EP1033440A1 - Flüssigkeitsdichter Bodenbelag und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines solchen - Google Patents
Flüssigkeitsdichter Bodenbelag und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines solchen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1033440A1 EP1033440A1 EP99810189A EP99810189A EP1033440A1 EP 1033440 A1 EP1033440 A1 EP 1033440A1 EP 99810189 A EP99810189 A EP 99810189A EP 99810189 A EP99810189 A EP 99810189A EP 1033440 A1 EP1033440 A1 EP 1033440A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- barrier layer
- liquid
- wear
- covering
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C9/00—Special pavings; Pavings for special parts of roads or airfields
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C5/00—Pavings made of prefabricated single units
- E01C5/003—Pavings made of prefabricated single units characterised by material or composition used for beds or joints; characterised by the way of laying
Definitions
- the invention relates to a liquid-tight floor covering over a stable subsurface, e.g. a concrete slab or an asphalt surface, in particular for passable areas in filling and filling stations, as well as a method for Making such.
- a stable subsurface e.g. a concrete slab or an asphalt surface
- cement coverings with a very high proportion of cement are susceptible to Shrinkage cracks. It is therefore important to make sure that the covering is in place when creating it protected from direct sunlight and quick drying. Because of the Shrinkage behavior and the temperature-related expansion differences Cement coverings can only be produced in limited areas without joints. The production of cement floors is also expensive and their quality is not always that desired high level.
- this is achieved with a covering of the type mentioned at the beginning Genus achieved by a mechanically connected to the underground, liquid-tight barrier layer, and an overlying one, with the barrier layer mechanically connected wear layer.
- a polymer layer is opposite to one as the liquid-tight barrier layer Bitumen layer is preferable.
- Polymers, especially polyureas, are extremely resistant to tearing and shearing.
- the polymer layer can be a very form dimensionally stable layer transferring forces to the substrate.
- the liquid-tight Barrier layer advantageously a locally liquid applied and hardened on site Foil. This is either applied by hand or preferably as a spray film applied.
- the barrier layer consists of a two-component film, for example of polyurea, it is very largely resistant to substances. In addition, such a two-component film sets within minutes, so that the follow-up work can be started immediately.
- a film made of polyurea with a thickness of 2 to 3 mm is extremely tear-resistant, liquid-impermeable, pressure-resistant and elastic.
- Suitable plastic layers have an elongation at break of at least over 150%, preferably over 200, particularly preferably between 300 and 600%. They have at least a tensile strength of 4, preferably over 6, particularly preferably between 8 and 15 N / mm 2 . With such a layer, joints up to 3 mm can be bridged.
- the fact that the adhesive layer is sanded is mechanical Connection of the layer applied to the primer improved.
- the Layers can neither be separated from one another nor shifted against each other.
- the wear layer expediently contains a polymer Binder layer and a granulate bound by the binder.
- the binder with electrically conductive pigments and fillers formulated and the conductive layer thereby grounded. This can a static charge on the electrically insulating barrier layer applied wear covering can be avoided.
- the wear layer advantageously has a silicon carbide layer Polymer layer on.
- Silicon carbide is not just because of its electrical Conductivity is a preferred bedding granulate, but it is also available in various Grain sizes commercially available and is extremely resistant to mechanical and chemical influences.
- the binder is advantageously an epoxy resin.
- An epoxy resin can be used with electrically conductive additives are added.
- Such a layer is electrically conductive.
- Epoxy resin is sufficient in a layer thickness of 2 to 3 mm, around with a granulate up to the grain size 3 mm, but preferably in the range 0.3 to 0.6 mm to be sprinkled.
- the binder can also be a Two-component lacquer based on polyurethane. This varnish can also expediently with electrically conductive pigments and / or fillers be formulated.
- Polyurethane paint is available in a layer thickness of approx. 0.25 mm Roll up or spray paint. It is sprinkled with granules correspondingly finer grain size, preferably from 0.1 to 0.35 mm.
- Silicon carbide can also be used quartz sand. This is not itself The covering is nevertheless conductive, but provided with a conductive cover layer antistatic.
- the wear covering with an electrically conductive is advantageous Provide top layer. This additionally binds the granules that are scattered in and shafts a conductive connection between the granules. In less stressed Areas can be sprinkled into the base layer of granules Wear pads can be completely dispensed with.
- a wear covering is applied over a substrate a barrier layer is applied to the surface and mechanically with it connected.
