EP1003897A1 - Komplexe für den transport von nukleinsäure in höhere eukaryotische zellen - Google Patents
Komplexe für den transport von nukleinsäure in höhere eukaryotische zellenInfo
- Publication number
- EP1003897A1 EP1003897A1 EP98933632A EP98933632A EP1003897A1 EP 1003897 A1 EP1003897 A1 EP 1003897A1 EP 98933632 A EP98933632 A EP 98933632A EP 98933632 A EP98933632 A EP 98933632A EP 1003897 A1 EP1003897 A1 EP 1003897A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- complexes
- dna
- pei
- complexes according
- peg
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/56—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule
- A61K47/59—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/56—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule
- A61K47/59—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes
- A61K47/60—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes the organic macromolecular compound being a polyoxyalkylene oligomer, polymer or dendrimer, e.g. PEG, PPG, PEO or polyglycerol
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G81/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers in the absence of monomers, e.g. block polymers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
- C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
- C12N2310/35—Nature of the modification
- C12N2310/351—Conjugate
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
- C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
- C12N2310/35—Nature of the modification
- C12N2310/351—Conjugate
- C12N2310/3513—Protein; Peptide
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of gene transfer.
- the smallest possible size of the complexes pays for many applications.
- the requirement for the smallest possible complexes is due, among other things, to the physical conditions in the organism, such as the small diameter of many blood vessels; certain tissues can only be reached by small, non-aggregating complexes. If the complexes are to be taken up by receptor-mediated endocytosis, one results Limit of max. 200 nm to allow inclusion in the "coated pits" (Stryer, 1990).
- Polycation / DNA complexes have the advantage of low immunogenicity and low risks compared to viral systems, but are compared to viral ones
- a limiting factor in gene transfer is also the non-specific immune defense in the bloodstream of the organism through so-called opsonization, which is one of the first barriers that gene transfer particles have to overcome in vivo.
- Plasma proteins bind to invaded bacteria, viruses or other foreign bodies and thereby trigger further immune defense mechanisms (Roitt et al. 1991).
- Chonn et al. Shown in 1992.
- a direct correlation between the amount of bound protein and the half-life of the liposomes in the bloodstream could be demonstrated.
- Another important component of non-specific immune defense is the activation of the complement system.
- Many cationic lipids and other polycations used for gene transfer show strong complement activation (Chonn, et al., 1991; Plank et al., 1996).
- So-called dysopsonins found in nature can prevent these proteins from attaching (Absolom, 1986). For example Bacteria escape opsonization by carrying highly hydrophilic sugar residues on their surface.
- PEG polyethylene glycol
- the amount of PEG used was usually between 2 and 10% PEG-coupled lipid in the liposome (m / m), the molecular weight of PEG between 750 and 5000 D (Klibanov et al., 1990; Blume et al, 1990; Mayhew et al, 1992; Papahad ⁇ opoulos et al, 1991; Senior et al, 1991; Mori et al, 1991; Yoshioka, 1991).
- the importance of molecular weight was shown by Woodle et al., 1994 for the steric stabilization of particles. PEG denvates from a size of 2000 D to 5000 D proved to be suitable; in the work of
- Klibanov et.al 1991 described the stabilizing effect of PEG 5000 D in liposomes that contain specific ligands (so-called immunoliposomes). However, it was found that this PEG leads to a somewhat poorer binding of the ligand to the receptor. In Torchilin et.al, 1992, is shown, however, that the prolonged half-life of the immunoliposomes by PEG-coatmg, thus • »a reduction in nonspecific uptake by the RES (reticuloendothelial system) which deteriorated ligand-receptor interaction more than compensated. Kirpotin et.al., 1997, describes the use of bifunctional PEGs, the production of which by Zalipsky et. al., 1997, is shown in more detail for the subsequent coupling of ligands to PEG liposomes.
- the object of the present invention was to provide an alternative gene transfer system which efficient and very specific and suitable for in vivo applications.
- the solution to this problem consists in complexes of nucleic acid and polyethyleneimine, which are characterized in that the polyethyleneimine is modified with a hydrophilic polymer covalently coupled thereto.
- the complexes according to the invention are referred to below as DNA / PEI / polymer complexes.
- the ratio of DNA to PEI is given below by indicating the molar ratio of the nitrogen atoms in the PEI to the phosphate atoms in the DNA (N / P value); an N / P value of 6.0 corresponds to a mixture of 10 ⁇ g DNA with 7.5 ⁇ g PEI. In the case of free PEI, only about every sixth nitrogen atom is protonated under physiological conditions. Results with DNA / PEI complexes show that these are approximately electroneutral with an N / P ratio of 2 to 3.
- the N / P value of the complexes can be wide
- Fluctuate range it can be in the range of about 0.5 to about 100.
- the ratio is preferably about 2 to about 20, particularly preferably the ratio is 3 to 10.
- the N / P value for the specific application can be determined by preliminary tests by increasing the ratio under otherwise identical conditions in order to determine the optimal ratio with regard to the transfection efficiency and one for the Exclude cells toxic effect.
- the PEI contained in the complexes has a molecular weight of approximately 700 D to approximately 2,000,000 D. After complexing with DNA, larger PEI molecules give an optimum of transfection efficiency even at lower N / P ratios; they generally result in very good transfection efficiency. Smaller molecules, of which a larger amount is required for complexation per given amount of DNA, have the advantage of lower toxicity and less efficiency with less efficiency. Which PEI molecule is used in detail can be determined in m preliminary experiments.
