface using Specific Surface Area Measuring Equipment Autosorp 1 (manufactured by Yuasa Ionics) in accordance with the BET method, and then the BET multipoint method is used to calculate the specific surface area.
  • colorant there may be employed carbon black, titanium white, or other pigments and/or dyes.
  • the dyes include C.I. Direct Red 1, C.I. Direct Red 4, C.I. Acid Red 1, C.I. Basic Red 1, C.I. Modern Red 30, C.I. Direct Blue 1, C.I. Direct Blue 2, C.I. Acid Blue 9, C.I. Acid Blue 15, C.I. Basic Blue 3, C.I. basic Blue 5, C.I. Direct Green 6, Basic Green 4, and C.I. Basic Green 6.
  • the pigments include Mineral Fast Yellow, Nable Yellow, Naphtol Yellow S, Hanzai Yellow G, Permanent Yellow NCG, Tartradine Rake, Molybdenum Orange, Permanent Orange GTR, Purazolon Orange, Banzidine Orange G, Cadmium Red, Permanent Red 4R, Watching Red Calcium salt, Eosin Rake, Brilliant Carmine 3B, Manganese Purple, Fast Violet B, Methyl Violet Rake, Cobalt Blue, Alkali Blue Rake, Victory Apple Rake, Phthalocyanine Blue, First Sky Blue, Indanthlene Blue BC, Pigment Green B, Marakite Green Rake, and Final Yellow Green G.
  • Carbon black employed for the present invention is preferably 25 to 80 nm in average particle size of primary particles, and is more preferably 35 to 55 nm.
  • the average particle size of primary particles of carbon black is less than 25 nm, toner chargeability are affected. In addition when the size exceeds 80 nm, the coloring power becomes insufficient, and only a printed out image with its low image density can be obtained.
  • the average particle size of primary particles of the carbon black added in a toner can be obtained from a magnified TEM photograph using a transparent electronic microscope (TEM).
  • TEM transparent electronic microscope
  • the carbon black employed for the present invention is preferably 40 to 150 ml/100 g in DBP oil absorption quantity, and is more preferably 50 to 140 ml/100 g.
  • the DBP oil absorption quantity is less than 40 ml/100 g
  • the carbon black structure is short, and the toner charge quantity is prone to decrease.
  • the DBP oil absorption quantity exceeds 150 ml/100 g, a long, rigid structure is obtained, making it difficult to obtain uniform toner charge.
  • the DBP oil absorption quantity of carbon black is measured in conformity with ASTM D2414-79.
  • the magenta coloring pigments include C.I. Pigment Reds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 63, 64, 68, 81, 83, 87, 88, 89, 90, 112, 114, 122, 123, 163, 202, 206, 207, 209, C.I. Pigment Violet 19, and C.I. Bud Reds 1, 2, 10, 13, 15, 23, 29, and 35.
  • the magenta dyes include oil soluble dyes such as C.I. Solvent Reds 1, 3, 8, 23, 24, 25, 27, 30, 49, 81, 82, 83, 84, 100, 109, 121; C.I. Disperse Red 9; C.I. Solvent Violets 8, 13, 14, 21, and 27; and C.I. Disperse Violet 1; and basic dyes such as C.I. Basic Reds 1, 2, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, and 40; C.I. Basic Violets 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 15, 21, 25, 26, 27, and 28.
  • oil soluble dyes such as C.I. Solvent Reds 1, 3, 8, 23, 24, 25, 27, 30, 49, 81, 82, 83, 84, 100, 109, 121; C.I. Disperse Red 9; C.I. Solvent Violets 8, 13, 14, 21, and 27; and C.I. Disperse Violet 1; and basic dyes such as C.I. Basic Reds 1, 2, 9, 12, 13, 14,
  • Cyan coloring pigments include C.I. Pigment Blues 2, 3, 15, 16, and 17; C.I. Bud Blue 6; C.I. Acid Blue 45; or copper phthalocyanyne pigments in which its phthalocyanine skeleton having the structure represented by the following formula is substituted with one to five phthalimido methyl groups.
  • Yellow coloring pigments include C.I. Pigment Yellows 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 65, 73, 83 and C.I. Bud Yellows 1, 3, and 20.
  • the quantity of colorant is 0.1 to 20 wt. parts, and is preferably 0.2 to 10 wt. parts in a bonding resin of 100 parts by weight.
  • the toner of the present invention may be used together with the aforementioned aluminum compound of a benzylic acid and other charge control agents.
  • a charge control agent that can be used together with the aluminum compound of the benzylic acid
  • a charge control agent has its high charge speed, and is capable of constantly maintaining a constant charge quantity.
  • specific compounds having their negative frictional charge properties there can be utilized metal compounds such as salicylic acid, naphthoic acid, dye carbonic acid or its derivative; metal compounds such as azo pigment or its derivative; polymeric compounds having a sulfonic acid and a carbonic acid on side chain; boron compounds, urine compounds, silicon compounds, and kalliksalene.
  • Nigrosine triphenyl methane based compounds, quaternary ammonium salts, polymeric compounds having quaternary ammonium salts on their side chains, guanidine compounds, imidazol compounds.
  • charge control agents of 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, and more preferably 0.5 to 5 parts by weight in binder resin of 100 parts by weight can be used, these agents are not always mandatory.
  • the toner is preferably 2.5 to 10 ⁇ m in weight-average particle size, and is more preferably 2.5 to 6.0 ⁇ m.
  • the toner of 2.5 to 6.0 ⁇ m in weight-average particle size is preferable because an image with its very high resolution can be obtained. In the case where the average particle size per weight is less than 2.5 ⁇ m, it is not preferable because sufficient image density is hardly obtained. As the particle size of the toner is made smaller, the release of the aluminum compounds of benzylic acid is liable to occur. However, since the toner of the present invention has superior charge uniformity, even if the aluminum compounds of the benzylic acid is released, and sleeve contamination occurs, the toner is hardly affected by such release or contamination.
  • Containing inorganic fine powder in the toner of the present invention is one of the preferable embodiments in improving the toner charge stability, developing properties, flow properties, and durability.
  • the inorganic fine powder used in the present invention includes fine powder of inorganic oxides such as silica fine powder, titanium oxide fine powder, and alumina fine powder separately or in combination.
  • the inorganic fine powder used in the present invention is intended to provide hydrophobicity, control of charge properties or the like. If necessary, it is also preferable that the inorganic fine powder is treated with silicone vanish, various modified silicone vanishes, silicone oil, various modified silicon oils, silane coupling agents, silane coupling agents having functional groups, or other treatment agents such as organic silicon compounds, optionally, together with various treatment agents. Among them, silicone oil treatment with silicone vanishes, various modified silicone vanisheds, silicone oils, or various modified silicone oils is preferred.
  • Untreated inorganic fine powder and hydrophobic inorganic fine powder may be employed by mixing them in the toner of the present invention.
  • silica fine powder for the present invention dry silica called dry process or fumed silica produced by vapor phase oxidization of silicon halogen compounds and wet silica produced from water glass or the like, may be both used, but the dry silica with less silanol groups on the surface and the inside thereof and free of production residues is preferred.
  • the silica fine powder employed for the present invention is preferably subjected to hydrophobic treatment.
  • the silica fine powder is chemically treated by organic silicon compounds or the like which reacts with, or is physically adsorbed by, that silica fine powder.
  • Preferable methods include a method in which, after treating the dry silica fine powder produced by vapor phase oxidization of silicon halogen compounds with a silane coupling agent or at the time of the treatment with the silane coupling agent, the fine powder is treated with an organic silicon compound such as silicone oil.
  • Silane coupling agents used with hydrophobic treatment include, for example, haxamethyldisilazane, trimethylsilane, trimethylchlorsilane, trimethylethoxysilane, dimethylchlorsilane, methyltrichlorsilane, aryldimetghylchlorsilane, arylphenyldichlorsilane, benzyldimethylchlorsilane, brommethyldimethylchlorsilane, ⁇ -chlorethyltrichlorsilane, ⁇ -chlorethyltrichlorsilane, chlormethyldimethylchlorsilane, triorganosilanemercaptan, trimethylsilylmercaptan, triorganosilylacrylate, vinyldimethylacetoxysilane, dimethylethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, diphenyldietoxysilane, hexamethyldisiloxane, 1, 3-divinylt
  • Organic silicon compounds include silicone oil.
  • silicone oil there is employed an oil whose viscosity is 30 to 1000 mm 2 per second (cSt) at 25°C.