- the wear layer is attached over the barrier layer and with the Barrier layer mechanically connected.
- barrier layer can also be applied manually, it will sprayed on advantageously. Between the barrier layer and the subsurface, or between An adhesive bridge is applied and sanded over the barrier layer and wear layer.
- An epoxy resin or a polyurethane paint is advantageous as a wear covering applied and sanded or split. It will be advantageous Wear surface sprinkled with silicon carbide. Sanded or split Surfaces of the wearing surface are advantageously covered with a top coat Mistake.
- Coordinated products are e.g. the following: Depending on the surface, a sanded with quartz sand is suitable as a primer Two-component epoxy resin (concrete or asphalt surface), or one with Sanded quartz sand, formulated with anti-corrosion pigments and fillers Primer based on epoxy polyurethane resin (metal base); A sprayed two-component polyurea liquid film is suitable as a barrier layer or a hand-applied two-component polyurethane liquid film. A two-component varnish based on polyurethane can be applied over the barrier layer or epoxy polyurethane resin can be applied, which is sprinkled in directly and is sealed. This sprinkled base layer is advantageous with conductive pigments and fillers formulated. Between the barrier layer and this two-component paint can also be used as a sanded two-component polyurethane varnish Adhesive bridge can be applied.
- Quartz sand with a grain size of 0.1 to 3 mm, preferably 0.3 to 0.8 mm, is a suitable bedding granulate on primer and primer. Quartz sand and preferably silicon carbide with grain sizes of 0.1 to 3 mm, but preferably 0.3 to 0.8, or up to 0.6 mm, is sprinkled into the surface of the cover layers protecting the barrier layer as scattering granules. This abrasion-resistant surface is sealed with an epoxy polyurethane varnish formulated with conductive pigments and / or fillers, or with a similar varnish based on polyurethane.
- A preferably with, is suitable for a stronger wear layer electrically conductive pigments and / or fillers formulated, two-component epoxy resin on the sanded primer from a two-component polyurethane lacquer.
- the epoxy resin is in a layer thickness of 1 to 3 mm filled, and ideally with silicon carbide with a grain size of 0.3 to 0.6 mm interspersed.
- Above is a top coat of one with conductive pigments and / or fillers formulated two-component paint based on epoxy-polyurethane resin expedient.
- the covering structures 11, 11 'and 11' 'shown in the figures have a liquid-impermeable barrier layer 13 over a base 17.
- This barrier layer 13 is not conductive. It is through one, at most electrical conductive, very thin wear covering 15.15 'covered.
- the inventive Barrier layer can also, without sacrificing advantages, with a non-conductive or a thicker, e.g. mineral, wear covering to be covered.
- the structure according to the invention consists of a Barrier layer 13 and a wear layer 15 above it.
- a primer 19 matched to the base 17 rolled up.
- This primer 19 is used for better adhesion arranged layers on the supporting base 17.
- the quartz sand grains 21 are embedded in the primer 19 because the primer 19 was sanded in when wet.
- the sanding 21 causes mechanical interlocking between the upper one Layer and the primer 19.
- On the sanded surface of the dry primer 19 is a polyurea two-component film 23 sprayed.
- the Foil 23 also applied by hand, e.g. be filled or poured.
- the Two-component polyurea binds within a few minutes, so that the Workflow in the manufacture of the covering does not have to be interrupted.
- the film 23 is in turn on the top with a Provide adhesive paint 25.
- a Provide adhesive paint 25 In the examples acc. Figure 1 and 2 this is like that Primer 19 sanded with quartz sand 21 'of grain size 0.3 to 0.8 mm.
- Adhesive paint 25 is expediently a two-component polyurethane paint used.
- the components of the covering structure under the binder layer 27, 29 can be electrically insulating without disadvantage.
- the plastic film forms one anyway electrically insulating layer. It can therefore also quartz sand for sanding the Adhesive coats 19 and 25 are used.
- the covering structure differs in the two Figures 1 and 2 only in the wear pads 15, 15 'above sanded adhesive paint 25.
- Figure 1 shows the less expensive variant with a 0.2 to 0.3 mm strong, conductive base layer 27 made of one, advantageously with conductive pigments and fillers formulated, two-component paint based on epoxy polyurethane resin.
- the base layer 27, which is rolled up, is made of silicon carbide 31 of grain size 0.1-0.3 mm sprinkled.