- PEI molecules in the molecular weight range between 2000 and 800000.
- PEI 700 D PEI 2000 D, PEI 25000 D, PEI 750000 D (Aldrich), PEI 50000 D (Sigma), PEI 800000 D (Fluka ).
- BASF also offers PEI under the brand name Lupasol® in various molecular weights (Lupasol® FG: 800 D; Lupasol® G 20 anhydrous: 1300 D; Lupasol® WF: 25000 D; Lupasol® G 20: 1300 D; Lupasol® G 35 : 2000 D; Lupasol® P: 750000 D; Lupasol® PS: 750000 D; Lupasol® SK: 2000000 D).
- the hydrophilic polymer bound to PEI is preferably linear or only branched to a small extent, so that its mobility is largely retained. (Without wishing to be bound by this theory, the positive effect of the polymer, in addition to its hydrophilicity, could be attributed to its mobility.)
- hydrophilic polymers coupled to PEI are selected from the group of polyethylene glycols (PEG), Polypyrollidones, polyacrylamides, polyalcohols, or copolymers of these polymers.
- PEG is preferred as the hydrophilic polymer.
- the molecular weight of the hydrophilic polymer is generally about 500 to about 20,000 D, preferably molecules with a molecular weight of 1,000 to 10,000 D are used.
- the amount of polymer for coupling to PEI was determined on the basis of PEG m preliminary tests for the present invention from the analysis of the number of primary nurses in the PEI molecule using a Nmhydnn assay (Sarin et al, 1981). It was found that approximately every tenth nitrogen atom is in the form of a primary nurse. A weight ratio of PEG-5000 D derivative to PEI of 9.2 was therefore chosen as the starting point. This corresponds on the order of magnitude to a molar ratio of PEG: primary amino groups / PEI molecule of 1: 1.
- a molar ratio of polymer: primary amino groups / PEI in a range from 1:10 to 10: 1 is suitable for the steric stabilization of DNA / PEI complexes, depending on the application.
- the range is preferably 1: 5 to 5: 1, particularly preferably 1: 3 to 3: 1.
- PEI is modified with a cellular ligand, if necessary, in order to effect the specific uptake of the complexes by binding to cell surface proteins, in particular receptors.
- ligands are given in WO 93/07283; transferrin or EGF is preferably used as the ligand.
- the type, molecular weight and amount of the polymer molecule most suitable for a particular transfection batch can be determined in preliminary tests, as can the suitability of modifying PEI with a cellular ligand.
- Ligands are compared in terms of their transfection efficiency to complexes which are identical except for the presence or absence of a cellular ligand.
- the ligand is coupled to PEI using conventional methods, e.g. by chemical means, as described in WO 93/07283 for the coupling of virus, virus proteins or peptides with polyamine compounds.
- PEI is connected to the ligand via the hydrophilic polymer.
- This embodiment has the advantage that there are fewer restrictions with regard to the polymer size, because the accessibility of the ligand, which is in this arrangement outside the polymer layer, and its binding to the receptor is not blocked by the polymer.
- nucleic acid contained in the complexes according to the invention is primarily defined by the biological effect to be achieved in the cell, in the case of use in the context of gene therapy by the
- the nucleic acids to be transported into the cell can be Act DNAs or RNAs, with no restrictions on the nucleotide sequence.
- the complexes according to the invention have the advantage that they can be produced in a small size, this effect not being impaired by a ligand which may be coupled to PEI.
- the modification with PEG can also be carried out on larger complexes without impairing their functionality.
- the invention relates to a
- DNA / PEI / polymer complexes can be produced in different ways.
- DNA and PEI are preferably first complexed by mixing the solutions and then, e.g. after a ripening time of about 20-40 minutes, the reaction with the polymer (in the case of the reaction with PEG, the "PEGylation") can take place as was carried out in the examples of the present invention.
- the reaction with the polymer in the case of the reaction with PEG, the "PEGylation”
- PEGylation the reaction with the polymer
- complexation at high concentrations of the complex partners provides a significantly higher proportion of aggregated complexes (see Example 3c). It has been found that in many cases this undesired aggregation can largely be prevented by mixing the complexes from very dilute solutions.
- the reduction of the salt concentration below the physiological value reduces the effect of the aggregate formation (example 1).
- Salt concentration can prevent aggregation (example 1). It has been shown that physiological glucose concentrations have no influence on the Have aggregate formation (see Fig. 1). It was found that an increase in the salt concentration to a value in the physiological range following the complexation did not have a negative effect on the stability of the complexes, while complexes without PEG quickly formed aggregates (FIG. 2a). It was also shown that the PEGylation of the complexes also leads to a reduced surface charge of the complexes (FIG. 14).
- Complex partner preferably at about 5 to 50 ⁇ g DNA / ml, in particular 10 to 40 ⁇ g DNA / ml.
- the PEI concentration is matched to the DNA concentration in accordance with the respective N / P value; it is e.g. 1.25 ⁇ g / ml PEI 800000 D at an N / P value of 2 and a DNA concentration of 5 ⁇ g / ml; at a DNA concentration of 50 ⁇ g / ml corresponding to 12.5 ⁇ g / ml PEI 800000 D.