  • dimethyl silicone oil methyl phenyl silicone coil, ⁇ -methyl styrene modified silicone oil, chlorphenyl silicone coil, or fluorine modified silicone oil is preferred.
  • the silica fine powder treated with a silane coupling agent and silicone oil may be mixed directly by using a mixing machine such as a Henschel mixer or the like, or silicone oil is ejected to silica being a base body.
  • a mixing machine such as a Henschel mixer or the like
  • silicone oil is ejected to silica being a base body.
  • the dissolved or dispersed oil is mixed with the silica fine powder being a base body, and the solvent is removed, whereby the mixture may be prepared.
  • the fine powder is preferably employed for the toner of the present invention.
  • the inorganic fine powder of 5 to 100 nm, and further, 5 to 70 nm in average particle size of primary particles imparts good results to flow properties or charge properties, and the matching with aluminum compounds of the benzylic acid according to the present invention is improved.
  • the base body fine powder is preferably in 30 m 2 /g or more and is particularly within the range of 60 to 400 m 2 /g.
  • the surface treated fine powder is preferably in 20 m 2 /g or more, and is particularly within the range of 40 to 300 m 2 /g.
  • the average particle size of primary particles of the inorganic fine powder added into the toner can be obtained from a SEM photograph using a scanning electronic microscope (SEM). Specifically, among from the toner magnification SEM photograph, 300 particles which can be verified to be primary particles of the inorganic fine powder can be verified are selected. Then, each particle size of the inorganic fine powder is measured, and the average value thereof is defined as the average particle size of the primary particles of the inorganic fine powder.
  • SEM scanning electronic microscope
  • the inorganic fine powder employed for the present invention is used preferably in 0.03 to 8 parts by weight in the toner of 100 parts by weight, more preferably in 0.1 to 5 parts by weight.
  • addition agents may be used in 0.05 to 10 parts by weight, preferably in 0.1 to 5 parts by weight in the toner of 100 parts by weight. These addition agents may be employed separately or in combination.
  • the toner of the present invention may be used as a two-component developing agent by mixing the toner with a carrier.
  • the resistance value of the carrier is preferably set to be 10 6 to 10 10 ⁇ cm by adjusting irregularities on the carrier surface and a quantity of resin applied onto the carrier.
  • styrene - ester acrylate copolymer styrene - ester methacrylate copolymer
  • ester acrylate copolymer ester methacrylate copolymer
  • silicone resin fluorine-containing resin
  • polyamide resin styrene - ester methacrylate copolymer
  • polyphenylene sulfide resin or their mixture.
  • the quantity of the coating resin is 0.1 to 30 weight %, preferably 0.5 to 20 weight %, based on the carrier cores to be coated.
  • the average particle size of the carrier is 10 to 100 ⁇ m, and is preferably 20 to 70 ⁇ m.
  • magnetic materials of the carrier cores there can be employed oxides such as ferrite, iron excess type ferrite, magnetite, ⁇ -iron oxide; and metals such as iron, cobalt, or nickel or their alloys.
  • elements contained in these magnetic materials include iron, cobalt, nickel, aluminum, copper, lead, magnesium, tin, zinc, antimony, beryllium, bismuth, calcium, manganese, selenium titanium, tungsten, and vanadium.
  • the aforementioned toner constituent elements are well mixed by a ball mill and other mixing machines, is well mulled by employing a thermal mulling machine such as thermal roll kneader or extruder, is mechanically milled after cooling and solidification, and the milled powders are classified, thereby obtaining the toner.
  • a thermal mulling machine such as thermal roll kneader or extruder
  • a polymerization based toner manufacturing method for mixing predetermined material with monomers which should constitute a bonding resin to obtain an emulsified suspension, following by polymerizing the suspension to obtain the toner; a method for allowing predetermined material to be contained in a core material and/or a shell material in a so called micro capsule toner consisting of the core material and shell material; and a method for dispersing constituent elements in a bonding resin solution, followed by spraying and drying the solution, thereby obtaining the toner.
  • desired addition agents and the toner are well mixed by a mixing machine such as a Henschel Mixer as required, whereby the toner of the present invention can be produced.
  • an image carrier for carrying an electrostatic images formed by a known process for example, an electrophotographic photosensitive drum 7 is rotated in the direction indicated by arrow B.
  • a developing sleeve 14 being a developing agent carrier (or developer-carrying member) carries a toner 10 being a single-component developing agent supplied from a hopper 9, and rotates in the direction indicated by arrow A, thereby transporting the toner 10 to a developing section D at which the developing sleeve 14 and the photosensitive drum 7 are opposed to each other.
  • the toner 10 is a magnetic toner
  • a magnet 11 is disposed in order to cause the toner to be magnetically attracted and held onto the developing sleeve 14.
  • frictionally electrified charge capable of developing an electrostatic images on the photosensitive drum 7 is imparted by friction with the developing sleeve 14.
  • a restricting magnetic blade 8 consisting of a strong magnetic (or ferromagnetic) metal is suspended from the hopper 9 so as to approach to the developing sleeve 14 with a gap width of about 200 to 300 ⁇ m from the surface of the developing sleeve 14. Magnetic lines of force from a magnetic pole Nl of the magnet 11 are concentrated on the blade 8, whereby a thin layer of the toner 10 is formed on the developing sleeve 14.
  • a non-magnetic blade can be used.
  • a resilient blade such as urethane rubber, silicone rubber, or chip blade is employed.
  • the thickness of the thin layer of the toner 10 formed on the developing sleeve 14 is preferable to be further thinner than a minimum gap between the developing sleeve 14 at the developing section D and the photosensitive drum 7.
  • the developing method of the present invention is particularly effective to a developing apparatus (i.e., a non-contact type developing apparatus) employing a system of developing an electrostatic images by such a toner thin layer.
  • the developing method is applicable to a developing apparatus (i.e., a contact type developing apparatus) in which the thickness of the toner layer is equal to or greater than a minimum gap between the developing sleeve 14 and the photosensitive drum 7.
  • a developing bias voltage is applied to the developing sleeve 14 by means of a power source 15.
  • a DC voltage is used as this developing bias voltage
  • the voltage whose value is between an electric potential of a image section of an electrostatic images (a region in which the toner 10 is deposited and visualized) and an electric potential of a background section is preferably applied to the developing sleeve 14.
  • an alternate bias voltage is applied to the developing sleeve 14 so that a oscillating electric field whose orientation is reversed alternately may be formed at the developing section D.
  • the alternate bias voltage in which a DC voltage component having a value between the electric potential of the above image section and the electric potential of the background section is superimposed is preferably applied to the developing sleeve 14.
  • a toner electrified in a polarity opposite to the polarity of the electrostatic image is used.
  • a toner electrified in a polarity identical to the polarity of the electrostatic image is used.
  • the high electric potential and the low electric potential are based on absolute value.
  • the toner 10 is electrified in a polarity for developing an electrostatic images due to the friction with the developing sleeve 14.
  • a resilient plate is used which is formed out of a material having rubber resilience such as urethane rubber or silicone rubber or a material having metal resilience such as phosphorus bronze or stainless steel, wherein this resilient plate 17 is brought into pressure contact with the developing sleeve 14.
  • a thinner toner layer can be further formed on a developing sleeve 8.
  • the other construction of the developing apparatus shown in FIG. 2 is basically identical to the developing apparatus shown in FIG. 1.
  • like reference numerals identical to those assigned in FIG. 1 denote like elements.
  • a developing sleeve that is a developing agent carrier employed for the present invention preferably has a cylindrical base body 12; and a coat layer 13 (a resin layer) with which the surface of the base body is coated.
  • the construction is shown in FIG. 3.
  • the resin layer 1 contains a binder resin 4, and may optionally contains a electrically conductive substance 2, a filling agent 3, and a solid lubricating agent 5.
  • the resin layer is applied onto the cylindrical base body 6.
  • the resin layer 1 is electrically conductive, and thus, excessive electrification of the toner can be prevented.
  • the filling agent 3 is contained, the wear of the resin layer 1 due to the toner is prevented.
  • toner electrification can be preferably controlled by the electrification imparting properties of the filling agent 3. Furthermore, in the case where the solid lubricating agent 5 is contained, the release properties between the toner and the sleeve is improved. As a result, the fusion of the toner onto the sleeve can be prevented.
  • the volume resistance of the resin layer is 106 ⁇ cm or less, and is preferably 103 ⁇ cm or less. In the case where the volume resistance of the resin layer exceeds 106 ⁇ cm, toner charge-up is prone to occur, which may cause the occurrence of blotch or the degradation of developing properties.