- This conductive granulate 31 is then with a cover layer 33 made of a with conductive pigments and Fillers formulated two-component paint based on epoxy polyurethane resin overdrawn.
- This cover layer 33 can also be omitted or created from conductive formulated polyurethane lacquer.
- FIG. 2 shows a more complex and resilient variant with a second up to 3 mm thick, preferably conductive, support layer 29 from a Two-component epoxy resin.
- This carrier or base layer 29 is 1 to 3 mm thick and preferably sprinkled with silicon carbide 35 with a grain size of 0.3 to 0.6.
- This too Granulate 35 is provided with a top coat 33 to bond the surface to increase and possibly to establish the conductivity of the covering.
- too Top layer 33 e.g. for reasons of cost, cannot be carried out.
- the barrier layer 13 is on applied a two-component paint 25 based on polyurethane and directly with Sprinkled silicon carbide or quartz sand.
- This lacquer does not have to be conductive even then if the surface is to be antistatic. Even with a seal from one two-component paint formulated with conductive pigments and fillers, for example based on epoxy-polyurethane resin, this requirement can be met become. If the covering is simplified, even the granules can be sprinkled on to be dispensed with.
- the covering does not have to be antistatic, you can use the electrically conductive formation of the layers of the wear layer is dispensed with and the polymer layer or layers are designed to be electrically insulating.
- a liquid-tight Vehicle covering especially for filling stations of tank systems and Filling stations for environmentally hazardous liquids, one with the carrying one Substrate 17 mechanically connected, liquid-tight, substance-resistant film 23 and an attached one mechanically connected to the film 23
- the film 23 is preferably one Two-component spray film made of polyurea.
- 21 is applied between each of the layers Epoxy resin or 25.21 'applied from a polyurethane paint.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Road Paving Structures (AREA)
- Floor Finish (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Quarzsand und bevorzugt Siliziumcarbid der Korngrössen 0.1 bis 3 mm, bevorzugt jedoch 0.3 bis 0.8, bzw. bis 0.6 mm, wird als Einstreugranulat in die Oberfläche der die Sperrschicht schützenden Deckschichten eingestreut. Diese abriebfeste Oberfläche wird mit einem mit leitfähigen Pigmenten und/oder Füllstoffen formulierten Epoxy-Polyurethanlack, oder einem ebensolchen Lack auf der Basis von Polyurethan versiegelt.
- Fig. 1
- einen Belagsaufbau mit einem minimalen Verschleissbelag,
- Fig. 2
- den weitgehend identischen Belagsaufbau mit einem mächtigeren Verschleissbelag.
- Fig. 3.
- den Belagsaufbau gem. Figur 1 mit vereinfachtem, minimalem Verschleissbelag.
Claims (11)
- Flüssigkeitsdichter Bodenbelag (11,11') über einem tragfähigen Untergrund (17), z.B. einer Betonplatte oder einem Asphaltbelag, insbesondere für befahrbare Bereiche in Abfüll- und Befüllstationen, gekennzeichnet durch eine mechanisch mit dem Untergrund (17) verbundene, flüssigkeitsdichte Sperrschicht (23), und einen darüberliegenden, mit der Sperrschicht (23) mechanisch verbundenen Verschleissbelag (15,15').
- Belag nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die flüssigkeitsdichte Sperrschicht (23) eine Polymerschicht ist.
- Belag nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die flüssigkeitsdichte Sperrschicht (23) eine örtlich aufgetragene Flüssigfolie ist.
- Belag nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Folie (23) eine Zweikomponenten-Flüssigfolie aus Polyharnstoff ist.
- Belag nach Anspruch 3 oder 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die flüssigkeitsdichte Sperrschicht (23) eine Spritzfolie ist.
- Belag nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, gekennzeichnet durch eine Haftschicht (19,21/25,21') zwischen der flüssigkeitsdichten Sperrschicht (23) und dem Untergrund (17), bzw. zwischen der flüssigkeitsdichten Sperrschicht (23) und dem Verschleissbelag (29,35,33/27,31,33).
- Belag nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Verschleissbelag (15,15') eine Schicht aus einem mit Pigmenten und/oder Füllstoffen und polymerem Bindemittel formulierten Lack oder Harz (27,29), z.B. ein Epoxyharz oder ein Polyurethanlack, beinhaltet.
- Belag nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Pigmente und/oder Füllstoffe elektrisch leitfähig sind und dadurch die Lack- oder Harzschicht leitfähig ist.
