EP1000311B1 - Projectile ou ogive - Google Patents

Projectile ou ogive Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1000311B1
EP1000311B1 EP97948667A EP97948667A EP1000311B1 EP 1000311 B1 EP1000311 B1 EP 1000311B1 EP 97948667 A EP97948667 A EP 97948667A EP 97948667 A EP97948667 A EP 97948667A EP 1000311 B1 EP1000311 B1 EP 1000311B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
projectile
war
head
anyone
bulging medium
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP97948667A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1000311A1 (fr
Inventor
Gerd Kellner
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Rheinmetall Waffe Munition GmbH
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Futurtec AG
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/36—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information
    • F42B12/367—Projectiles fragmenting upon impact without the use of explosives, the fragments creating a wounding or lethal effect
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/04—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of armour-piercing type
    • F42B12/06—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of armour-piercing type with hard or heavy core; Kinetic energy penetrators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/20—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of high-explosive type
    • F42B12/201—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of high-explosive type characterised by target class
    • F42B12/204—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of high-explosive type characterised by target class for attacking structures, e.g. specific buildings or fortifications, ships or vehicles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/34—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect expanding before or on impact, i.e. of dumdum or mushroom type

Definitions

  • the invention relates to bullets or warheads for the control of targets, in particular of armored targets, with an internal arrangement for the dynamic formation of expansion zones and for achieving large lateral effects.
  • the aim is also to achieve the greatest possible areal effect (lateral effect) for increasing the efficiency. This is especially true for projectiles against flying targets, e.g. Fixed-wing aircraft, unarmored helicopters or missiles are necessary, which from an end-ballistic point of view are among the lighter target classes.
  • flying targets e.g. Fixed-wing aircraft, unarmored helicopters or missiles are necessary, which from an end-ballistic point of view are among the lighter target classes.
  • EP 0 343 389 A1 describes the projectile core of a sabot projectile, which consists of a relatively brittle projectile core middle part into which a relatively ductile projectile core mandrel is inserted, which at its rear end in the projectile core rear part and at its front end in one Bullet core tip is anchored.
  • a frangible tungsten is preferably proposed, while the bullet core mandrel is made of a ductile tungsten, hard metal or other end ballistisch effective material.
  • the relatively brittle bullet core middle part already breaks down when penetrating the first target plate of a multilayer armor, while the ductile bullet core does not fragment during fürdringvorgang, but rather successively penetrates the following target plates and thereby degrades continuously in its length or mass.
  • the relatively thin and therefore low-mass projectile part is just not suitable for achieving a greater depth effect or for penetrating deeper targets with continuous lateral action.
  • the densities of brittle bullet core midsection and ductile bullet core are nearly equal. A high lateral effect of the splinters in connection with a penetration of multi-layer target plates is thus not given.
  • WO 92/15836 A1 discloses a spin-stabilized, armor-piercing, fragment-producing bullet formed from a bullet casing with a high-density material and a front header of the same material, in which the collapse of the bullet casing is carried out mechanically with the aid of a prestressed heavy material , which is located in a blind hole in the rear part of the projectile casing and a Vorkerbung the shell structure.
  • compressed Filler tungsten powder is proposed. This solution is just as effective with relatively thin targets as it is with low targets. Also, an endballistisch effective compression due to the powdery filler can not be achieved constructively.
  • EP 0 238 818 A1 describes a spin-stabilized sabot projectile which consists of a hollow splitter shell closed at the back and the front and a projectile tip attached thereto.
  • an inert powder having a density of at least 10 g / cm 3 is proposed.
  • the fragment jacket has predetermined breaking points which determine the size of the individual fragments.
  • the fragmentation jacket is to fragment after penetration of the projectile and disintegrate into individual effective fragments.
  • the powdered tungsten filling is expelled after penetration due to the rotation of the projectile.
  • a high lateral and at the same time depth-effective performance can not be achieved with such a concept, since the invention is primarily based on the centrifugal forces of a spiral projectile and the tungsten powder, not least because of the natural cavities, will not sufficiently disassemble the surrounding thick jacket in spite of pre-fragmentation in the radial direction.
  • the powder filling is intended as a replacement for a blasting and fire charge, the high density is to achieve direct end ballistic effects.
  • JP 08061898 A Another decomposition principle for achieving a lateral effect is proposed in the publication (JP 08061898 A), in which a metal cylinder in a reactive metal is arranged, which reacts thermally chemically with air and water when the armor piercing ammunition collides with an object.
  • JP 08061898 A a metal cylinder in a reactive metal is arranged, which reacts thermally chemically with air and water when the armor piercing ammunition collides with an object.
  • a "quasi" explosive-fire effect caused by the special metal reaction in order to achieve a strong radial destructive power.
  • a non-armor-piercing method to achieve an increased lateral effect with a projectile after the impact or penetration of a target, is known from DE 28 39 372 A1, in which a bullet for hunting purposes is proposed, which consists of a solid projectile shell, which is provided with a front-to-back central blind hole in which a filling is preferably made of lead with cavities.
  • the heavier material is located inside the surrounding sheath and, as it penetrates the soft target, causes the front bullet to mushroom.
  • the projectile may intentionally give up its energy to the game body and achieve a broader effect.
  • a lateral decomposition of the projectile body or a lateral fragmentation effect is not intended, even undesirable.
  • a similar effect is achieved with the forbidden DUM-DUM principle against persons.
  • DE 40 07 196 A1 describes a hyperspeed balancing projectile with a bearing outer jacket, which encloses a mass body of heavy bulk material, preferably tungsten and depleted uranium powder.
  • the shell alone serves to stabilize the liner made of the heavy metal powder during launch acceleration and flight phase.