  • the surface roughness of the resin layer is preferably within the range of 0.2 to 3.5 ⁇ m in an average roughness (Ra) of the JIS center line. If Ra is less than 0.2 micron, the electrification quantity of the toner in the vicinity of the sleeve is too high. Then, the toner is attracted onto the sleeve by mirroring force, electrification from the sleeve cannot be imparted to a new toner, so that developing properties are lowered. If the Ra exceeds 3.5 ⁇ m, the toner coat quantity on the sleeve increases excessively. Thus, the toner cannot obtain a sufficient electrification quantity, and non-uniform electrification occurs, causing lowered image density or density non-uniformity.
  • Ra average roughness
  • an electrically conductive substance 2 includes, for example, metal powders such as aluminum, copper, nickel, or silver; metal oxides such as antimony oxide, indium oxide, or tin oxide; and carbon allotropes such as carbon fiber, carbon black, or graphite.
  • metal powders such as aluminum, copper, nickel, or silver
  • metal oxides such as antimony oxide, indium oxide, or tin oxide
  • carbon allotropes such as carbon fiber, carbon black, or graphite.
  • carbon black is preferably employed particularly because it has superior electrical conductivity, and imparts electrical conductivity when it is filled in a polymer material, and because an arbitrary degree of electrical conductivity can be obtained to some extent through controlling an amount of such addition.
  • the average particle size of carbon black particles used for the present invention is 0.001 to 1.0 micron, and is preferably 0.01 micron to 0.8 micron. When the average particle size of carbon black particles exceeds 1 micron, the volume resistance of the resin layer is hardly controlled, which is not preferable.
  • the quantity of an electrically conductive substance is preferably 0.1 to 300 parts by weight, and is more preferably 1 to 100 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of binder resin.
  • the filling agent 3 there may be added a known conventional toner negative or positive electrification charge control agent.
  • the other substances include inorganic compounds such as alumina, asbestos, glass fiber, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, barium carbonate, barium sulfate, silica, calcium silicate; nitrogen-containing compounds such as phenol resin, epoxy resin, melanin resin, silicone resin, PMMA, terpolymer of methacrylate (for example, polystyrene/n-butyl methacrylate/silane terpolymer), styrene - butadiene based copolymer, polycaprolactone, polycaprolactam, polyvinyl pyridine, polyamide; highly halogenated polymers such as polyfluorinated vinylidene, polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polytetrachlorofluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxylated ethylene, polytetrafluoroalkoxyethylene, fluor
  • the quantity of the filling agent is preferably 0.1 to 500 parts by weight, and more preferably 1 to 200 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of binder resin.
  • the solid lubricating agent 5 includes, for example, molybdenum disulfide, boron nitride, graphite, fluorinated graphite, silver - niobium selenide, calcium chloride - graphite, and talc.
  • graphite is preferably employed because it has lubricating properties and electrical conductivity, decrease a toner having excessively high charge, and acts to provide an electrification quantity preferable to developing.
  • the quantity of the solid lubricating agent is preferably 0.1 to 300 parts by weight, and is more preferably 1 to 150 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of binder resin.
  • the binder resin 4 in which the electrically conductive substance 2, the filling agent 3 or the solid lubricating agent 5 is dispersed there may be employed resins such as phenol based resin, epoxy based resin, polyamide based resin, polyester based resin, polycarbonate based resin, polyolefin based resin, silicone based resin, fluorine based resin, styrene based resin, or acryl based resin.
  • resins such as phenol based resin, epoxy based resin, polyamide based resin, polyester based resin, polycarbonate based resin, polyolefin based resin, silicone based resin, fluorine based resin, styrene based resin, or acryl based resin.
  • a thermosetting or optically curing resin is preferred.
  • a filling agent or a solid lubricating agent or in order to produce a surface with uniform irregularities by performing surface-smoothing treatment a surface is treated to be smoothened by means such as polishing treatment described later, thereby making it possible to impart further preferable performance.
  • this smoothing treatment is effective in a longitudinal streak phenomenon that occurs with solid black or half-tone images, or rising of initial image density.
  • the advantageous effect is significant in a high temperature and high humidity environment.
  • Polishing processing with felt or an abrasive machined, band-shaped polishing material is applied, whereby the irregularities on the sleeve surface can be finished uniformly, and thus, the toner coat quantity on the sleeve is uniformed.
  • the toner subjected to frictional electrification with the sleeve is carried into a developing area. Therefore, the aforementioned advantageous effect is achieved.
  • the surface of the coat layer preferably maintains irregularities within the range of 0.2 to 3.5 ⁇ m in average roughness Re of JIS B 0601, and more preferably maintains about 0.3 to 2.5 ⁇ m for the reason as stated above.
  • a non-magnetic metal cylinder tube or a resin cylinder there is preferably employed a non-magnetic metal cylinder tube or a resin cylinder.
  • non-magnetic cylinder tubes such as a stainless steel cylinder tube, an aluminum cylinder tube, a copper alloy cylinder tube.
  • Methods for producing such cylinder tubes include drawing or extrusion.
  • cutting or polishing is applied to obtain predetermined dimensional accuracy.
  • the degree of straightness of the cylinder tube is preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, and further, is more preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, whereby high quality images are obtained.
  • a rough surface may be formed by sand blast or polishing in order to impart proper irregularities on the surface as required.
  • Abrasive powders employed for such blast may be regularly shaped particles or irregularly shaped particles.
  • the developing method of the present invention is applicable to an image forming method using a corona electrification system and/or a corona transfer system.
  • a rotation drum shaped photosensitive element 801 having an photo conductive layer 801a and a electrically conductive base layer 801b is rotated at a predetermined peripheral speed (process speed) in the rotation direction of the needles of a clock on the drawing.
  • a bias is applied to an electrification roller 802 having an electrically conductive resilience layer 802a and a cored bar (or mandrel) 802b by an electrification bias power source 803.
  • the electrification roller 802 is brought into pressure contact with the photosensitive element 801 by pressurization force, and is rotated together with rotation of the photosensitive element 801.
  • a bias V 2 is applied to the electrification roller 802, whereby the surface of the photosensitive element 801 is electrified with a predetermined polarity and electric potential. Then, electrostatic images are formed by image exposure 804, and is sequentially visualized as a toner image by developing means 805.
  • a bias V 1 is applied to a developing sleeve constituting the developing means 805 by developing bias applying means 813.
  • the toner image formed on a image carrier by the development is electrostatically transferred to a transfer member 808 by a transfer roller 806 (electrically conductive resilience layer 806a or a cored bar 806b) being contact transfer means in which a transfer bias V 3 is applied by a transfer bias power source 807.
  • the toner image on the transfer member is fixed to be heated and pressurized by heating and pressurizing means 811 having a heating roller 811a and a pressurizing roller 811b.
  • deposited contaminated substances such as transferred toner residue are surface-cleaned by a cleaning device 809 comprising a resilient cleaning blade brought into pressure contact with the photosensitive element 801 in the counter direction. Further, electricity is decharged by an electricity decharge exposure device 810, and images are repeatedly produced.
  • the primary electrification means has been described above by means of the example of the electrification roller 802 as contact electrification means, there may be employed contact electrification means such as an electrification blade or electrification brush, and further, there may be employed non-contact corona electrification means.
  • the contact electrification means is preferable because it reduces the generationi of ozone in the electrification step more significantly.
  • the transfer means has been described above by means of the example of the transfer roller 806, there may be employed contact electrification means such as a transfer blade or transfer belt, and further, there may be employed non-contact corona transfer means.
  • the contact transfer means is preferable because it reduces the generation of ozone in the transfer process more significantly.
  • FIG. 5 shows a means for heating a recording material 511 on which a toner image is formed by using a fixedly supported heating element 511, and fixing the recording material to the heating element by a pressurizing roller 518 which brings the recording material into pressure contact with the heating element and brings the recording material into contact with the heating element via a film 515.
  • the heating element 511 has small heat capacity than a conventional heat roll, and has a linear heating section.
  • the maximum temperature of the heating section is preferably 100 to 300°C.
  • a fixing film 515 positioned between the heating element 511 and a pressurization roller 518 being a pressurization member is preferably a heat resistance sheet having of 1 to 100 ⁇ m in thickness.
  • heat resistance sheet there are employed polymer sheets such as high heat-resistance polyester, PET (polyethylene telephthalate), PFA (tetrafluoroethylene - perfluoroalkylvinylether copolymer), PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), polyimide, or polyamide; metal sheets such as aluminum; and a laminate sheet comprised of the metal sheet and polymer sheet.