- Belag nach Anspruch 7 oder 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Verschleissbelag (29,35,33/27,31,33) mit einem elektrisch leitfähigen Granulat (31,35), insbesondere Siliziumcarbid, eingestreut ist.
- Belag nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Verschleissbelag (15,15') einen elektrisch leitfähigen Deckschicht (33) aufweist.
- Verfahren zur Herstellung eines flüssigkeitsdichten Bodenbelags, insbesondere für befahrbare Bereiche in Ab- und Befüllstationen, bei welchem über einem Untergrund (17) ein Verschleissbelag (15,15') aufgetragen wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine Sperrschicht (23) über dem Untergrund (17) aufgebracht und mit diesem mechanisch verbunden wird, und über der Sperrschicht (23) ein Verschleissbelag (15,15') angebracht und mit der Sperrschicht (23) mechanisch verbunden wird.
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE59909583T DE59909583D1 (de) | 1999-03-04 | 1999-03-04 | Flüssigkeitsdichter Bodenbelag und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines solchen |
AT99810189T ATE267919T1 (de) | 1999-03-04 | 1999-03-04 | Flüssigkeitsdichter bodenbelag und verfahren zur herstellung eines solchen |
EP99810189A EP1033440B1 (de) | 1999-03-04 | 1999-03-04 | Flüssigkeitsdichter Bodenbelag und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines solchen |
HU0000637A HU221916B1 (hu) | 1999-03-04 | 2000-02-14 | Folyadékzáró burkolat és eljárás annak előállítására |
PL00338772A PL338772A1 (en) | 1999-03-04 | 2000-03-03 | Liquid-tright pavement and method of producing same |
SK313-2000A SK286144B6 (sk) | 1999-03-04 | 2000-03-03 | Kvapalinotesná podlahová krytina a spôsob jej vyhotovenia |
CZ20000796A CZ296929B6 (cs) | 1999-03-04 | 2000-03-03 | Vodotesný podlahový potah a zpusob jeho výroby |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP99810189A EP1033440B1 (de) | 1999-03-04 | 1999-03-04 | Flüssigkeitsdichter Bodenbelag und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines solchen |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1033440A1 true EP1033440A1 (de) | 2000-09-06 |
EP1033440B1 EP1033440B1 (de) | 2004-05-26 |
Family
ID=8242710
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99810189A Expired - Lifetime EP1033440B1 (de) | 1999-03-04 | 1999-03-04 | Flüssigkeitsdichter Bodenbelag und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines solchen |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1033440B1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE267919T1 (de) |
CZ (1) | CZ296929B6 (de) |
DE (1) | DE59909583D1 (de) |
HU (1) | HU221916B1 (de) |
PL (1) | PL338772A1 (de) |
SK (1) | SK286144B6 (de) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1347108A2 (de) * | 2002-03-22 | 2003-09-24 | Schomburg GmbH System-Baustoffe | Flächiges Dichtmaterial mit Haftschicht |
EP1357227A1 (de) * | 2002-04-23 | 2003-10-29 | Südramol GmbH & Co.KG | Verfahren zur Erstellung einer kraftstoffresistenten Fahrbahndecke |
US9587139B2 (en) | 2012-06-15 | 2017-03-07 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Curable polyurea forming composition, method of making, and composite article |
AT15324U1 (de) * | 2016-04-27 | 2017-06-15 | Flexiskin Gmbh | Oberflächenbelag |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN108532905A (zh) * | 2018-04-18 | 2018-09-14 | 江苏华俊新材料有限公司 | 一种多功能高弹地板膜 |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2354913A1 (de) * | 1973-11-02 | 1975-05-15 | Farbenkrauth & Co Krautol Werk | Verfahren zum herstellen von fahrbahndecken auf bruecken |
DE3314505A1 (de) * | 1983-04-21 | 1984-10-25 | Rütgerswerke AG, 6000 Frankfurt | Witterungsunabhaengige permanente gleitflaeche fuer sportliche betaetigung oder testzwecke und deren herstellung |