- the complexation is also carried out with the lowest possible ion concentration in order to prevent aggregates from occurring
- the complexation is carried out in the presence of physiological sugar concentration (dextrose, glucose, sucrose).
- complexes are obtained from dilute solutions, using PEI which is already covalently coupled to the polymer, for example PEG (example 2b). This was also evident here Stabilizing effect of PEG, which prevents the complexes from aggregating even after adding salt.
- the covalent coupling of the polymer to PEI can be carried out by means of conventional methods, using polymer derivatives which can bind to the free amino groups of PEI.
- polymer derivatives which can bind to the free amino groups of PEI.
- Different derivatives are commercially available, e.g. the corresponding PEG derivatives (Shearwater Polymers, USA):
- N-hydroxysuccinimidyl active esters (Abuchowski et al, 1984; Klibanov et al, 1990 showed the suitability of the corresponding PEG derivatives for the modification of liposomes);
- Examples of commercially available PEG derivatives of this type are methoxy-SS-PEG, MW 5000 D; Methoxy-SSA-PEG, MW 5000 D); Succinimidyl succinate-propionic acid derivatives (methoxy-SPA-5000, MW 5000 D; methoxy-SPA-20000, MW 20000 D; methoxy-SSPA-PEG, MW 5000); Oxycarbonylimidazole derivatives that react to form urethane (the binding of PEG derivatives of this type to proteins was shown by Beauchamp et al, 1983, the use for PEGylation of liposomes by Allen et al, 1991; examples of commercial products are methoxy-PEG- CDI, MW 5000 D); Glycidyl ether (
- the PEI is coupled to the ligand, as described in EP-AI 388 758 or by Kircheis et al., 1997, followed by complexation with the other reaction partners, as described above.
- bifunctional polymers are used which have different reactive groups at both ends of the molecule.
- Polymers e.g. PEG can be used, as they have been used for the cross-linking of different macromolecules, e.g. for the cross-linking of cofactor and apoenzyme (Nakamura et al, 1986), target control of polymeric active ingredients (Zalipsky and Barany, 1990) or PEG coating of surfaces and proteins (Harris et al, 1989).
- Bifunctional derivatives that can be used are commercially available, they contain amino groups, hydroxyl groups or carboxylic acid groups at the molecular ends, e.g. such as products available from Shearwater Polymers.
- Derivatives that can also be used are NHS-maleimide and NHS-vinylsulfone derivatives, which have their reaction optima at different pH values.
- Biotin-PEG-maleimide or -NHS derivatives can also be used, with covalent coupling to the MAL or NHS group and the biotinylated side with
- Streptavidin-containing molecules or particles can react.
- the bifunctional polymer for example PEG
- a ligand with a suitable functional group can be coupled to the second, remaining functional group on the polymer, optionally before or after complexing with DNA.
- the PEG-PEI can be bound via the primary nurses of the PEI, although it is also possible to couple other reactive groups, such as SH groups, to PEI, which can act as reaction partners for PEG derivatives.
- the previous coupling of ligands to bifunctional PEG is also possible, further binding to PEI being possible before or after complexing with DNA. In all of these cases, especially when using small ligands, there are advantages which can be shielded by the PEG in the event of a subsequent PEGylation.
- the linear, hydrophilic polymer molecule functions as a kind of spacer between PEI and ligand.
- the complexes according to the invention are present in high concentration, advantageously in a concentration of at least approx. 200 ⁇ g DNA / ml.
- the complex concentration can be up to approx. 1 mg / ml with a higher content of hydrophilic polymer.
- the complexes according to the invention surprisingly have the advantage that they can be brought to the required high concentration from dilute solutions without any significant formation of aggregates which would impair the gene transfer efficiency. It could also be shown that the modification of the complexes with PEG leads to an increased resistance of the Leads to complexes in the blood of mice. This effect also contributes to gene transfer in the subcutaneous tumor after, for example, intravenous application of the complexes.
- the invention relates to a composition for the transfection of higher eukaryotic cells, which contains DNA / PEI / PEG complexes in a concentration, based on DNA, of about 200 ⁇ g / ml to about 1 mg / ml.
- the composition is in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.
- the composition is used to transfect mammalian cells in vivo; as an active ingredient it contains a complex which contains a therapeutically effective nucleic acid.
- a high concentration of therapeutically active DNA can be achieved in the tissue.
- the composition has the advantage that the complexes are not subject to non-specific binding or degradation because of the prevention of opsonization.
- Complexes specific targeting to specific cells, organs or tissues (e.g. tumor tissue) and thus targeted gene expression (e.g. in tumor tissue) can be achieved after systemic administration (example 12).
- the complexes stabilized by PEGylation according to the invention have the possibility, due to their longer circulation time in the blood, in areas with increased Vascular permeability or vascular damage from the blood vessel system m to emerge from the surrounding tissue and accumulate there. Areas where such "passive targeting" occurs more frequently are well-perfused tumors and inflammation areas.
- the pharmaceutical composition can include can advantageously be used for the therapy of tumor diseases in order to administer mtratumoral DNA, containing, in particular on a plasmid, a sequence coding for one or more cytokymes, such as Interleukm-2, IFN- ⁇ , IFn- ⁇ , TNF- ⁇ , or A suicide gene that is used in combination with the substrate, such as the herpes simplex thymidmkmase gene (with ganciclovir) or the lmamarase gene (with linamarin), or a DNA coding for an apoptosis-reducing protein such as p53 or apoptm, or for a toxm, such as the diphtheria toxm, or for a cytotoxic enzyme.