  • a more preferable fixing film structure is such that these heat resistance sheets each have a release layer and/or a low resistance layer.
  • Reference numeral 511 denotes a linear heating element with its low heat capacity fixedly supported by the apparatus.
  • a resistance material 513 of 1.0 mm in width is applied to an alumina substrate 512 of 1.0 mm in thickness, 10 mm in width, and 240 mm in longitudinal length, and electricity is applied thereto both ends in the longitudinal direction.
  • pulses having a pulse shaped waveform of 20 msec in 100 DCV controlled by a temperature detecting element 514 are imparted by changing their pulse width according to a desired temperature or energy radiation quantity.
  • the substantial pulse width is 0.5 millisecond to 5 milliseconds.
  • the fixing film 515 is moved in the direction indicated by the arrow in the figure in contact with the heating element 511 whose energy and temperature are controlled.
  • this fixing film is an endless film coated with a release layer by 10 ⁇ m in which an electrical conducting agent is applied to a heat resistance film of 20 ⁇ m in thickness (for example, polyimide, polyether imide, PES, PFA, and fluorine resins such as PTFE or PAF applied to at least a face coming into contact with images).
  • the total thickness is generally less than 100 ⁇ m, and is more preferably less than 40 ⁇ m.
  • the film is driven by means of a driving roller 516 and a follower roller 517 or due to tension without causing wrinkles in the direction indicated by the arrow.
  • Reference numeral 518 denotes a pressurization roller having a rubber resilience layer with its good release properties such as silicone rubber, wherein the roller pressurizes a heating element at a total pressure of 4 to 20 kg via a film, and rotates in pressure contact with the film.
  • An unfixed toner 520 on a recording material 519 is guided to a fixing section by an inlet guide 521, and a fixed image is obtained by the aforementioned heating.
  • the fixing film 515 has been described by means of example of an endless belt, the fixing film may be an film with its ends using a sheet feeding shaft and a winding shaft.
  • a developing apparatus using a two-component based developing agent will be described below.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic view illustrating a developing apparatus using a two-component based developing agent, wherein a two-component based developing agent 49 obtained by mixing a toner and a magnetic carrier is put in a developing agent chamber R 1 and a stirring chamber R 2 .
  • the two-component based developing agent 49 is carried while it is mixed and stirred by screws 43 and 44, and circulates the developing agent chamber R 1 and the stirring chamber R 2 .
  • a toner storage chamber R 3 having a replenishment toner is provided at the upper part of the stirring chamber R 2 .
  • the two-component based developing agent transported to the developing agent chamber R 1 is carried onto the surface of a developing sleeve 41 by magnetic force that a magnet roller 42 has, whereby a magnetic brush 49b is formed. Then, the magnetic brush is brought into contact with the surface of a photosensitive drum, whereby the electrostatic images carried on the surface of the photosensitive drum are developed.
  • An acid value is measured in conformance with a measuring method described in JIS K0070.
  • a molecular weight distribution of the THF soluble matter of a binder resin or a toner is measured by GPC using THF (tetrahydrofran) as a solvent under the following conditions, in which a molecular weight of 1,000 or more is measured.
  • a column is stabilized in a heat chamber of 40°C, THF is poured as a solvent at a flow rate of 1 ml per minute into the column at this temperature, and the THF sample solution is poured by about 100 ⁇ l to be measured.
  • the molecular weight distribution that the sample has was calculated based on a relationship between the logarithmic value of a calibration curve prepared by several kinds of monodispersed polystyrene standard samples and the count value thereof.
  • a standard polystyrene sample for preparing the calibration curve for example, there is employed a sample whose molecular weight measured by the measuring instruments available from Toso Co., Ltd. or Showa Denko Co., Ltd.
  • a column a plurality of commercially available polystyrene gel columns are preferably used in combination. For example, there can be exemplified combinations such as a combination of shodex GPC KF-801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, and 800P available from Showa Denko Co., Ltd.
  • TSKgel G1000H HXL
  • G2000H HXL
  • G3000H HXL
  • G4000H HXL
  • G5000H HXL
  • G6000H HXL
  • G7000H HXL
  • TSKgurd column TSKgel G1000H (HXL)
  • G2000H HXL
  • G3000H HXL
  • G4000H HXL
  • G5000H HXL
  • G6000H HXL
  • G7000H HXL
  • TSKgurd column TSKgurd column.
  • a sample is produced in the following manner.
  • a sample is placed in THF, and is left standing for several hours. Then, the sample is well stirred to be well mixed with the THF (until the integration of the sample has been eliminated), and further, is statically left for 12 hours or more. At this time, it should be retained in the THF for 24 hours or more. Thereafter, the sample is filtrated through a sample treatment filter (pore size: 0.2 to 0.5 micron, for example, Maishori Disk H-25-2 (available from Toso Co., Ltd.) or the like) to make the GPC sample. In addition, the concentration of the sample is adjusted so that the resin component is 0.5 to 5 mg/ml.
  • a sample treatment filter pore size: 0.2 to 0.5 micron, for example, Maishori Disk H-25-2 (available from Toso Co., Ltd.) or the like
  • a 0.5 to 1.0 g toner sample is measured (W 1 g), cylinder filtration paper (for example, No. 86R available from Toyo Roshi Co., Ltd.) is placed in the sample to be subjected to a Soxhlet extractor. Then, 200 ml THF is employed as a solvent to carry out extraction for 10 hours. Then, a soluble component solution extracted by the solvent is evaporated, and then, is vacuum-dried at 100°C for several hours. The quantity of the THF soluble resin component is measured (W 2 g). The weight of components other than the resin component in the toner is obtained (W 3 g). The THF insoluble component is obtained by the Equation below.
  • THF insoluble component (W 1 -(W 3 +W 2 )) W 1 -W 3 ⁇ 100(weight%)
  • the extracted component (W 1 g) is measured, and the THF insoluble component may be obtained by the formula below.
  • THF insoluble component W 4 -W 3 W 1 -W 3 ⁇ 100(weight%)
  • the melting point of wax is measured in conformance with ASTM D3418-82 using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC measuring instrument) DSC-7 (Available from Parkin Elmer Co., Ltd.).
  • a target sample of 2 to 10 mg and preferably 5 mg is precisely measured.
  • the measured sample is placed in an aluminum pan, and an empty aluminum pan is employed as a reference, and measurement is carried out under normal temperature and humidity at a temperature rise velocity of 10°C per minute within the measurement temperature range of 30 to 200°C.
  • a DSC curve in the toner temperature rise process is measured in a manner similar to the above measurement of the melting point of wax.
  • the glass transition temperature is measured in conformance with ASTM D3418-82 using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC measuring instrument) DSC-7 (available from Parkin Elmer Co., Ltd.).
  • a target sample of 5 to 20 mg and preferably 10 mg is precisely measured.
  • the measured sample is placed in an aluminum pan, and an empty aluminum pan is employed as a reference, and measurement is carried out under normal temperature and humidity at a temperature rise velocity of 10°C per minute within the temperature range of 30 to 200°C. In this temperature rise process, an endothermic peak being the main peak within the temperature range of 40 to 100°C is obtained.
  • Coulter Counter TA-II model or Coulter Multisizer (available from Coulter Co., Ltd.) is employed.
  • 1% NaCl aqueous solution is prepared using class 1 NaCl.
  • ISOTON R-II available from Coulter Scientific Japan Co., Ltd.
  • a surface active agent or preferably alkyl benzene sulfonic acid salt of 0.1 to 5 ml is added as a dispersion agent into the electrolytic solution of 100 to 150 ml, and further, a measurement sample of 2 to 20 mg is added.
  • An electrolyte having the sample suspended thereby is subjected to dispersion treatment for about 1 to 3 minutes by using a ultrasonic dispersion device.
  • a 100 micron aperture is employed as an aperture, whereby the particle volume and quantity of the toner of 2 ⁇ m or more are measured for each channel, and the volume distribution and the quantity distribution are calculated. From the volume distribution of the obtained toner particles, the weight average toner particle size (D4) is obtained. In addition, from the quantity distribution, the quantity average particle size (D1) is obtained.