  • the impacting at very high speed in the target projectile achieves its high depth performance therefore, because in the hyper-speed range, the material strength of the penetrator is not more or only insignificantly affects the breakdown power. At lower speeds, therefore, the depth performance is greatly reduced. The lateral effect is negligible.
  • These projectiles are known as so-called segmented penetrators.
  • a subcaliber mass projectile with a large length / diameter ratio and hybrid structure is disclosed in EP 0 111 712 A1, which consists essentially of a main intermediate body and a tip body.
  • the intermediate body made of a brittle sintered material of high density, for example tungsten or depleted uranium, is connected to the main body in a flat butt joint area and to the tip body in a likewise flat butt joint area, wherein both the main body and the tip body are made from a tough sintered material Density, for example, the same above-mentioned metallic materials are formed.
  • the particles forming from the brittle material of the intermediate body are intended to widen the firing channel and cause a strong blowing effect behind the first target plate.
  • Such free buffer layers are basically both pressure and performance reducing.
  • the fragmentation effect remains due to the construction and low density differences between the brittle and tough sintered materials largely limited locally and laterally, since the brittle intermediate body is compressed during the impact in the axial direction of the tip and main body and is driven purely axially through the firing channel together with these two ballistically highly effective masses.
  • DE 32 40 310 A1 describes an armor-piercing fire projectile which, according to the invention, has a cylindrical body formed as a solid body with an inner cavity arranged in its front region, the solid sidewalls comprising the cavity being designed such that they are at the beginning of the cavity Penetration of the armor through the projectile essentially maintain their original shape to create a completely closed cavity when impacting on the tank and to cause an adiabatic compression within the cavity that the incendiary charge is ignited in the cavity.
  • the cylindrical metal body is provided in the front region with a conventional aluminum (ballistic hood), which extends into the opening of the metal body and thus closes the cavity. This massive aluminum tip is destroyed when the bullet strikes the target and has no further impact on the penetration of the bullet.
  • the projectile described in EP 0051 375 B1 is a mechanically disintegrating penetrator, a so-called FAPDS projectile (Frangible Armor Piercing Discarding Sabot), ie a subcaliber sabot projectile.
  • FAPDS projectile Frrangible Armor Piercing Discarding Sabot
  • This bullet material with high density consists inter alia of a tungsten heavy metal infiltrated with copper, whereby the necessary Brittleness of the bullet material is effected.
  • the production of this special projectile material is very complicated and complicated, since the projectile must satisfy both the launching loads in the weapon and the decomposition in the target.
  • the projectile may additionally have a ballistic "wind screen" consisting of a pyrophoric metal such as zircon, titanium or depleted uranium.
  • a ballistic "wind screen” consisting of a pyrophoric metal such as zircon, titanium or depleted uranium.
  • US 4,649,829 describes a projectile in which the tip and the inner part of plastic, injected as a part of the outer shell, solely for the connection of tubular penetrator, the aluminum discs arranged above and the rear part serve to feed the bullet in the weapon , the firing (passage gun barrel) and the subsequent free flight to the target to hold the action parts (tubular penetrator and discs) in their position.
  • the tubular penetrator is to be enabled by the interaction with the aluminum discs in a position to penetrate into a very oblique armor. Basically, it is therefore a plastic-coated fragmentation projectile, in which the aluminum discs should provide the central end-ballistic effect.
  • These outer parts are said to protect the inner tube from loading when obliquely striking the target.
  • the document DE 52 364 C describes a bullet with a pronounced tip made of a heavy metal. This headboard is intended to expand over a wedge effect and the following projectile casing on its mechanical delay. This principle is certainly not new and part of a variety of inventions. So is also expressly from a bullet made of soft metal with a cylindrical carbide coat the speech. Consequently, it is also explained in detail how the mechanical expansion effect of the plastically deforming tip can be avoided constructively on the transition to the rear projectile part if desired.
  • US 2,661,694 discloses a projectile with individual sub-penetrators, which receive a lateral component when hitting the target due to their special arrangement and storage solely by mechanical aids. It is thus a Solution in which a lateral movement of bullets is triggered by constructive measures due to the delay of mechanical components when the bullet hits the target.
  • the lateral movement can only be done in light target structures, which do not offer much resistance, ie armored targets (armored steel or similar materials) can not be fought with such a projectile.
  • FR 2,629,581 describes an arrow or spin stabilized bullet to combat armored targets with a core assembly consisting of a front core, which is preferably designed as armor piercing penetrator with high mass and strength and a concentric, multi-part rearwardly disposed core containing a plurality of radially separable, secondary projecting parts in concentric arrangement.
  • a front core which is preferably designed as armor piercing penetrator with high mass and strength and a concentric, multi-part rearwardly disposed core containing a plurality of radially separable, secondary projecting parts in concentric arrangement.
  • US 4,437,409 discloses a spin stabilized sabot projectile for controlling low-flying aircraft, manned and unmanned missiles, ground attack aircraft, rockets and armored personnel carriers, and lightly armored vehicles.
  • This sabot projectile has a projectile body with an axial channel, which is closed at the front by a ballistic hood. The axial channel is filled with a fire charge, which continuously loses ground when penetrating the bullet in the target together with the projectile body.
  • this fire charge is not assigned any support in the lateral decomposition of the projectile body. Rather, the decomposition or fragmentation of the projectile body is solely due to the resistance in the target, i. controlled by the plates to be penetrated by the projectile.
  • the lateral effect is thus achieved solely by the crumbling in the channel casing material in connection with the projectile twist.
  • the actual task of the set of fire in the channel of the projectile is the self-decomposition of the projectile with the help of the set of light and the law of delay.