- cytokymes such as Interleukm-2, IFN- ⁇ , IFn- ⁇ , TNF- ⁇
- a suicide gene that is used in combination with the substrate, such as the herpes simplex thymidmkmase gene (with ganci
- compositions according to the invention come into play is the so-called genetic tumor vaccination.
- the complexes used here contain DNA, coding for em or several tumor antigens or fragments thereof, optionally in combination with DNA, coding for em or several cytokomes.
- the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention is preferably in the form of a lyophilisate, optionally with the addition of sugar, such as sucrose or dextrose, in an amount which gives a physiological concentration in the ready-to-use solution.
- the composition can also be in the form of a cryoconcentrate.
- composition according to the invention can also be deep-frozen (cryopreserved) or as a chilled solution.
- the invention relates to a method for producing a composition for the transfection of mammalian cells, in which first complexes are prepared from dilute solutions of the complex partners and then brought to a concentration of at least 200 ⁇ g / ml.
- the complexes can be concentrated using conventional methods, e.g. by ultrafiltration or by ultracentrifugation.
- compositions according to the invention can optionally be in the form of a kit, the individual components DNA on the one hand and polymer-modified PEI to which a ligand is optionally coupled, on the other hand, being present in separate containers.
- Fig. 1 suppressing the aggregate formation of DNA / PEI complexes by mixing with salt-free
- Fig. 2 Stabilizing DNA / PEI complexes with polyethylene glycol (PEG)
- Fig. 6 Reduction of protein binding to DNA / PEI complexes by modification with PEG A) silver coloring B) checking the filterability
- Fig. 7 Effect of PEG modification on gene transfer in K562 cells
- Fig. 11 PEGylation of DNA / TfPEI complexes increases the stability of the complexes in the blood after in vivo use
- Fig. 12 Determination of the biodistribution of PEGylated DNA / TfPEI complexes according to systemic
- Fig. 14 Measurement of the zeta potential: reduced surface charge of PEGylated
- Fig. 15 Effect of PEG modification of small and large complexes on gene transfer in mammalian cells
- Fig. 16 Effect of PEG modification on EGF-mediated gene transfer in mammalian cells
- Example 1 Suppressing the aggregate formation of DNA / PEI complexes by mixing under salt-free conditions
- the complexes were formed by mixing equal volumes (250 ⁇ l) of dilute solutions of plasmid DNA, containing the sequence coding for the reporter gene luciferase (10 ⁇ g of the plasmid pCMVL, described in WO 93/07283) and 7.5 ⁇ g PEI ( N / P value: 6.0) or 9 ⁇ g PEI (N / P value 7.2) through rapid, repeated pipetting up and down of the solutions in order to achieve the fastest possible mixing of the two components.
- PEI with a molecular weight of 800,000 daltons was used (Fluka).
- the final concentration of DNA in the complex was 20 ⁇ g / ml.
- Tf2PEI molar ratio of Tf / PEI 2/1
- Tf4PEI molar ratio of Tf / PEI 4/1).
- HBS 150mM NaCl, 20mM HEPES, pH 7.3
- MQ deionized water
- Fig. 1 The mean particle size was measured after various times using quasi-elastic laser light scattering (Brookhaven BI-90). It was found that complexes in HBS aggregated after a short time, while complexes that were prepared in deionized water had a stable size, which was not significantly affected by a physiological glucose concentration.
- the DNA / PEI complexes with an N / P ratio of 6.0 were mixed as described in Example 1 and stored 40 mm at room temperature (RT) for complete complexation. Then 69 ⁇ g methoxy-succmimidyl-proprionate-PEG (M-SPA-PEG, molecular weight of 5000 Dalton, Shearwater Polymers, Inc., USA, stock solution 10 mg / ml in DMSO) were added to 50 ⁇ l MQ water. (A covalent bond is formed between M-SPA-PEG and the amino groups of the PEI.) The reaction time was 20 mm at RT; the weight ratio (w / w) of PEG to PEI was 9.2.
- the complex size was measured after various times using quasi-elastic laser light scattering.
- 250 ⁇ l aliquot of PBS 137 mM NaCl, 2.6 mM KC1, 6, 6 mM Na2HP04, 1.5 mM KH2PO4; pH 7.4
- PBS 137 mM NaCl, 2.6 mM KC1, 6, 6 mM Na2HP04, 1.5 mM KH2PO4; pH 7.4
- pre-PEGylation The PEGylation of PEI before the complexation (“pre-PEGylation”) was carried out as follows: 7.5 ⁇ g PEI were mixed with 6.9 ⁇ l M-SPA-PEG 10 mg / ml in DMSO and the reaction after 20 min at RT stopped by adding 0.2 ⁇ mol of glycine. (The free M-SPA-PEG still present reacts with the amino group of the glycine.) After a further 20 min, the solution was made up to 250 ⁇ l with MQ and, as described in Example 2a, complexed with 10 ⁇ g DNA. The further procedure was also carried out as described in Example 2a.
- the complexes used had an N / P value of 6.0 and the ratio of PEG / PEI was 9.2 (w / w).
- the complexes were mixed in MQ, modified with PEG and the average particle diameter was measured by means of LLS.
- the DNA concentration during complex formation was 20 or 320 ⁇ g / ml.