  • 13 channels each of which is equal to 2.00 ⁇ m and less than 2.52 ⁇ m; is equal to 2.52 ⁇ m and less than 3.17 ⁇ m; is equal to 3.17 ⁇ m and less than 4.00 ⁇ m; is equal to 4.00 ⁇ m and less than 5.04 ⁇ m; is equal to 5.04 ⁇ m and less than 6.35 ⁇ m; is equal to 6.35 ⁇ m and less than 8.00 ⁇ m; is equal to 8.00 ⁇ m and less than 10.08 ⁇ m; is equal to 10.08 ⁇ m and less than 12.70 ⁇ m; is equal to 12.70 ⁇ m and less than 16.00 ⁇ m; is equal to 16.00 ⁇ m and less than 20.20 ⁇ m; is equal to 20.20 ⁇ m and less than 25.40 ⁇ m; is equal to 25.40 ⁇ m and less than 32.00 ⁇ m; and is equal to 32.00 ⁇ m and less than 40.30 ⁇ m.
  • a toner of 0.5 to 0.7 g is measured, and a load of 400 Kgf/cm 2 is molded for 2 minutes to make a disc shaped, measured sample of 25 mm in diameter and 1 mm or less in thickness (preferably, 0.5 to 0.9 mm).
  • This measured sample is changed on ARES (Leometric Scientific FE Co., Ltd.) on which a permittivity measuring jig of 25 mm in diameter (electrode) is mounted, and is heated to a temperature of 150°C to be fused and fixed. Thereafter, the sample is cooled to a temperature of 25°C and a load of 500 g is applied to the cooled sample.
  • the particle size distribution is obtained by measuring the sample within the frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz inclusive of 100 kHz.
  • An esterifying catalyst was added to the carboxylic acid and alcohol as described above to carry out polycondensation, obtaining a polyester resin (L - 1) containing substantially no THF-insoluble matter and having the acid value of 11 mgKOH/g.
  • a low molecular weight polyester (L-2) was obtained by the same method as in Production example 1 excluding addition of a wax (3), presented in Table 3, of which quantity became 10 parts by weight, when the sum quantity of an acid component and alcohol component was assumed as 100 parts by weight.
  • a low molecular weight polyester (L-3) was obtained by the same method as that of manufacturing example 1, as described above, based on the formulation as described above.
  • a polyester resin (L - 4) containing substantially no THF-insoluble matter and having the acid value of 36 mgKOH/g was obtained by the same method as that of the manufacturing example 1 excluding the use of such carboxylic acid and alcohol as described above.
  • the polyester resin (L - 5) containing substantially no THF-insoluble matter and having the acid value of 16 mgKOH/g was obtained by the same method as that of the manufacturing example 1 excluding the use of such carboxylic acid and alcohol as described above.
  • a high molecular weight polyester resin (H - 1) having the acid value of 9 mgKOH/g and about 38 weight % of THF-insoluble matter was obtained by polycondensation of such carboxylic acid and an alcohol as described above.
  • a high molecular weight polyester (H-2) was obtained by the same method as in Production example 6 excluding addition of the wax (3) of which quantity became 10 parts by weight, when the sum quantity of the acid component and the alcohol component was assumed as 100 parts by weight.
  • the high molecular weight polyester (H-3) was obtained by the same method as that of manufacturing example 6, as described above, based on the formulation as described above.
  • a high molecular weight polyester (H - 4) was obtained by the same method as in Production example 8 excluding replacement of the wax to the wax (3) of which quantity became 10 parts by weight, when the sum quantity of such acid component and alcohol component as described above was assumed as 100 parts by weight.
  • a high molecular weight polyester (H - 5) was obtained by the same method as in Production example 8 excluding replacement of the wax (2) to the wax (1) of which quantity makes 10 parts by weight, when the sum quantity of such acid component and alcohol component as described above was assumed as 100 parts by weight.
  • a high molecular weight polyester (H - 6) was obtained by the same method as in Production example 8 excluding replacement of the wax (2) to the wax (5) of which quantity became 10 parts by weight, when the sum quantity of such acid component and alcohol component as described above was assumed as 100 parts by weight.
  • the polyester resin (H - 7) having a 27 weight % of THF-insoluble matter and the acid value of 32 mgKOH/g was obtained by the same method as that of the manufacturing example 6, excluding the use of such carboxylic acid and alcohol as described above.
  • a high molecular weight polyester (H - 8) was obtained by the same method as in Production example 12 excluding addition of the wax (3) of which quantity became 10 parts by weight, when the sum quantity of such acid component and alcohol component as described above was assumed as 100 parts by weight.
  • the polyester resin (H - 9) having about 42 weight % of THF-insoluble matter and the acid value of 34 mgKOH/g was obtained by the same method as that of the manufacturing example 6 excluding the use of such carboxylic acid and alcohol as described above.
  • a high molecular weight polyester (H - 10) was obtained by the same method as in Production example 14 excluding addition of the wax (4) of which quantity became 10 parts by weight, when the sum quantity of such acid component and alcohol component as described above was assumed as 100 parts by weight.
  • the polyester resin (1) for comparison use having about 82% part insoluble in THF and the acid value of 1 mgKOH/g was obtained by polycondensation of such carboxylic acid and alcohol as described above.
  • a polyester resin (2) for comparison use was obtained by the same method as that of the manufacturing example 1 excluding addition of a wax (6) of which quantity became 5 parts by weight, when the sum quantity of such acid component and alcohol component as described above was assumed as 100 parts by weight.
  • polyester resin (3) for comparison use containing substantially no THF-insoluble matter and having the acid value of 46 mgKOH/g was obtained by polycondensation of such carboxylic acid and alcohol as described above.
  • a mixture of raw materials as described above was melted and kneaded by using a double-screw muller-extruder heated to 130°C. Mulled material was left standing to be cooled, crushed by a cutter mill and pulverized, preparing a very fine powder by a jet mill. The very fine powder obtained was classified with a pneumatic classifier to yield a magnetic toner with a weight-average particle size of 7.3 ⁇ m.
  • hydrophobic dry silica BET specific surface area 220 m 2 /g
  • the THF-insoluble matter content of the toner was determined to be 37% by weight based on the binder resin.
  • Measurement of the molecular weight of the THF-soluble matter shows a peak molecular weight of 7,200 and contained 11 weight % of the component of the molecular weight ranging from 100,000 or higher to less than 10,000,000, 63 weight % of the component of the molecular weight ranging from 5,000 or higher to less than 100,000, and 21 weight % of the component of the molecular weight ranging from 1,000 or higher to less than 5,000.
  • measurement of the toner shows the acid value of 20 mgKOH/g.
  • Table 4 shows respective physical properties of the toner and the binder resin contained in the toner.
  • Imaging characteristics and a condition of the toner attaching to a fixing member were evaluated by using this toner in Canon-made copying machines GP-215 and NP-6085 in an environment of normal temperature and normal humidity (23.5°C/60% RH). The results obtained were good as shown in Table 5.
  • an instrument for testing a fixing performance was fabricated by removing the fixing apparatus of the NP-6085 followed by fitting an external driving machine, an apparatus regulating the temperature of the fixing apparatus, and a machine controlling the pressure of a roller.
  • a test of fixing at a low temperature was carried out by setting a rolling speed of the roller to 150 mm/sec and total pressure to 40 kgf and using an unfixed image developed with the toner to give a image density of 1.2, and setting the surface temperature of the roller to 150°C.
  • a high-temperature resistant offset performance was evaluated by setting the surface temperature of the roller to 220°C. The good results of these tests are presented in Table 5.
  • Magnetic toner (2) to (14) of the present invention were prepared and evaluated in the same method as in Embodiment 1 excluding the use of polyester and the wax shown in Table 4.
  • Magnetic toner (15) of the present invention was prepared and evaluated in the same method as in Embodiment 1 excluding replacement of the aluminum compound of benzilic acid to a compound comprised of 2 mol benzilic acid having a t-butyl group at para position of each aromatic ring and 1 mol of aluminum atom.
  • Polyester resin for comparison (1) 100 parts by weight • Magnetic material 90 parts by weight (Average particle size 0.22 ⁇ m, coercive force 9.6 kA/m, saturation magnetization 83 Am 2 /kg, and residual magnetization 15 Am 2 /kg) • Wax (6) 5 parts by weight • Boron compound of benzilic acid 3 parts by weight (A compound consisting of 2 mol of benzilic acid having no substituent and one mol of boron atom)
  • the magnetic toner (1) for comparison use was prepared by the same method as that of the embodiment 1 excluding the use of the polyester resin, the wax etc. as described above.
  • the result of evaluation is shown in Table 5.
  • the magnetic toner (2) for comparison use was prepared by the sane method as in the Comparative example 1 excluding replacement of the binder resin to 105 parts by weight of the polyester (2) for comparison and no use of the wax (6).
  • the result of evaluation is shown in Table 5.