  • DE 4007196 describes a hyperspeed balancing projectile with a bearing outer jacket, which encloses a mass body of heavy bulk material, preferably tungsten powder or DU powder.
  • the internal mass body may be formed in one piece or consist of a plurality of successive, separated by separating layers of bodies.
  • U.S. Patent 3,302,570 describes a bullet type designed primarily for the purpose of breaking up armor steel protective structures while minimizing the required projectile energy. This goal is achieved by a massive penetrator with a relatively small diameter and a relatively large length of heavy metal as the core of the projectile structure. As an additional effect, the damage in or behind the target is to be increased by a multi-part, specific bullet structure. The effect of two incendiary devices and the bullet-specific disruption processes are named as damage-causing factors in addition to the actual target strike.
  • brittle materials such as glass or ceramics as a dynamically acting medium
  • the production techniques for the projectiles and possibly warheads and to the transmission of forces, e.g. in the acceleration phase of the projectiles or missiles naturally large restrictions.
  • the technical problems involved in the introduction of glass into the corresponding cavities of a projectile body For prefabricated glass bodies, the design options are severely limited.
  • the design of the contact surfaces with the surrounding (enveloping) bodies requires considerable technical effort.
  • glass and ceramics are limited to a certain density range.
  • AWM expanding medium
  • the end-ballistic performance of an active body is increasingly determined by its mechanical properties and its density in the range of lower impact velocities (below 1000 m / s), and in the upper velocity range (above 1000 m / s) by the density.
  • the projectile does not consist of a uniform material, assuming high projectile velocities v for each individual material in the projectile, this term applies, whereby for ⁇ P then the respective material density, for example ⁇ AWM or ⁇ shell is to be used.
  • F becomes equal to the rate term, that is, the dynamic strengths of the materials involved are critical.
  • materials should be used as a bulking medium with low strength, which still has a relatively large margin in the density.
  • the density of the AWM can be varied, since then the mechanical properties no longer play a major role.
  • the speed at which the strength of matter can be ignored depends very much on the respective material properties. For example, these impact phenomena from the high-speed range arise even at relatively low speeds, when dense and at the same time, dynamically soft materials such as lead, copper or tantalum are involved.
  • the inner or enclosed expansion medium (AWM) 1 Due to its specific properties, the inner or enclosed expansion medium (AWM) 1 remains in the penetration and penetration back relative to the surrounding end ballistic active body 2 . Due to its compressibility, which is also limited by the high pressures occurring, a lateral upsetting and thus also a dynamic widening of the surrounding material 2 take place due to the material of the expansion medium 1 flowing further from the rear.
  • Figure 1 shows the three intrusion states 1A, 1B and 1C, in which Figure 1A shows a first phase, in Figure 1B a second phase and in Figure 1C a third phase of the process.
  • the bullet consisting of the bulging medium 1 and an end-ballistically effective sheath 2 strikes the target plate 3 .
  • a pressure zone 4 has formed due to the reduced penetration of the AWM 1 into the target material 3 .
  • This leads to a widening or deflecting region 5 of the passing sleeve.
  • this process has progressed further.
  • the pressure or widening zone 4a has widened and remains more and more pronounced with respect to the passing sleeve.
  • the deflected or widened region 5a increases.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates this process according to FIG. 1 with a projectile in which, in addition, there is still a central penetrator 6 .
  • intrusion states 2A, 2B and 2C shown different penetration times.
  • Partial image 2C shows this process in an even later state.
  • the pressure and expansion zone 4a is enlarged, the shell 2 is further deformed via the deflection zone 5a . Due to its new direction of movement, the deflected region 5b penetrates into the target plate 3 with a considerably enlarged radial component.
  • FIG. 3 describes in the partial images 3A, 3B and 3C the effects caused by the projectile according to FIG. 1 in the region of the reject crater in the target plate 3.
  • the subfigure 3A corresponds to the subfigure 1C of FIG. 1.
  • an eruption region 7 begins to form which, due to the described large lateral effect during penetration, is unequally larger than in conventional KE projectiles.
  • the pressure zone 4a of the AWM is relaxed.
  • the relieved material la emerges from the crater behind the break-out area 7 (FIG. 3C), followed by the remaining storey 5c.
  • FIG. 4 describes the process according to FIGS. 1 and 3 by way of example in a two-plate target.
  • a crater was formed (part of 4A), the size of which essentially results from the Geschosparametern (structure, materials, dimensions, impact velocity) and the target plate data (material, thickness, mechanical properties), take place after formation of the Sheath splitter 5d still remaining projectile 9, the erupted crater area 7a and the splitter 5d of the widened portion of the shell on the second plate 3a .
  • Part Figure 4B shows a view of the applied second plate 3a.
  • FIG. 5 shows the case where a projectile with a central penetrator 6 according to FIG. 2 strikes through a two-plate target according to FIG. 4.
  • the descriptions apply to the image 4A, extended to the central penetrator 6 and penetrating Penetratorkopf 6a.
  • the residual penetrator 6b penetrates the erupted crater region 7a and forms a further eruption 7c therein.
  • the thickness of the second plate 3a was chosen here so that it is penetrated by the central residual penetrator 6b .
  • a section through the second plate 3a reveals the different crater zones.
  • the inner crater zone 12, formed by the Restpenetrator 6b and the outbreak 7c this is followed by the area 10 , which is formed by the remaining projectile without central penetrator 9a .
  • a crater area 11a formed by the broken target splinters 7b of the first plate 3 .
  • the projectiles consisted of a shell of tungsten heavy metal (WS, length 40 mm, outer diameter 6 mm, inner diameter 3.5 mm, density 17.6 g / cm 3 ), which contained the expanding medium of the same length (Diameter 3.5 mm) enclosed.