- the size measurement took place after the PEGylation. It was clearly shown that more aggregates are formed by mixing in higher concentrations (FIG. 2c).
- Example 3 The covalent binding of PEG is decisive for the stabilization of the complexes
- the complexes were mixed as described in Example 1 and, as described in Example 2, stabilized with M-SPA-PEG. After the stabilization and addition of 250 ⁇ l PBS, the complex solution (approx. 800 ⁇ l) in micro-concentrators (Vivaspm 500, molecular exclusion volume 100000 Dalton) with 12000 g to a volume of approx. 25 ⁇ l and thus a DNA concentration of approx. 400 ⁇ g / ml of DNA concentrated. Then was again set a concentration of 20 ⁇ g / ml with MQ and measured the size using quasi-elastic laser light scattering.
- Fig. 4 shows that without PEG modification after concentration due to aggregation and / or absorption of the complexes on the membrane no more meaningful particle sizes could be measured, while the stabilized complexes did not form an aggregate even after concentration.
- This experiment served to determine the interaction of plasma proteins with the PEI complexes, the proteins bound to the complexes being separated together with these.
- Filtrate the complex / plasma solution ("filtrate") after adding an aliquot of five-fold concentrated non-reducing sample buffer (25% glycerol (w / v); 290 mM TRIS pH 6.8; 0.25% SDS (w / v); 0, 1 mg / ml bromophenol blue) on an SDS polyacrylamide gel with a polymer gradient of 2.5 to 12%.
- the gel was blotted in a "semi dry" blot apparatus (Bio Rad) onto a nitrocellulose membrane, non-specific binding sites with a 1% strength
- Goat anti-human complement C3 fractionated antiserum, Sigma, Order No. C-7761, Lot Number 054H8842), dilution 1: 3000.
- Goat anti-human fibrinogen fractionated antiserum, Sigma, Order No. F-2506, Lot Number 115H8828
- Goat anti-human fibronectin fractionated antiserum, Sigma, Order No. F-1909, Lot Number 094H8868
- dilution 1: 3000 Goat anti-human fibrinogen, Sigma, Order No. F-2506, Lot Number 115H8828
- Goat anti-human fibronectin fractionated antiserum, Sigma, Order No. F-1909, Lot Number 094H8868
- the immunoblot is shown in Fig. 5.
- Complement C3, fibrinogen, and fibronectin were found to bind to the DNA / PEI complexes in the eluate; an effect which after PEGylation (the complexes were as in
- Example 2 PEGylated is significantly reduced (see lanes 4 and 5).
- the controls (lanes 6 and 7) were used to determine the extent to which these proteins bind to the filter membrane without the presence of complex.
- the protein is mainly found in the filtrate; no significant amounts of the proteins were found in the eluate (lane 1: human plasma, 3 ⁇ l, diluted 1:50; lane 2: DNA / PEI + plasma, filtrate , 6 ⁇ l; lane 3: DNA / PEI + plasma, eluate, 20 ⁇ l; lane 4: 150 ⁇ l plasma, 1:70 diluted, filtrate, 6 ⁇ l; lane 5: 150 ⁇ l plasma, 1:70 diluted, eluate, 20 ⁇ l).
- PEG-modified complexes (lane 5, eluate) bind significantly less (not visible) amounts of protein than on unmodified complexes (lane 3).
- Lane 1 human plasma, 3 ⁇ l, diluted 1:50;
- Lane 2 DNA / PEI + plasma, filtrate, 6 ul;
- Lane 3 DNA / PEI + plasma, eluate, 20 ul;
- Lane 4 DNA / PEI-PEG PEG / PEI 9.2 / 1 (w / w) + plasma, filtrate, 6 ul;
- Lane 5 DNA / PEI-PEG PEG / PEI 9.2 / 1 (w / w) + plasma, eluate, 20 ul;
- Lane 6 150 ul plasma, diluted 1:70, filtrate, 6 ul;
- Lane 7 150 ⁇ l plasma, diluted 1:70, eluate, 20 ⁇ l.
- complexes (DNA concentration of 320 ⁇ g / ml) were mixed as described in Example 5a and PEGylated. The complexes were then filtered through a membrane saturated with BSA and washed 3 times with 300 ⁇ l HBS each. The absorption of the solution (A260; (maximum absorption of nucleic acids) before filtration (A260 before filtration), the filtrate (A260 filtrate) and the three washing solutions (wash 1 to wash 3) was measured.
- Fig. 6b shows that unmodified complexes are complete and PEGylated complexes are largely retained.
- the complexes were mixed as described in Example 1 and modified as described in Example 2 with M-SPA-PEG.
- the DNA concentration during complex formation was 20 ⁇ g / ml, the ratio of DNA to PEI, N / P was 7.2.
- PEI or Tf-PEI conjugates were used for DNA complexation, the molar ratio of Tf to PEI in the conjugate was 2/1 (Tf2PEI).
- the ratio of PEG / PEI was 2.3 / 1 or 3.7 / 1 and 7.4 / 1 (w / w); this corresponds to a molar ratio of 0.25: 1, 0.4: 1 or 0.8: 1.
- the cells were cultivated (ATCC CCL-243 K-562) in RPMI 1640 medium with 100 lU / ml penicillin, 100 ⁇ g / ml streptomycm and 10% fetal calf serum (FCS).