  • the magnetic toner (3) for comparison use was prepared by the same method as in the Comparative example 1 excluding replacement of the binder resin to 100 parts by weight of the polyester (3) for comparison and replacement of the wax to a wax (7).
  • the result of evaluation is shown in Table 5.
  • the magnetic toner (4) for comparison use was prepared by the same method as in the Comparative example 1 excluding replacement of the boron compound of benzilic acid to an aluminium compound of benzilic acid (a compound consisting of 2 mol of benzilic acid having no substituent and 1 mol of aluminium), and evaluated.
  • the magnetic toner (5) for comparison use was prepared by the same method as in Comparative example 3 excluding replacement of the boron compound of benzilic acid to an aluminium compound of benzilic acid (a compound consisting of 2 mol of benzilic acid having no substituent and 1 mol of aluminium) and evaluated.
  • An unsaturated polyester resin (U -1) which constitutes polyester units of a hybrid resin component, containing substantially no THF-insoluble matter and having an acid value of 7 mgKOH/g, a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 61°C, and a peak molecular weight of 9500, was obtained by polycondensation through addition of an esterifying catalyst to such carboxylic acid and an alcohol as described above.
  • xylene of 200 parts by weight was put in a reaction container comprising a reflux tube, a mixer, a thermometer, a nitrogen introducing tube, a dropping apparatus and a pressure reducing apparatus, and then, the above described unsaturated polyester resin (U -1) of 100 parts by weight was added and the internal temperature of the reaction container was raised up to 115 to 120°C while introducing nitrogen.
  • a hybrid resin component (Y-2) having a main peak molecular weight of 7500, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of 64.7°C, the acid value of 12.9 mgKOH/g, and about 21 parts by weight of THF-insoluble matter was yielded by the same as in production example 16 method excluding the use of a monomer mixture consisting of styrene of 77 parts by weight, butyl acrylate of 24 parts by weight, and methacrylic acid of 3 parts by weight which made up vinyl-based polymer units.
  • a hybrid resin component (Y-3) having a main peak molecular weight of 13,000, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of 64.7°C, the acid value of 14.2 mgKOH/g, and about 35 parts by weight of THF-insoluble matter was yielded by the same method as in Production example 16 excluding the use of a monomer mixture consisting of styrene of 74 parts by weight, butyl acrylate of 24 parts by weight, and acrylic acid of 3 parts by weight which made up vinyl-based polymer units.
  • a hybrid resin component (Y-4) having the wax was yielded by the same method as in Production example 16, except that after the polymerization reaction of the vinyl-based polymer, 5 parts by weight of the wax (2) shown in Table 3 was added to xylene.
  • a hybrid resin component (Y-5) having the wax was yielded by the same method as in the manufacturing example 16, except that after the polymerization reaction of the vinyl-based polymer, the wax (3) (shown in Table 3) of 5 parts by weight was added to xylene.
  • a hybrid resin component (Y-6) having the wax was yielded by the same method as in the manufacturing example 16, except that after the polymerization reaction of the vinyl-based polymer, the wax (5) (shown in Table 3) of 5 parts by weight was added to xylene.
  • a hybrid resin component (Y-7) having the wax was yielded by the same method as in the manufacturing example 16, except that after the polymerization reaction of the vinyl-based polymer, the wax (5) (shown in Table 3) of 2.5 parts by weight was added to xylene.
  • An unsaturated polyester resin (U - 2) which constitutes polyester units of a hybrid resin composition, containing substantially no THF-insoluble matter, and having the acid value of 6 mgKOH/g, a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 61°C, and a peak molecular weight of 6500 was obtained by polycondensation through addition of an esterifying catalyst to such carboxylic acid and an alcohol as described above.
  • polyester resin of 100 parts by weight was dissolved in a monomer mixture consisting of styrene of 73 parts by weight, butyl acrylate of 27 parts by weight, and divinyl benzene of 0.3 parts by weight, with addition of benzoyl peroxide of 0.5 parts by weight as an initiator of polymerization, and put and suspended in a reaction container, in which polyvinyl alcohol of 2 parts by weight and deaerated ion exchange water of 200 parts by weight were put, comprising a reflux tube, a mixer, a thermometer, and a nitrogen introducing tube. Polymerization reaction was completed by heating to 77°C while introducing nitrogen, keeping the temperature for 20 hours, further heating to 95°C, and keeping the temperature for 2 hours.
  • the suspension solution after completion of the reaction was filtered , washed, and dried to yield the hybrid resin composition (Y-8), in which its Tg was 56.5°C, its acid value was about 11 mgKOH/g, and the content of its THF-insoluble matter was about 36 parts by weight.
  • a hybrid resin component (Y-9) having the wax was yielded by the same method as that of the manufacturing example 23, excluding the addition of the unsaturated polyester resin (U-2) of 100 parts by weight and the wax (2) of 5 parts by weight.
  • a hybrid resin component (Y-10) having the wax was yielded by the same method as that of the manufacturing example 23, excluding the addition of the unsaturated polyester resin (U-2) of 100 parts by weight and the wax (3) of 5 parts by weight.
  • a hybrid resin component (Y-11) having the wax was yielded by the same method as that of the manufacturing example 23, excluding the addition of the unsaturated polyester resin (U-2) of 100 parts by weight and the wax (5) of 5 parts by weight.
  • a hybrid resin component (Y-12) having the wax was yielded by the same method as that of the manufacturing example 23, excluding the addition of the unsaturated polyester resin (U-2) of 100 parts by weight and the wax (3) of 2.5 parts by weight and the wax (5) of 2.5 parts by weight.
  • An hybrid resin (R - 1) for comparison having a main peak of molecular weight of 1700, an acid value of 45 mgKOH/g, and about 0.5 parts by weight of THF-insoluble matter was obtained using the polyester resin consisting of such carboxylic acid and alcohol as described above by the same method as that of the manufacturing example 16, excluding the use of a monomer mixture consisting of styrene of 84 parts by weight, and butyl acrylate of 16 parts by weight, with addition of di-t-butyl peroxide of 10 parts by weight as an initiator of polymerization.
  • An hybrid resin (R - 2) for comparison having a main peak of molecular weight of 18,000, an acid value of about 0.5 mgKOH/g, and 55 parts by weight of THF-insoluble matter was obtained using the polyester resin consisting of such carboxylic acid and an alcohol as described above by the same method as that of the manufacturing example 16, excluding the use of a monomer mixture consisting of styrene of 65 parts by weight, butyl acrylate of 34.5 parts by weight, and divinyl benzene of 0.5 parts by weight, with addition of benzoyl peroxide of 0.2 parts by weight as an initiator of polymerization.
  • Hybrid resin 100 parts by weight • Magnetic material 90 parts by weight (Average particle diameter 0.22 ⁇ m, coercive force 9.6 KA/m, saturation magnetization 83 Am 2 /kg, remanent magnetization 15 Am 2 /kg) • Wax (3) 5 parts by weight • Aluminium compound of benzilic acid 3 parts by weight (A compound consisting of 2 mol of benzilic acid having no substituent and 1 mol of aluminium)
  • a mixture of raw materials as described above is melted and kneaded by using the double-screw muller-extruder heated to 130°C. Mulled material is left standing to be cooled, crushed by a cutter mill and pulverized, preparing a very fine powder by a jet mill. The very fine powder obtained was classified by a pneumatic classifier to yield the magnetic toner with a weight-average particle size of 7.4 ⁇ m.
  • hydrophobic dry silica BET specific surface area 200 m 2 /g
  • the THF-insoluble matter content of was determined to be 13 weight % based on the binder resin.
  • Measurement of the molecular weight of the THF-soluble matter shows a peak molecular weight of 5,200 and contained 9 weight % of the component of the molecular weight ranging from 100,000 or higher to less than 10,000,000, 64 weight % of the component of the molecular weight ranging from 5,000 or higher to less than 100,000, and 25 weight % of the component of the molecular weight ranging from 1,000 or higher to less than 5,000.
  • measurement of the toner shows the acid value of 4 mgKOH/g.
  • a sample prepared by dissolving and removing the magnetic material from the toner with hydrochloric acid was measure for 13 C-NMR spectrum and shown the presence of the hybrid resin component on the basis of a new signal in about 168 ppm.
  • the magnetic toner (17) to (27) of the present invention was prepared and evaluated by the same method as in Embodiment 16, excluding the use of the hybrid resin and the wax shown in Table 6.
  • the magnetic toner (28) of the present invention was prepared and evaluated by the same method as in Embodiment 16, excluding replacement of the aluminium compound of benzilic acid to a compound composed of 2 mol of benzilic acid having a t-butyl group at para position of each aromatic ring and 1 mol of aluminium.