  • the stern formed a resistance plate for aerodynamic stabilization.
  • Figs. 7 to 11 and 16 to 17 show X-ray flash images of the experiments. All images are two X-ray flashes at two different times. The incident projectile can be seen on the left (in all graphics and figures, the projectile flies from left to right), on the right the respective deformation state at the time of acquisition. Both relatively thick single-disk targets (FIG. 7) and dual-disk targets were shot at (FIGS. 8 to 11 and FIGS. 16 to 17).
  • Figure 7 shows the X-ray flash images from an experiment with a homogeneous target plate 3 made of armor steel (strength about 1000 N / mm 2 ) of thickness 25 mm.
  • the AWM 1 here was made of GRP with a density of 1.85 g / cm 3 .
  • the crater contours are shown as dashed lines, as well as dotted lines of the crater hit in corresponding comparative experiments of massive heavy metal penetrators of the same outside diameter.
  • the crater diameters of the shell 2 consisting of WS without AWM 1 are comparable.
  • the aim was a Zweiplatten entered Figure 4 with a first plate 3 made of duralumin of strength 400 N / mm 2 and a thickness of 12 mm and erected at a distance of 80 mm second plate 3a made of steel armor.
  • the impact velocity was between 1400 and 1800 m / s in the tests.
  • the projectile construction corresponded to the construction according to FIG. Widening medium 1 was varied, with density being taken as the main parameter in accordance with the high impact velocities.
  • FIG. 8 initially shows the comparative experiment with a hollow penetrator (ie without AWM) made of WS of the same outside diameter. Due to the relatively light target plate virtually no plastic head has formed. On the right X-ray flash, no lateral deformation is visible except for a small outbreak.
  • Figure 10 shows an experiment with aluminum as AWM.
  • the lateral decomposition is carried out according to the above descriptions, but here surprisingly more pronounced.
  • PE polyethylene
  • the axial progression of the disassembly certainly also plays the speed with which the plastic deformation propagates in a material, but which must not be confused with the speed of sound propagating generally at several km / s. an essential role.
  • This speed range extends from a few 100 m / s up to the order of magnitude of 1 km / s and is therefore considerably below the speed of sound of the respective materials.
  • Ductile materials of higher density provide the opportunity to use such expansion media when, for example, higher average densities of the projectiles are required, or when certain structural, e.g. external ballistic requirements such as regarding the center of gravity are to be met.
  • FIGS. 12 to 15 show the corresponding splitter distributions of the experiments according to FIGS. 8 to 11 on the second target plate 3a.
  • FIG. 12 shows the crater of the reference experiment (FIG. 8) with a hollow penetrator. It illustrates in comparison with Figs. 13 to 15 the effect of an introduced AWM.
  • the crater diameter is about 11 mm, so it is of the order of two projectile diameters.
  • FIG. 13 shows a splinter image of the experiment (FIG. 9) with GFK as AWM 1 in analogy to the description according to FIG. 4 on the second plate 3a 80 mm away from a clearly enlarged, central crater area 10, 10a in the order of four projectile diameters relatively uniform, external distribution 11 of the splitter 5d formed mainly from the shell 2 (diameter about 90 mm corresponding to 15 projectile diameters).
  • FIG. 14 shows the very interesting crater image to be expected in accordance with FIG. 10 with aluminum as AWM.
  • the large central crater (diameter about 5 storey diameter) is surrounded by a wreath elongated subcrater (diameter about 10 story diameter).
  • the remaining splinters are distributed in a circle of approx. 13 projectile diameters.
  • the formed sub-projectiles produced a relatively large inner crater diameter (about 6 projectile diameters), which is surrounded by a mixed splinter ring with a diameter of about 13 projectile diameters.
  • the penetration depth goes back according to the lateral extent of the splinters.
  • the well-known laws of end ballistics apply, according to which the total crater volume formed in a first approximation corresponds to the projectile energy introduced into the target.
  • the fight against fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters is an essential area of application for the projectile structures described here.
  • a targeted and possibly load-dependent disassembly of an ammunition can also be very advantageous for the conception of different warheads or special munitions up to the fight against tactical missiles prove.
  • Corresponding arrangements can be used both for types of ammunition with great effects in the interior of light targets to heavily armored vehicles as well as ships (Exocet principle).
  • the target scenario to be controlled determines the expansion medium to be introduced and the dimensions.
  • the speed range is approximately between 800 m / s and 2000 m / s.
  • the type and dimensioning of the AWM and the surrounding shell or the structure of the sub-penetrators primarily determines the desired effects.
  • Figure 17A shows the corresponding crater image on the second plate (distance 80 mm).
  • the beaten central crater corresponds to approximately 5 storey diameters.
  • the splinter cone is still very spectacular with a circle of about 11 projectile diameters.
  • endballistisch acting enclosures and particularly suitable expansion media such as PE, GRP or light metals such as aluminum used.
  • the range of materials shown here allows a very wide range of applications, in particular by utilizing power transmission options in the axial and radial directions in conjunction with a controllable disassembly mechanism on the selection or adjustment of the material for the expansion zone (eg in the use of plastics, light metals, fiber composites or other mixtures) themselves.
  • GRP Materials such as GRP or other plastics play a special role from a technical point of view. Since this type of material is intended to serve only as an example for the description of the technical advantages in a realization of the presented invention, the design possibilities of the GRP materials by the different manufacturing processes will not be discussed in detail here.
  • materials such as metals having good plastic deformation properties, e.g. Lead or copper, mechanically good to work materials such as the light metals and materials of particularly low density such as plastics (PE, nylon, etc.) and of course primarily substances that can be introduced or glued mechanically advantageous into consideration.