- FCS fetal calf serum
- 500,000 cells were sown in 24-well plates (diameter 22.6 mm, Costar). The transfection was carried out in serum-free medium. After four hours, the medium was replaced with serum-containing medium.
- the cells were centrifuged, harvested in 100 ⁇ l harvest buffer (250 mM TRIS, pH 7.2, 0.5% Triton X 100), homogenized, centrifuged and 10 ⁇ l each from the supernatant for the determination of luciferase activity in 100 ⁇ l sample buffer (25 mM Glycylglycm pH 7.8, 5 mM ATP, 15 mM MgC12) diluted. The measurement was made after
- the complexes were mixed as described in Example 1 and, as described in Example 2, modified with M-SPA-PEG.
- the ratio of DNA to PEI was N / P 7.2.
- the ratio of PEG / PEI was 3.5 / 1 and 7.0 / 1 (w / w); this corresponds to a molar ratio of 0.38: 1 or 0.76: 1.
- PEI or Tf-PEI conjugates were used for DNA complexation, the molar ratio of Tf to PEI in the conjugate was 2/1 (Tf2PEI).
- the cells were cultivated (ATCC CCL 131 Neuro 2A) in RPMI 1640 medium with 100 iU / ml penicillin, 100 ⁇ g / ml streptomycin and 10% fetal calf serum (FCS).
- FCS fetal calf serum
- 300,000 cells were sown in 6-well plates (diameter 35 mm, Costar). The transfection was carried out in serum-free medium. After four hours, the medium was changed to serum-containing medium.
- the cells were harvested in 100 ⁇ l harvest buffer (250 mM TRIS, pH 7.2, 0.5% Triton X 100), homogenized, centrifuged and 10 ⁇ l each from the supernatant for the determination of luciferase activity in 100 ⁇ l sample buffer (25 mM glycylglycm pH 7.8, 5 mM ATP, 15 mM MgC12) diluted.
- 100 ⁇ l injection buffer 200 ⁇ M Lucifer (Sigma), 20 mM 25 mM glycylglycm pH 7.8) into a Berthold Lumat LB 9507.
- Figures 7 and 8 show that modification of DNA / PEI
- Example 7 Reduction of the non-specific uptake of the complexes by P388 mouse macrophages by modifying the complexes with PEG
- the uptake of the complexes by the cells was carried out using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) (FACScan, Becton Dickinson).
- FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorter
- the Excitation wavelength of the laser was 488 nm.
- the fluorescence was measured at 515 nm.
- the DNA concentration during complex formation was 320 ⁇ g / ml, the N / P value 6.0.
- the PEG / PEI ratio was 9.2: 1; this corresponds to a molar ratio of 01: 1.
- the complexes were mixed as described in Example 5a and, as described in Example 2, modified with M-SPA-PEG.
- the DNA was pre-complexed with YOYOl (1, 1 '- (4, 4, 7, 7, -tetramethyl-4, 1 - diazaundecamethylene) -bis-4- [3-methyl-2, 3-dihydro- (benzo - 1,3-oxazole) -2-methylidene] -quinolinium tetraiodide; Molecular Probes) in a molar ratio of 100: 1 (base pairs DNA: YOYOl).
- the cells were cultivated in DMEM (Dulbeccos modified eagle medium) with 4500 mg / ml glucose, 100 iU / ml penicillin, 100 ⁇ g / ml streptomycin and 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). 300,000 cells were sown in 35 mm petri dishes (Falcon No 1008) per batch. The complexes were incubated in serum-free medium at 37 ° C. After one hour the cells were washed with PBS and harvested with 5 mM EDTA in PBS.
- DMEM Dynamic fetal calf serum
- FIG. 9 The result of the FACS analysis is shown in FIG. 9 (A: DNA / PEI +/- M-SPA-PEG 37 ° C., PEG / PEI 9.2 / 1 w / w).
- B DNA / Tf2PEI +/- M-SPA-PEG 37 ° C; PEG / PEI 9.2 / 1 w / w).
- the X-axis shows the fluorescence intensity of the measured cells, the Y-axis the number of measured events.
- the FACS data show that PEGylation significantly reduces the binding and uptake of the complexes to macrophages. This is reflected in the significantly reduced fluorescence of the cells.
- Example 8 Reduction of the interaction with
- DNA / Tf2-PEI complexes were prepared as described in Example 1 (mixed in water) and, as described in Example 2, modified with PEG.
- the DNA concentration was 20 ⁇ g / ml, the N / P value was 7.2.
- the ratio of PEG: PEI was 3.5: 1 and 7.0: 1 (w / w); this corresponds to a molar ratio of 0.38: 1 or 0.76: 1.
- 500 ⁇ l of complex were incubated with 7.2 ⁇ l of plasma at 37 ° C. At the times indicated in FIG. 10, the particle size was measured by means of LLS.
- DNA / TfPEI complexes were prepared and PEGylated as described in Examples 1 and 2, respectively.
- Standard DNA / TfPEI complexes TfPEI conjugate: molar ratio of approx. 4 transferrin molecules, bound to PEI,
- PEGylated DNA / TfPEI complexes (DNA / TfPEI / PEG; N / P 6.0, PEG / PEI 10/1 w / w, 1 h PEGylation at room temperature) were mixed at a DNA concentration of 50 ⁇ g / ml.
- the complexes were mixed in water, 0.3 x HBS (50 mM NaCl, 7 mM HEPES pH 7.4) or 0.5 x HBS.