  • the magnetic toner (6) for comparison was prepared by the same method excluding the use of the hybrid resin for comparison, the wax, etc. as described above.
  • the result of evaluation is shown in Table 6.
  • the magnetic toner (7) for comparison was prepared by the same method as in Comparative example 16, excluding the use of the wax (9) of five parts by weight replaced to the wax (8).
  • the result of evaluation is shown in Table 7.
  • the magnetic toner (8) for comparison was prepared by the same method as in Comparative example 6, excluding the use of 100 parts by weight of the hybrid resin (R - 2) for comparison as a binder resin.
  • the result of evaluation is shown in Table 7.
  • the magnetic toner (9) for comparison was prepared by the same method as in Comparative example 8, excluding the use of the wax (9) of five parts by weight replaced to the wax (8).
  • the result of evaluation is shown in Table 7.
  • the magnetic toner (10) for comparison use was prepared and evaluated in the same method as in Comparative example 6, excluding replacement of the boron compound of benzilic acid to aluminium compound of benzilic acid (a compound consisting of 2 mol of benzilic acid having no substituent and 1 mol of aluminium).
  • the magnetic toner (11) for comparison use was prepared and evaluated in the same method as in Comparative example 8, excluding replacement of the boron compound of benzilic acid to aluminium compound of benzilic acid (a compound consisting of 2 mol of benzilic acid having no substituent and 1 mol of aluminium).
  • Xylene of 200 parts by weight was put in a reaction container comprising a reflux tube, a mixer, a thermometer, a nitrogen introducing tube, a monomer dropping apparatus, and a pressure reducing apparatus to be heated up to a reflux temperature.
  • a reaction container comprising a reflux tube, a mixer, a thermometer, a nitrogen introducing tube, a monomer dropping apparatus, and a pressure reducing apparatus to be heated up to a reflux temperature.
  • styrene of 73 parts by weight, butyl acrylate of 25 parts by weight, and monobutyl maleate of 2 parts by weight, and 3 parts by weight of di-t-butyl peroxide as an initiator of polymerization were dropped for 2 hours, and further continuing reflux for 8 hours.
  • a low molecular vinyl-based polymer (L - 6) was yielded by reducing the pressure to remove xylene.
  • L - 6 shows a peak molecular weight (Mp) of 9500, where the weight average molecular weight (Mw) was 11,000, the ratio of the weight-average molecular weight and number-average molecular weight (Mw/Mn) was 2.4, the acid value (Av) was 7.2 mgKOH/g, the glass transition temperature (Tg) was 60.2°C.
  • a low molecular vinyl-based polymer (L - 8), of which Mp is 18,000, Mw is 19500, Mw/Mn is 2.5, Av is 3.3 mgKOH/g, and Tg is 61.6°C, was yielded by the same method excluding the use of the styrene of 76 parts by weight, butyl acrylate of 23 parts by weight, and monobutyl maleate of 1 parts by weight, and di-t-butyl peroxide of 2 parts by weight as an initiator of polymerization.
  • Xylene of 200 parts by weight was put in a reaction container comprising a reflux tube, a mixer, a thermometer, a nitrogen introducing tube, a monomer dropping apparatus, and a pressure reducing apparatus and heated up to a 107°C.
  • a reaction container comprising a reflux tube, a mixer, a thermometer, a nitrogen introducing tube, a monomer dropping apparatus, and a pressure reducing apparatus and heated up to a 107°C.
  • styrene of 34 parts by weight, butyl acrylate of 13 parts by weight, and monobutyl maleate of 3 parts by weight, and 2.5 parts by weight of 1, 1-bis (t-butyl peroxy) -2-methylcyclohexane as an initiator of polymerization were dropped over 1 hour, and further maintaining the temperature for 3 hours.
  • Polyvinyl alcohol of 2 parts by weight and deaerated ion exchange water of 200 parts by weight were put in a reaction container comprising a reflux tube, a mixer, a thermometer, and a nitrogen introducing tube and heated up to 77°C while passing nitrogen. Subsequently, styrene of 70 parts by weight, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate of 8 parts by weight, and monobutyl maleate of 2 parts by weight, and 0.7 parts by weight of 2, 2-bis (4, 4-di-t-butyl peroxycyclohexyl) propane as an initiator of polymerization were added and suspended. The temperature was kept for 20 hours, and subsequently, benzoyl peroxide of 0.5 parts by weight was added, kept for 4 hours, and heated to 95°C for 2 hours to complete the polymerization reaction.
  • Xylene of 200 parts by weight was put in a reaction container comprising a reflux tube, a mixer, a thermometer, and a nitrogen introducing tube and the low molecular weight polymer (L - 6) of 70 parts by weight, the high molecular weight polymer (H - 11) of 30 parts by weight, and 5 parts by weight of the wax (12) shown in Table 8 were added and heated up to the reflux temperature. Subsequently, stirring was continued for 2 hours followed by removing xylene under the reduced pressure to yield a vinyl-based polymer containing five parts by weight of wax (12). In the vinyl-based polymer (1), the main peak was in molecular weight of 11,000, a subpeak was in 876 thousands, and Av was 5.1 mgKOH/g.
  • a vinyl polymer (2) was prepared by the same method as in the manufacturing example 37, excluding no use of the wax.
  • a vinyl polymer (3) to (7) was prepared by the same method as in the manufacturing example 37, excluding the addition of the wax shown in Table 9, replaced by the wax (12).
  • a vinyl polymer (8) to (13) was prepared by the same method as in the manufacturing example 37, excluding the use of the low molecular weight polymer and the high molecular weight polymer shown in Table 9.
  • a vinyl polymer (14) was prepared by the same method as in the manufacturing example 37, excluding the change of the quantity of the wax (12) to 10 parts by weight.
  • a vinyl polymer (15) was prepared by the same method as in the manufacturing example 37, excluding the change of the quantity of the wax (12) to 3 parts by weight.
  • a vinyl-based polymer (1) for comparison was obtained by the same method as in the manufacturing example 37, excluding the addition of 70 parts by weight of the vinyl-based low molecular weight polymer (RL - 1) for comparison, 70 parts by weight of the vinyl-based high molecular weight polymer (RH - 1) for comparison, and 5 parts by weight of the wax (15).
  • the vinyl-based polymer (1) for comparison had the main peak in the molecular weight of 4,200 and the subpeak in the molecular weight of 86,000, and the acid value was 44.3 mgKOH/g.
  • a vinyl-based polymer (2) to (5) for comparison was obtained by the same method as in manufacturing example 37, excluding the use of the vinyl-based low molecular weight polymer and the vinyl-based high molecular weight polymer shown in Table 9.
  • a mixture of raw materials as described above was melted and kneaded by using a double-screw muller-extruder heated to 130°C. Mulled material was left standing to be cooled, crushed by a cutter mill and pulverized, preparing the very fine powder by the jet mill. The very fine powder obtained was classified by a pneumatic classifier to yield magnetic toner with a weight-average particle Size of 7.6 ⁇ m.
  • hydrophobic dry silica BET specific surface area 200 m 2 /g
  • the THF-insoluble matter content of the toner (29) was determined to be 5 weight % based on the binder resin, and the THF-soluble matter had a peak in the molecular weight of 111,000, a subpeak in the molecular weight of 876,000, and no shoulder.
  • the acid value of the toner was 6 mgKOH/g.
  • the measurement of the toner shows a dielectric dissipation factor of 3.2 ⁇ 10 -3 in 100 kHz frequency and the contact angle was 125 degree by measurement using commercial purified water.
  • Magnetic toners (30) to (43) of the present invention were prepared and evaluated in the same method as in Embodiment 29, excluding the use of the binder resin and the wax shown in Table 9.
  • a magnetic toner (44) of the present invention was prepared and evaluated in the same method as in Embodiment 29, excluding replacement of the aluminium compound of benzilic acid to a compound composed of 2 mol of benzilic acid having a t-butyl group at para position of each aromatic ring and 1 mol of aluminium.
  • the magnetic toner (12) for comparison use was prepared by the same method as that of the embodiment 29, excluding the use of the binder resin and the wax as described above.
  • the result of evaluation is shown in Table 10.
  • Magnetic toners (13) to (16) for comparison use were prepared by the same method as in Comparative example 12, excluding the use of the binder resin and the wax as shown in Table 9.
  • Magnetic toner (17) for comparison was prepared and evaluated by the same method as in Comparative example 12, excluding replacement of the boron compound of benzilic acid to the aluminium compound of benzilic acid (benzilic acid of 2 mol, having not substituent, and 1 mol of aluminium).