  • the AWM can be introduced into corresponding cavities by virtue of liquid, plastic or kneadable properties.
  • mixtures or mixtures are particularly interesting.
  • thermoplastic and fiber reinforced materials castable or compressible mixtures of different materials, for example of elastomeric materials.
  • thermosets for dry blended mixtures and mixtures.
  • the injection method is particularly suitable, which creates a flat and very strong connection to the surrounding projectile bodies. This would also be realized in a simple way even complicated design and connection types.
  • powdery materials metal or other powders
  • AWM AWM
  • Additional pyrophoric effects in the target after penetration of the outer skin can be achieved by adding appropriate materials (cerium or cermet metal, zirconium and the like), which can be easily incorporated into the GFRP or elastomer materials. But even the concentrated introduction or embedding of such substances is possible in principle.
  • explosive materials either as an admixture to plastics or as an explosive itself, may possibly lead to a controllable, detonative decomposition of the projectile body via the function as expanding medium.
  • FIGS. 18 to 21 relate more to the technical advantages of introducing a dilating medium, FIGS. 22 to 30A more to the technical design of such projectiles.
  • FIG. 18 shows the case in which a prefabricated body is introduced as AWM 1 by means of threads 15, 15a between the surrounding end ballistic active substance 2 and a central penetrator 6 is.
  • a bonding layer can additionally be introduced as an adhesive or solder layer.
  • a prefabricated body is introduced as AWM 1 between the surrounding end ballistic active substance 2 and the central penetrator 6 .
  • a connection medium 16 is introduced, which preferably serves to transmit forces.
  • Figure 20 illustrates the case that both the inner surface 17 of the projectile casing 2, and the surface 18 of the central penetrator 6 have any surface roughness or surface design.
  • An example injected AWM 1 bridges such unevenness and ensures not only a lateral effect but also a perfect power transmission between the shell 2 and the central penetrator . 6
  • the AWM 1 is introduced as a prefabricated body with uneven surfaces.
  • a layer 19 comparable to the bonding medium 16 with the necessary properties ensures the technically sound connection between the shell 2 and the central penetrator 6.
  • FIG. 22 shows as a reference figure for FIGS. 23 to 30A the section through a projectile according to FIG. 2, formed from the components AWM 1, shell 2 and partly a central penetrator 6.
  • webs 20 are inserted as sub-projectiles between the central penetrator 6 and the outer projectile part 2 into the AWM. These webs 20 of any length remain largely excluded from the lateral acceleration.
  • the AWM serves here additionally as a carrier for the sub-projectiles (bars) 20.
  • Correspondingly thin webs 20 can serve for the pure fixing of the central penetrator 6 .
  • FIG. 24 either rod-shaped or successively connected, end ballistically effective bodies 21 are introduced into the AWM. These are, as arranged outside, radially mitbeuggt. In this way, prefabricated sub-penetrators or other active parts can be accelerated laterally simultaneously with the enclosing body.
  • FIG. 24A corresponds to FIG. 24 without a central penetrator.
  • FIG. 25 shows the case that indentations 22 or embrittlement are provided on the inside of the surrounding end ballistically active body 2 . These provide or assist a desired decomposition of the body 2 .
  • FIG. 26 shows, by way of example, a projectile without a central penetrator, wherein, in contrast to FIG. 25, notches 23 or other measures promoting disassembly are located on the outside of the body 2 .
  • FIG. 28 shows the corresponding case without a central penetrator with a larger number of identical or different bodies 25.
  • FIG. 29 shows another case of particular interest for the configuration of such projectiles.
  • four long penetrators 26 are introduced into the AWM in the axis region.
  • a penetrator 27 provided with a square cross-section is introduced as an example of the fact that it allows the AWM to embed any penetrator forms and also penetrator materials (these only have to survive the launch acceleration).
  • the central, in this case cylindrical, penetrator 28 is provided with a cavity 29 in FIG. 30A.
  • a cavity 29 in FIG. 30A.
  • the mass of the penetrator can be reduced.
  • Such a cavity can also be filled with foam or used to hold substances with special properties (pyrophoric or explosive).
  • the positioning of bodies in the AWM opens up the possibility of influencing the type and extent of the lateral decomposition or acceleration.
  • FIGS. 31 to 34 are intended to show a few examples of the multitude of possible projectile conceptions or effective zones of projectiles with the principle proposed here.
  • FIG. 31 shows the case that the AWM is located in a stepped arrangement 30.
  • Such a design reacts very "sensitively" when hitting a thin structure in the front part, whereas the rear projectile parts form different sub-projectiles or splinters due to the geometric design and, for example, the use of different expansion media 1b, 1c and 1d .
  • FIG. 32 shows as a comparative example, which is not the subject of the invention, a penetrator 31 for increasing the effect in the target interior after a penetration path corresponding to the front solid projectile part.
  • the AWM 1e is located in the rear area of the projectile.
  • Such a projectile 31 is able to combine high breakdown power with large craters and corresponding lateral effects in the target interior or on the subsequent structures.
  • FIG. 33 shows, as a further example, a projectile 32 with three separate dynamic zones and the AWMs 1f, 1g and 1h.
  • a projectile 32 constructed in this way is, for example, able to develop an increased lateral effect after a partial disassembly with thin outer structures only after the penetration of a thicker, further plate. This is followed by a massive area for achieving a further, larger penetration distance and then the zone with the AWM 1h to increase the residual effect (Fig.32).
  • FIG. 34 shows the cross section through a projectile 33, which as an example in the radial direction contains two of the active combinations with AWM 1 or 1i presented here between the casings 2 and 2a or the casing 2a and the central penetrator 6 .