- glucose was added at a final concentration of 5%, 3.3% and 2.5% (w / v).
- the PEGylated DNA / TfPEI complexes were concentrated using a VIVA spin 4000 microconcentrator to a final DNA concentration of 200 ⁇ g / ml, as described in Example 4.
- Example 10 PEGylation of DNA / TfPEI complexes increases the stability of the complexes in the blood after in vivo use
- the DNA was isolated using the QIAamp tissue kit protocol (Quiagen Cat. No. 29304). For each aliquot (100 ⁇ l) of blood or plasma during the initial incubation at 70 ° C 10 ul Heparm (Hepa ⁇ n "Novo", 1000 IU / ml, Novo Nordisk) to ensure the quantitative isolation of plasmid DNA (it had been shown that the complexes in the presence of Heparm dissociate).
- the agarose gel was denatured according to standard instructions (Sambrook et al., 1989) 45 mm long (1.5 M NaCl, 0.5 M NaOH), washed with distilled water and rinsed 30 mm long in 1 M T ⁇ s / 1.5 M NaCl 30 mm long.
- the transfer to nylon membranes (Gene Screen, DuPont, NEF983) was carried out by capillary transfer in 10 x SSC; the DNA was cross-linked to the filters using UV radiation.
- the hybridization and washing were carried out according to the recommendations of the DIG High Prime DNA Labelmg and Detection Starter Kit II (Boehrmger Mannheim; Cat. No. 1585614).
- the filters were prehyb ⁇ dized for 4 h and overnight with the DIG-labeled probe at 42 ° C in 50% formamide, 5 x SSC, 0.1% N-lauroyl sarcosm, 0.02% SDS, 2% blocking reagent and 100 ⁇ g / ml yeast tRNA hybridizes.
- the final wash was carried out at 0.5 x SSC, 0.1% SDS at 68 ° C.
- the hybridization probe was obtained from the plasmid pCMVL (Plank et al., 1992) by means of DIG labeling according to the manufacturer's instructions (DIG High Prime DNA Labelmg and Detection Starter Kit II; Boehrmger Mannheim).
- the immunological detection was carried out with the substrate contained in the kit or preferably with Vistra ECF substrate (Amersham Cat. No. RPN5785), which can be determined quantitatively in a phosphor imager (Molecular Dynamics). Incubation with the Vistra substrate was carried out overnight.
- Estimation of the amount of plasmid DNA Different amounts of pCMVL (5 ng, 500 pg, 50 pg, 5 pg and 0.5 pg) were loaded onto each agarose gel in order to directly compare the intensity of the bands detected on the blots. The total amount of DNA in the plasma was calculated from the values obtained. The result is shown in Fig. 11.
- the PEGylated DNA / TfPEI complexes were prepared as described in Example 9; the animal model used was analogous to that of Example 10, but these and all other in vivo studies were carried out in tumor-bearing mice.
- Female A / J mice were subcutaneously with 2 x 10 6
- Neuroblastoma cells Neuroblastoma cells (Neuro2a, ATCC CCL 131) injected. After two weeks, when the tumors had reached approximately 10 to 14 mm in size, the transfection complexes were injected into the tail vein. a) Administration of the transfection complexes in vivo
- DNA isolation was carried out in a manner similar to Example 10 according to the QIAamp Tissue Kit. Unlike in Example 10, no heparin was added in this case (the lysis buffer for tissues in the kit was sufficient to dissociate the complexes). The exact weight of the mouse organs was determined.
- FIG. 12A shows the amounts of pCMVL (intact plus partially degraded) which were detectable in the different tissues by means of Southern blot analysis.
- Figure 12B shows the detectable levels of intact pCMVL.
- the tissues were homogenized in a buffer containing 250 mM TRIS pH 7.5 using an IKA homogenizer (“Ultraturax”) and in liquid nitrogen snap frozen. The samples were stored at -80 ° C until the luciferase assay.
- the transfection efficiency was determined by means of the luciferase assay. For this, samples of homogenized tissue were subjected to three freeze / thaw cycles and centrifuged 10 mm at 10,000 g to pellet the precipitate. The luciferase light units were recorded using a Lumat LB9501 / 16 (Berthold, Germany) from an aliquot of the supernatant (50 ⁇ l) with 10 s integration after automatic injection of the Luciferm solution. The luciferase background (300-400 light units) was subtracted from each value and the transfection efficiency was printed out as relative light units (RLU) per organ / tissue.
- RLU relative light units
- the complexes were mixed as described in Example 1 and modified as described in Example 2 with M-SPA-PEG.
- 10 ug of pCMVL DNA was in 250 ul buffer mixed with 7.5 ⁇ g PEI (800 kDa) or Tf-PEI conjugate (molar ratio of Tf to PEI in conjugate 2/1, Tf2PEI) in 250 ⁇ l buffer.
- Either HBG (5% glucose in 10 mM HEPES pH 7.4) - for the small complexes - or HBS (150 mM NaCl, 20 mM HEPES pH 7.4) - for the large complexes - was used as buffer.
- 75 ⁇ g M-SPA-PEG5000 were added and incubated for a further hour at room temperature. As a control, complexes without PEG modification were produced.