  • Magnetic toner (18) for comparison was prepared and evaluated by the same method as in Comparative example 14, excluding replacement of the boron compound of benzilic acid to the aluminium compound of benzilic acid (benzilic acid of 2 mol, having no substituent, and 1 mol of aluminium).
  • Magnetic toner (19) for comparison was prepared and evaluated in the same method as in Comparative example 15, excluding replacement of the boron compound of benzilic acid to the aluminium compound of benzilic acid (benzilic acid of 2 mol, having no substituent, and 1 mol of aluminium).
  • a mixture of raw materials as described above is melted and kneaded by using a double-screw extruder, kneaded material is left standing to be cooled, crushed by a hammer mill and pulverized, preparing a very fine powder by a jet mill. The very fine powder yielded was classified to yield the toner.
  • the toner (45) shows that a weight-average particle size (D 4 ) was 6.1 ⁇ m and a variation coefficient of number distribution was 22%.
  • the physical properties of the toner yielded are presented in Table 11.
  • Triboelectric charge and electrification rate of the magnetic toner (45) as described above were evaluated in a normal temperature and normal humidity (N/N; 25°C/60% RH) environment, a high temperature and high humidity (H/H; 30°C/80% RH) environment and a low temperature and low humidity (L/L; 15°C/10% RH) environment.
  • N/N normal temperature and normal humidity
  • H/H high temperature and high humidity
  • L/L low temperature and low humidity
  • the magnetic toner (46) was prepared and evaluated by the same method as that of the Embodiment 45 excluding replacement of the aluminium compound of benzilic acid to 4 parts by weight of a compound consisting of benzilic acid of 3 mol and 1 mol of aluminium.
  • the magnetic toner (20) for comparison was prepared and evaluated by the same method as that of Embodiment 45 excluding replacement of the aluminium compound of benzilic acid to 3 parts by weight of the boron compound of benzilic acid (a compound consisting of 2 mol of benzilic acid having no substituent and 1 mol of boron).
  • the nonmagnetic toner (47) shows that a weight average particle size (D 4 ) was 6.9 ⁇ m and a variation coefficient of number distribution was 23%.
  • Triboelectric charge and electrification rate of the nonmagnetic toner (47) which were obtained by the method as described above, were evaluated by same method as that of Embodiment 45.
  • a two-component developer was prepared by mixing 5 parts by weight of the nonmagnetic toner (47) yielded by the method as described above with 95 parts by weight of a magnetic ferrite carrier (average particle size 45 ⁇ m) coated with 1 weight % of silicon resin.
  • a test of printing 5,000 sheets was carried out in mono color mode by using a commercially available full-color digital copying machine CLC-800 (Canon Corp. made) of which contrast electric potential was set to -250 V while successively supplying the nonmagnetic toner (47) in a low temperature and low humidity environment. The image printed was evaluated.
  • Table 13 and Table 14 show the physical properties and the evaluation result of the nonmagnetic toner (47).
  • Nonmagnetic toner (21) for comparison and a two-component developer for comparison were prepared and evaluated by the same method as that of Embodiment 47 except that 2 parts by weight of boron compound of benzilic acid (a compound consisting of 2 mol of benzilic acid having no substituent and 1 mol of boron) was substituted for the aluminium compound of benzilic acid.
  • boron compound of benzilic acid a compound consisting of 2 mol of benzilic acid having no substituent and 1 mol of boron
  • Ion exchange water of 650 parts by weight and a 0.1 mol/liter Na 3 PO 4 aqueous solution of 500 parts by weight were put in a 2-liter four-neck flask provided with a TK type homomixer (Tokushu Kikako made; a high speed mixing apparatus) whose rotation was adjusted to 12,000 rpm, and heated to 70°C.
  • a 1.0 mol/ liter CaCl 2 aqueous solution of 70 parts by weight was gradually added to prepare an aqueous dispersing medium containing a microscopic dispersant, Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , hardly dissolved in water.
  • the polymeric monomer composition was put in the above described aqueous dispersing medium, mixed in the N 2 atmosphere with an internal temperature of 60°C for 15 minutes while keeping the rotation of the high speed mixer at 12,000 rpm to granulate of the polymeric monomer composition.
  • the mixer was replaced with a paddle stirrer, the temperature was maintained for 5 hours with stirring at 50 rpm and raised to 85°C which was kept for 10 hours to complete polymerization.
  • Hybridizer manufactured by Nara Kikai, K.K
  • Triboelectric charge and electrification rate of the nonmagnetic toner (48) obtained by the above described method were evaluated by the same method as that of Embodiment 45.
  • Nonmagnetic toner (49) to (51) were prepared and evaluated by the same method as that of the above described Embodiment 48 except that different kinds and amounts of aluminum compound of benzilic acid and a different kind and amount of the colorant were used.
  • Nonmagnetic toners (22) to (25) for comparison were prepared and evaluated by the same method as that of the above described Embodiment 48 to 51, except that the aluminum compound of benzilic acid was replaced by the boron compound of benzilic acid (a compound consisting of 2 mol of benzilic acid having no substituent and 1 mol of boron).
  • triboelectric charge and electrification rate of the toner was measured by aspiration.
  • a carrier EVF-200/300, Powderteck made
  • a Turbler mixer WAB Co. made
  • the instrument for measuring the charge quantity, used in the present invention is shown in FIG. 7.
  • the above described mixture sample (1 g) was weighed and put in a metal measuring container 52 of which bottom has an electroconductive screen 53 of the opening of 25 ⁇ m (500 mesh) having an aperture allowing capturing the carrier and removing only the toner by aspiration, and a metal lid 54 is put on.
  • aspiration is carried out for 2 minutes from an aspiration mouth 57 by using an aspirator, connected to the measuring container 52 through an insulating part, regulating a vacuum meter 55 to 250 mmH 2 O by using an air volume regulator 56.
  • triboelectric charge Q( ⁇ C/g) is defined as the value yielded by dividing the electric charge, which is calculated from a voltage value (V) indicated by a electric potential meter 59 and a static capacity C ( ⁇ F) of a capacitor 58, by the quantity (g) of the toner removed by aspiration.
  • Triboelectric charge was evaluated on the basis of the following standard.
  • the electrification rate for evaluation was obtained from a change of the triboelectric charge quantity against the period of time of shaking a sample prepared by mixing the toner and the carrier using the Turbler mixer.
  • Evaluation was carried out for the density of the image at the completion of printing of a predetermined number of sheets of plain paper (75 g/m 2 ) used for the normal copying machine.
  • a relative density to the white area, of which a manuscript density was 0.00, of the printed image was measured by using "MacBeth Reflection densitometer RD918" (MacBeth Co. made).
  • the toner remained on a photosensitive member at the time of formation of a white solid image was removed by taping using a Myler tape to measure the reflection density of the tape adhered to a paper by using "MacBeth reflection densitometer RD 918.” Evaluation was carried out on the basis of the value yielded by subtracting the reflection density, when the Myler tap was adhered to the paper as it is, from the reflection density yielded.
  • a small value means suppression of image fogging.
  • Printing test was carried out by the same method as that of the embodiment 4 except that the toner used was the nonmagnetic toners (48) to (51) and printing was carried out in the full color mode. Neither unevenness of image density nor black spots around image occurred, and a very fine full color image excellent for color reproducibility was yielded.
  • Printing test was carried out by the same method as that of Embodiment 52, using the nonmagnetic toners (22) to (25) for comparison. Unevenness of image density and black spots around images occurred in the full color image obtained, so that and color reproducibility was insufficient.
  • a toner contains at least a binder resin, a colorant, a wax and an aluminum compound, wherein the binder resin has an acid value of 1 to 40 mgKOH/g; the binder resin contains 2% to 50% by weight of tetrahydrofuran (THF) based on the weight of the binder resin; a tetrahydrofuran-soluble matter of the binder resin has a main peak in a molecular weight range of from 2,000 to 30,000 in a chromatogram by gel permeation chromatography (GPC); and the aluminum compound is a specific aluminum compound of substituted or unsubstituted benzilic acid.
  • the binder resin has an acid value of 1 to 40 mgKOH/g
  • the binder resin contains 2% to 50% by weight of tetrahydrofuran (THF) based on the weight of the binder resin
  • a tetrahydrofuran-soluble matter of the binder resin has a main peak in a molecular weight range of from 2,000

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DE60033338D1 (de) 2007-03-29
EP1059568B1 (fr) 2007-02-14
US6447970B1 (en) 2002-09-10

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