  • AWM 1 or 1i presented here between the casings 2 and 2a or the casing 2a and the central penetrator 6 .
  • such combinations can also be arranged several times on the longitudinal axis of a projectile or combined with the examples described above.
  • FIGS. 35A to 35D show four examples, which apply mutatis mutandis to projectiles with an additional central penetrator.
  • the AWM damming outer shell 34 is a ring of longitudinal structures. These are either mechanically fixed to each other, for example, by thin sleeves or glued or soldered. There is also the possibility by appropriate treatment, for example by inductive hardening or laser embrittlement, to treat the shell in such a way that it is decomposed under dynamic load into a predetermined body.
  • FIG. 35B shows the case where a shell damming the AWM, corresponding to the shell 2 of FIG. 22, is surrounded by an outer shell 34 according to FIG.
  • any bodies 37 are embedded in the shell 36 .
  • a ring of sub-penetrators or splinters 34 according to FIG. 35B is located on the inside of the outer shell 35.
  • projectile tip Another essential element for the efficiency of a projectile is the projectile tip.
  • some basic examples hinder tip, massive tip and special tip shapes
  • the design of the tips basically takes into account the full effectiveness of the principle described here. So not negatively affected or complemented this in a meaningful way.
  • FIG. 36 shows an example of hollow tips 38. These serve primarily as external ballistic hoods and are immediately destroyed on impact even on light structures so that the lateral acceleration process can be initiated immediately by the impact impact as described.
  • a tip 39 according to FIG. 36 is filled with an AWM 40 .
  • Figure 38 shows a massive tip 41. This may be one or more parts and is appropriate, for example, when massive Vorpanzerept should be penetrated without an immediate projectile decomposition.
  • Figs. 39A and 39B serve as examples of special tip shapes, which are for the purpose of illustration only but are not subject of the invention.
  • the AWM 42 extends into the tip 43.
  • the tip 44 contains an AWM 45 in some areas .
  • the respective tip and the front part can also accelerate the triggering of a high lateral effect (due to a particularly rapid transmission of the shock load and thus rapid pressure build-up) as well as being delayed. This is of interest, for example, if the lateral splinter effect is to occur at a specific target depth or in a specific target area.
  • a front or side (outer) "protective device” it is also possible, by means of a front or side (outer) "protective device" to spend structures with the described lateral effect at the desired location in a target structure, so that this effect only becomes effective there.
  • a protective cover may also form a cavity between an outer shell and the structure for achieving the lateral effect.
  • the protection may be formed by a buffering material which either alone forms the outer shell or is incorporated in the above-mentioned cavity.
  • Such a protective cover may be very interesting, in particular in warheads, since with its aid e.g. single or a plurality of devices to achieve high lateral effects can be introduced into the interior of a hardened or uncured warhead and thus unfold the desired effect there.
  • the body as a whole can be designed according to the concept proposed here, or it can serve as a container for one or more generating devices large lateral effects.

Claims (61)

  1. Projectile ou ogive pour la lutte contre des cibles blindées, comprenant un corps principal sensiblement cylindrique qui possède une surface avant sensiblement plate, le corps principal présentant :
    un milieu élargisseur (1) fait d'une matière largement inefficace en effet balistique final, ayant une faible compressibilité, qui développe une faible puissance de profondeur de pénétration lors de l'impact sur une cible et de la traversée de cette cible ; et
    un corps extérieur (2) ouvert vers l'avant, enveloppant radialement le milieu élargisseur (1), fait d'un matériau de pénétration efficace en effet balistique final, qui développe une performance de profondeur de pénétration nettement supérieure à celle du matériau du milieu élargisseur lors de l'impact sur une cible et de la traversée de cette cible, de sorte que, lors de l'impact sur une cible et de la traversée de cette cible, le milieu élargisseur (1) reste axialement en retrait par rapport au corps extérieur enveloppant (2) et forme ainsi une zone de pression (4, 4a) qui conduit à la formation d'une région d'élargissement latéral (5, 5a) du corps extérieur (2), la densité moyenne de la matière du milieu élargisseur (1) étant nettement inférieure à la densité moyenne de la matière du corps extérieur (2) et le milieu élargisseur (1) étant entièrement ou partiellement composé d'un métal de faible densité et de faible résistance mécanique, ou d'un alliage de ce métal, d'une résine synthétique renforcée de fibres, d'une résine synthétique thermodurcissable ou thermoplastique, d'un matériau élastomère ou d'une combinaison de ces matières.
  2. Projectile ou ogive selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'un pénétrateur massif (6) est disposé en position centrale dans le milieu élargisseur (1).
  3. Projectile ou ogive selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que le milieu élargisseur (1) est entièrement ou partiellement composé de substances pulvérulentes.
  4. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que des substances à effet pyrophore sont chargées en supplément dans le milieu élargisseur (1).
  5. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que des substances à effet explosif sont chargées en supplément dans le milieu élargisseur (1).
  6. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le milieu élargisseur (1) contient en supplément une proportion d'un métal compact et dynamiquement mou, ou d'une combinaison métallique de ce genre, ou est partiellement composé d'un tel métal ou d'une telle combinaison métallique.
  7. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le milieu élargisseur (1) est composé d'un mélange de matières selon les revendications 1 et 3-6.
  8. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le milieu élargisseur (1) est entièrement ou partiellement liquide.
  9. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le milieu élargisseur (1) est chargé à force, injecté, coulé ou chargé par dépression dans le corps extérieur (2).
  10. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le milieu élargisseur (1) est entièrement ou partiellement composé de structures préfabriquées.