- the K-562 cells (ATCC CCL-243) were transfected in RPMI 1640 medium with 100 iU / ml penicillin, 100 ⁇ g / ml streptomycm and the presence or absence of 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). For each transfection batch, 500,000 cells were sown in 24-well plates (diameter 22.6 mm, Costar). The transfection was carried out with 2.5 ⁇ g DNA complex in 125 ⁇ l (-FCS approach) or 5 ⁇ g DNA complex in 250 ⁇ l
- Example 15 Effect of PEG modification on EGF-mediated gene transfer in mammalian cells
- Epidermal growth factor (EGF) conjugates with PEI 25 kDa were prepared by modifying the components with SPDP (Pharmacia 17-0458-01), converting the modified PEI to the mercaptopropionate form and coupling via disulfide bridging, in an analogous manner to that described by Kircheis et al, 1997.
- EGF EGF1, Serotec, murine
- 1 ml of 16 mM aqueous HEPES buffer (pH 7.9) 4 mg (0.67 ⁇ mol) EGF (EGF1, Serotec, murine) in 1 ml of 16 mM aqueous HEPES buffer (pH 7.9) were reacted with 0.5 ml of a 20 mM ethanolic h at room temperature.
- the mixture was then dialyzed against 50% aqueous ethanol for two days (membrane with molecular weight cutoff MWCO 1 kDa, Spectropor 7).
- the yield of modified EGF was 3.5 mg (87%) with a molar ratio EGF / Pydridinyldithiopropionat of 1: 0.8.
- modified EGF in an amount of 0.7 mg was produced from 1 mg EGF.
- EGF Pydridinyldithiopropionate-modified EGF (4.2 mg EGF, 0.56 ⁇ mol pyridinyldithiopropionate) in 2.2 ml 50% aqueous ethanol was reacted with mercaptopropionate-modified PEI (7.5 mg PEI, 0.90 ⁇ mol mercapto groups) in 1.1 ml 0.25 mM NaCl, 20 mM HEPSS pH 7.3 under argon .
- PEI mercaptopropionate-modified PEI
- reaction solution was adjusted to 0.5 M NaCl and a total volume of 4 ml by adding 3M NaCl and water and using ion exchange chromatography (Biorad Macroprep High S, 100 x 10 mm, buffer A: 20 mM HEPES pH 7.3; buffer B: 3 M NaCl, 20 mM HEPES pH 7.3; gradient 22% B to 78% B) separated.
- the product fraction (elution between 2-3 M NaCl) was dialyzed against HBS (150 mM NaCl, 20 mM HEPES pH 7.3) and gave a conjugate of 1.9 mg EGF modified with 6.35 mg PEI. This corresponds to an EGF / PEI molar ratio of 1.28: 1.
- the complexes were mixed in a manner analogous to that described in Example 1 and, as described in Example 2, modified with M-SPA-PEG.
- 5 ⁇ g of pCMVL DNA were in 125 ⁇ l buffer with 3.75 ⁇ g PEI (25 kDa) as unmodified PEI (hydrochloride), or as a 1: 1 (w / w) mixture of unmodified PEI (hydrochloride) with EGF-PEI (see a) ), mixed in 125 ⁇ l buffer.
- Either HBS 150 mM NaCl, 20 mM HEPES pH 7.4
- 0.5x HBS 75 mM NaCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 7.4 were used as buffers.
- 500000 KB cells (ATCC CCL-17) were sown in T25 bottles (Costar) per transfection batch.
- the transfection was carried out in 2 ml of DMEM medium with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) with 5 ⁇ g DNA complex and 250 ⁇ l solution. After four hours, the medium was supplemented with a further 2 ml of medium containing serum.
- FCS fetal calf serum
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PCT/EP1998/003679 WO1998059064A1 (de) | 1997-06-20 | 1998-06-18 | Komplexe für den transport von nukleinsäure in höhere eukaryotische zellen |
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EP0753069A1 (de) * | 1994-04-15 | 1997-01-15 | Targeted Genetics Corporation | Fusionsprotein für Gentransfer |
FR2722506B1 (fr) * | 1994-07-13 | 1996-08-14 | Rhone Poulenc Rorer Sa | Composition contenant des acides nucleiques, preparation et utilisations |
AU4690596A (en) * | 1994-12-30 | 1996-07-24 | Chiron Viagene, Inc. | Nucleic acid condensing agents with reduced immunogenicity |
US6040295A (en) * | 1995-01-13 | 2000-03-21 | Genemedicine, Inc. | Formulated nucleic acid compositions and methods of administering the same for gene therapy |
-
1997
- 1997-06-20 DE DE19726186A patent/DE19726186A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1998
- 1998-06-18 CA CA002294611A patent/CA2294611A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-06-18 EP EP98933632A patent/EP1003897A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-06-18 US US09/446,317 patent/US20010005717A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-06-18 AU AU83385/98A patent/AU8338598A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-06-18 JP JP50375099A patent/JP2002506441A/ja active Pending
- 1998-06-18 WO PCT/EP1998/003679 patent/WO1998059064A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2004
- 2004-07-06 US US10/883,776 patent/US20040248842A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See references of WO9859064A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO1998059064A1 (de) | 1998-12-30 |
US20010005717A1 (en) | 2001-06-28 |
AU8338598A (en) | 1999-01-04 |
CA2294611A1 (en) | 1998-12-30 |
JP2002506441A (ja) | 2002-02-26 |
DE19726186A1 (de) | 1998-12-24 |
US20040248842A1 (en) | 2004-12-09 |
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