EP0265822A2 (de) * | 1986-10-29 | 1988-05-04 | Johannes Heyen | Abdichtung von gepflasterten Bodenflächen, insbesondere Tankstellen-Bodenflächen |
EP0681010A2 (de) * | 1994-05-02 | 1995-11-08 | RXS Kabelgarnituren Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Feldsteuerungsbelages für Mittelspannungsgarnituren |
EP0693512A1 (de) * | 1994-07-22 | 1996-01-24 | Bayer Ag | Lichtechte, lösemittelfreie Polyurethan-Beschichtungsmittel und ihre Verwendung |
EP0863258A2 (de) * | 1997-03-04 | 1998-09-09 | Karl Kortmann | Aufbau einer Fahrbahndecke mit Flächendichtung |
EP0884434A2 (de) * | 1997-06-09 | 1998-12-16 | Rundmund GmbH | Flüssigkeitsdichter Boden- oder Wandbelag aus keramischen Platten |
EP0889170A1 (de) * | 1997-07-05 | 1999-01-07 | SRE GmbH | Flüssigkeitsdichte und stoffbeständige Fahrbahn sowie Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
-
1999
- 1999-03-04 DE DE59909583T patent/DE59909583D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-03-04 AT AT99810189T patent/ATE267919T1/de active
- 1999-03-04 EP EP99810189A patent/EP1033440B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-02-14 HU HU0000637A patent/HU221916B1/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-03-03 PL PL00338772A patent/PL338772A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-03-03 SK SK313-2000A patent/SK286144B6/sk unknown
- 2000-03-03 CZ CZ20000796A patent/CZ296929B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2354913A1 (de) * | 1973-11-02 | 1975-05-15 | Farbenkrauth & Co Krautol Werk | Verfahren zum herstellen von fahrbahndecken auf bruecken |
DE3314505A1 (de) * | 1983-04-21 | 1984-10-25 | Rütgerswerke AG, 6000 Frankfurt | Witterungsunabhaengige permanente gleitflaeche fuer sportliche betaetigung oder testzwecke und deren herstellung |
EP0265822A2 (de) * | 1986-10-29 | 1988-05-04 | Johannes Heyen | Abdichtung von gepflasterten Bodenflächen, insbesondere Tankstellen-Bodenflächen |
EP0681010A2 (de) * | 1994-05-02 | 1995-11-08 | RXS Kabelgarnituren Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Feldsteuerungsbelages für Mittelspannungsgarnituren |
EP0693512A1 (de) * | 1994-07-22 | 1996-01-24 | Bayer Ag | Lichtechte, lösemittelfreie Polyurethan-Beschichtungsmittel und ihre Verwendung |
EP0863258A2 (de) * | 1997-03-04 | 1998-09-09 | Karl Kortmann | Aufbau einer Fahrbahndecke mit Flächendichtung |
EP0884434A2 (de) * | 1997-06-09 | 1998-12-16 | Rundmund GmbH | Flüssigkeitsdichter Boden- oder Wandbelag aus keramischen Platten |
EP0889170A1 (de) * | 1997-07-05 | 1999-01-07 | SRE GmbH | Flüssigkeitsdichte und stoffbeständige Fahrbahn sowie Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1347108A2 (de) * | 2002-03-22 | 2003-09-24 | Schomburg GmbH System-Baustoffe | Flächiges Dichtmaterial mit Haftschicht |
EP1347108A3 (de) * | 2002-03-22 | 2004-04-14 | Schomburg GmbH System-Baustoffe | Flächiges Dichtmaterial mit Haftschicht |
EP1357227A1 (de) * | 2002-04-23 | 2003-10-29 | Südramol GmbH & Co.KG | Verfahren zur Erstellung einer kraftstoffresistenten Fahrbahndecke |
US9587139B2 (en) | 2012-06-15 | 2017-03-07 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Curable polyurea forming composition, method of making, and composite article |
AT15324U1 (de) * | 2016-04-27 | 2017-06-15 | Flexiskin Gmbh | Oberflächenbelag |
EP3239399A1 (de) | 2016-04-27 | 2017-11-01 | Flexiskin GmbH | Oberflächenbelag |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
HU221916B1 (hu) | 2003-02-28 |
ATE267919T1 (de) | 2004-06-15 |
HUP0000637A2 (hu) | 2001-01-29 |
PL338772A1 (en) | 2000-09-11 |
CZ2000796A3 (cs) | 2000-10-11 |
SK3132000A3 (en) | 2000-10-09 |
HUP0000637A3 (en) | 2001-02-28 |
HU0000637D0 (en) | 2000-04-28 |
EP1033440B1 (de) | 2004-05-26 |
SK286144B6 (sk) | 2008-04-07 |
CZ296929B6 (cs) | 2006-07-12 |
DE59909583D1 (de) | 2004-07-01 |
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