  11. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le milieu élargisseur (1) est entièrement ou partiellement composé de deux ou plus de deux composants emmanchés l'un dans l'autre.
  12. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le milieu élargisseur (1) est composé de deux ou plus de deux composants disposés l'un derrière l'autre.
  13. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le milieu élargisseur (1) et le corps extérieur (2) sont assemblés par un filetage (15).
  14. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le milieu élargisseur (1), le corps extérieur (2) et éventuellement le pénétrateur central (6) sont assemblés par collage ou soudage (16, 19).
  15. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le milieu élargisseur (1), le corps extérieur (2) et éventuellement le pénétrateur central (6) sont assemblés par complémentarité de forme.
  16. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications 2 à 15, caractérisé en ce que des entretoises (20) se trouvent entièrement ou partiellement dans le milieu élargisseur (1) entre le pénétrateur central (6) et l'enveloppe (2).
  17. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que des corps (21, 24, 25) efficaces en effet balistique final entièrement ou partiellement en forme de barreaux ou diposés les uns derrière les autres, et qui sont identiques ou différents, sont noyés dans le milieu élargisseur (1) et répartis de façon ordonnée ou quelconque.
  18. Projectile ou ogive selon la revendication 16 ou 17, caractérisé en ce que les corps (21, 24, 25) ou entretoises (20) noyés dans le milieu élargisseur (1) possèdent des propriétés pyrophores.
  19. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le corps extérieur (2) est composé d'un métal de haute densité, fritté ou pur.
  20. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le corps extérieur (2) est composé d'un acier de haute dureté.
  21. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le corps extérieur (2) provoque la production de sous-projectiles ou éclats répartis statistiquement.
  22. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le corps extérieur (2) est pré-encoché à l'intérieur (22) ou à l'extérieur (23) ou encore fragilisé dans ces zones de façon appropriée par un traitement thermique.
  23. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le corps extérieur (2, 34) est composé d'un anneau de structures longitudinales préfabriquées distinctes qui sont assemblées mécaniquement ou collées ou soudées les unes aux autres.
  24. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications 1-23, caractérisé en ce que le corps extérieur (2) est entièrement ou partiellement entouré d'une enveloppe (34) qui se divise en corps prédéterminés.
  25. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications 1-23, caractérisé en ce que l'enveloppe (34) qui se divise en corps prédéterminés est disposée entre le milieu élargisseur (1) et le corps extérieur (2, 35).
  26. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le corps extérieur (2, 36) comprend entièrement ou partiellement des segments ou des sous-projectiles préfabriqués ou des éclats.
  27. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le corps extérieur (2) présente un diamètre intérieur qui varie sur la longueur.
  28. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le corps extérieur (2) présente un diamètre extérieur qui varie sur sa longueur.
  29. Projectile ou ogive selon la revendication 27 ou 28, caractérisé en ce que le corps extérieur (2) présente des épaisseurs de paroi qui varient sur la longueur.
  30. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications 2 à 29, caractérisé en ce que le pénétrateur central (6) est entièrement ou partiellement fabriqué en métal de haute densité, fritté ou pur.
  31. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications 2 à 30, caractérisé en ce que le pénétrateur central (6) est entièrement ou partiellement composé de métal fragile.
  32. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications 2 à 31, caractérisé en ce que le pénétrateur central (6) est entièrement ou partiellement composé d'acier de haute dureté.
  33. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications 2 à 32, caractérisé en ce que le pénétrateur central (6) présente une section transversale quelconque (27) qui varie entièrement ou partiellement sur la longueur.
  34. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications 2 à 33, caractérisé en ce que le pénétrateur central (6, 28) présente entièrement ou partiellement une cavité (29).
  35. Projectile ou ogive selon la revendication 34, caractérisé en ce que la cavité (29) située dans le pénétrateur central (28) contient des substances destinées à générer en supplément des propriétés d'action souhaitées.
  36. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications 2 à 35, caractérisé en ce que le pénétrateur central (6, 28) présente une conformation superficielle quelconque.
  37. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications 2 à 36, caractérisé en ce que le pénétrateur central (6, 28) est entièrement ou partiellement composé d'une matière pyrophore ou contient une telle matière.
  38. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications 2 à 37, caractérisé en ce que le pénétrateur central (6) est composé d'un mélange ou d'un conglomérat de différentes matières.
  39. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications 2 à 38, caractérisé en ce que le pénétrateur central (6) est composé de deux ou plus de deux pénétrateurs élémentaires (26).
  40. Projectile ou ogive selon la revendication 39, caractérisé en ce que deux ou plus de deux pénétrateurs élémentaires (26) sont disposés en position centrale, à raison de deux ou plus de deux l'un derrière l'autre.
  41. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le milieu élargisseur (1b, 1c, 1d) est disposé dans une structure épaulée (30) efficace en effet balistique final.
  42. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le milieu élargisseur (1) est disposé dans la région avant d'une structure efficace en effet balistique final (31).
  43. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le milieu élargisseur (1f, 1g, 1h) est disposé en plusieurs parties l'une derrière l'autre dans une structure (32) efficace en effet balistique final.
  44. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le milieu élargisseur (1, 1i) est disposé en plusieurs parties réparties radialement dans une structure (33), qui comprend les enveloppes, efficace en effet balistique final (2, 2a) qui entourent chacune la partie correspondante du milieu élargisseur.
  45. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le milieu élargisseur est disposé en une ou plusieurs parties réparties radialement (1, 1i) et en une ou plusieurs parties réparties axialement (1e, 1f, 1g, 1h) dans une structure efficace en effet balistique final (33, 2, 2a).
  46. Projectile ou ogive selon la revendication 44 ou 45, caractérisé en ce que des pénétrateurs centraux (6, 28) ou plusieurs pénétrateurs partiels (26) sont disposés une ou plusieurs fois l'un derrière l'autre dans la structure (33).
  47. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications 1 à 46, caractérisé en ce qu'il présente une pointe aérodynamique creuse (38).
  48. Projectile ou ogive selon la revendication 47, caractérisé en ce que le milieu élargisseur (1) possède un évidement en forme de poche au droit de sa surface frontale.
  49. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications 1 à 46, caractérisé en ce qu'il présente une pointe massive en une ou plusieurs parties (41).
  50. Projectile ou ogive selon la revendication 49, caractérisé en ce que la pointe (41) se prolonge dans le milieu élargisseur (1) du projectile ou de l'ogive.
  51. Projectile selon une des revendications 1 à 50, caractérisé en ce qu'il est stabilisé par effet gyroscopique comme un projectile de plein calibre.
  52. Projectile selon une des revendications 1 à 50, caractérisé en ce qu'il est stabilisé par effet aérodynamique comme un projectile de plein calibre.
  53. Projectile selon une des revendications 1 à 50, caractérisé en ce qu'il est stabilisé par effet gyroscopique comme un projectile à miroir d'entraînement sous-calibré.
  54. Projectile selon une des revendications 1 à 50, caractérisé en ce qu'il est stabilisé par effet aérodynamique comme un projectile à miroir d'entraînement sous-calibré.
  55. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il s'agit d'un projectile hybride ou d'une ogive hybride.
  56. Projectile ou ogive selon une des revendications 51 à 54, caractérisé en ce qu'il s'agit d'un projectile ou d'une ogive à stabilisation combinée.
  57. Missile non guidé caractérisé en ce qu'il possède un ou plusieurs projectiles ou ogives selon une des revendications 1 à 50.
  58. Missile guidé caractérisé en ce qu'il possède une ou plusieurs ogives selon une des revendications 1 à 50.
  59. Distributeur caractérisé en ce qu'il renferme des sous-projectiles ou des corps efficaces à éjecter selon une des revendications 1 à 50.
  60. Distributeur autonome caractérisé en ce qu'il contient des sous-projectiles ou des corps efficaces à éjecter selon une des revendications 1 à 50.
  61. Missile guidé ou non guidé, caractérisé en ce qu'il est constitué par des sous-projectiles ou des corps efficaces à éjecter qui font partie d'une unité de plus grande taille selon une des revendications 1 à 50.
EP97948667A 1997-01-08 1997-12-22 Projectile ou ogive Expired - Lifetime EP1000311B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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DE19700349A DE19700349C2 (de) 1997-01-08 1997-01-08 Geschoß oder Gefechtskopf zur Bekämpfung gepanzerter Ziele
DE19700349 1997-01-08
PCT/CH1997/000477 WO1998030863A1 (fr) 1997-01-08 1997-12-22 Projectile ou ogive

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EP1000311A1 EP1000311A1 (fr) 2000-05-17
EP1000311B1 true EP1000311B1 (fr) 2006-07-19

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CN (1) CN1087421C (fr)
AT (1) ATE333632T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU7995198A (fr)
CA (1) CA2277205C (fr)
DE (1) DE19700349C2 (fr)
DK (1) DK1000311T3 (fr)
EA (1) EA001318B1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2273375T3 (fr)
HK (1) HK1030449A1 (fr)
IL (1) IL130764A (fr)
NO (1) NO317805B1 (fr)
PT (1) PT1000311E (fr)
TR (1) TR199902111T2 (fr)
TW (1) TW396269B (fr)
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CN111428314B (zh) * 2020-04-09 2023-03-28 中国北方车辆研究所 一种履带车辆负重轮布局设计方法
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CN113137897B (zh) * 2021-03-22 2022-04-19 北京理工大学 一种基于活性材料和惰性材料的复合式横向效应增强弹
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DE102015117018A1 (de) 2015-10-06 2017-04-06 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Penetrator sowie unterkalibriges Geschoss
WO2017060118A1 (fr) 2015-10-06 2017-04-13 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Pénétrateur et projectile sous-calibré
US11320246B2 (en) 2015-10-06 2022-05-03 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Penetrator and sub-caliber projectile
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DE19700349C2 (de) 2002-02-07
EP1000311A1 (fr) 2000-05-17
IL130764A (en) 2002-09-12
US6772696B2 (en) 2004-08-10
US6772695B2 (en) 2004-08-10
EA199900625A1 (ru) 2000-02-28
NO993299L (no) 1999-07-02
US6789484B2 (en) 2004-09-14
US6659013B1 (en) 2003-12-09
DE19700349C1 (de) 1998-08-20
US20040129164A1 (en) 2004-07-08
HK1030449A1 (en) 2001-05-04
NO993299D0 (no) 1999-07-02
EA001318B1 (ru) 2001-02-26
CN1265189A (zh) 2000-08-30
US20040129166A1 (en) 2004-07-08
ES2273375T3 (es) 2007-05-01
ZA9711550B (en) 1998-06-25
CA2277205A1 (fr) 1998-07-16
IL130764A0 (en) 2001-01-28
TR199902111T2 (xx) 1999-12-21
NO317805B1 (no) 2004-12-13
PT1000311E (pt) 2006-12-29
DK1000311T3 (da) 2006-11-13
AU7995198A (en) 1998-08-03
US20040129163A1 (en) 2004-07-08
CN1087421C (zh) 2002-07-10
TW396269B (en) 2000-07-01
CA2277205C (fr) 2005-06-28
WO1998030863A1 (fr) 1998-07-16
ATE333632T1 (de) 2006-08-15

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