Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
  • B31D—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN SUBCLASSES B31B OR B31C
  • B31D3/00—Making articles of cellular structure, e.g. insulating board
  • B31D3/02—Making articles of cellular structure, e.g. insulating board honeycombed structures, i.e. the cells having an essentially hexagonal section
  • B31D3/0284—Laminating honeycomb cores; applying cover sheets to core edges; working core edges
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
  • B32B3/02—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions
  • B32B3/08—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions characterised by added members at particular parts
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
  • B32B3/10—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material
  • B32B3/12—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material characterised by a layer of regularly- arranged cells, e.g. a honeycomb structure
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
  • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
  • E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
  • E04C2/34—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts
  • E04C2/36—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts spaced apart by transversely-placed strip material, e.g. honeycomb panels
  • E04C2/365—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts spaced apart by transversely-placed strip material, e.g. honeycomb panels by honeycomb structures
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
  • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
  • F24S20/60—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings
  • F24S20/63—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings in the form of windows
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
  • F24S70/00—Details of absorbing elements
  • F24S70/60—Details of absorbing elements characterised by the structure or construction
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2305/00—Condition, form or state of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2305/02—Cellular or porous
  • B32B2305/024—Honeycomb
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/10—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular acoustical properties
  • B32B2307/102—Insulating
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
  • B32B2307/302—Conductive
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
  • B32B2307/304—Insulating
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
  • B32B2307/41—Opaque
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
  • B32B2307/412—Transparent
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
  • F24S10/00—Solar heat collectors using working fluids
  • F24S10/80—Solar heat collectors using working fluids comprising porous material or permeable masses directly contacting the working fluids
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
  • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
  • F24S20/60—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings
  • F24S20/66—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings in the form of facade constructions, e.g. wall constructions
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
  • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
  • F24S23/30—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with lenses
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
  • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
  • Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
  • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a structure comprising a honeycomb core with an outer skin on at least one side, to a method of bonding the honeycomb core to the outer skin, and to uses thereof.
• honeycomb core/outer skin structures are known in the art. To date, outer skins have been bonded to opposite sides of the honeycomb core to provide a rigid structure which has then been used in the aerospace industry for applications requiring high integrity structures. It has also been suggested to use the structures for transparent table tops, but a table top having a uniform appearance has not been produced.
• a reticulating film is placed on each side of the honeycomb core, and the film is punctured in the centre of each cell of the honeycomb core.
• the honeycomb core and film are then sandwiched between two outer skins and heated in a kiln while applying pressure to the outer skins to maintain sufficient bonding contact between the honeycomb core, films and outer skins.
• the film melts and retracts to the walls of the honeycomb core, forming a bond between these walls and the outer skin.
• the bonds between the walls of the honeycomb core and the outer skin are highly visible, irregular and inconsistent, being formed from a build-up of the film around the wall edges.
• This build-up is uneven between cells because its formation depends on many factors, including the position at which the film is punctured and the evenness of the heat applied (uneven heat results in uneven build-up). Accordingly, this technique does not produce structures consistently, and their uneven optical appearance make them unsuitable for the transparent table tops mentioned above.
• a second technique for producing honeycomb core/outer skin structures is also known.
• an adhesive is brushed onto the surface of an outer skin and the honeycomb core is then applied and retained under pressure until the adhesive has set.
• the bonds between the cell walls of the honeycomb core and the outer skin are unreliable since a suitable strength bond is not always formed. Accordingly, the resulting structure can not be used for high integrity applications.
• the adhesive dries in a very uneven way on the surface of the outer skin. In particular, during drying, the adhesive tends to accumulate in particular areas in an inconsistent way, leaving other areas within the cell clear of adhesive. This produces highly noticeable, uneven and inconsistent optical effects, sometimes a "fish-eye" lens effect, on light passing through.
• the inconsistency between the optical effects produced within each cell of the honeycomb core means that the structure can not be used for the transparent table tops mentioned above.
• honeycomb core/outer skin structures have been put to date are also limited.
• the present invention aims to address one or more of the above problems .
• a method of bonding a honeycomb core to a planar outer skin using a pool of adhesive of substantially uniform depth there is provided a method of bonding a honeycomb core to a planar outer skin using a pool of adhesive of substantially uniform depth.
• the invention also provides a honeycomb core/outer skin structure having a continuous layer of adhesive within the cells of the honeycomb core. Preferably, the layer has a substantially uniform depth.
• the invention further provides the use of a honeycomb core/outer skin structure, or a honeycomb core/outer skin structure adapted for use, as a heat collector or a heat insulator.
• the invention further provides the use of a honeycomb core/outer skin structure, or a honeycomb core/ outer skin structure adapted for use, as a sound insulator or a sound transmitter.
• the invention yet further provides first and second honeycomb cores separating first, second and third outer skins, and the use of such a structure as a heat collector and a heat insulator.
• Fig. 1 shows a honeycomb core being expanded from a compressed state to an open state
• Fig. 2 shows an individual cell of the honeycomb core
• Figs. 3 to 5 illustrate steps of bonding a honeycomb core to an outer skin in accordance with an embodiment of the invention
• Fig. 6 shows a honeycomb core bonded to an outer skin in accordance with an embodiment of the invention
• Fig. 7 shows a honeycomb core having first and second outer skins bonded on opposite sides thereof and side clips attached to form a panel;
• Fig. 8 shows a composite structure comprising first and second honeycomb cores separating first, second and third outer skins
• Fig. 9 shows an alternative arrangement to that illustrated in Fig. 3.
• honeycomb core may be used e.g. a plastics or fibre-reinforced plastics material or a paper-based material such as phenol resin-impregnated paper.
• honeycomb core 2 is then cut to the required length and width for bonding to an outer skin.
• the dimensions are dependent on the application, but each may, for example, vary from a few centimetres to many metres.
• Each of the cells 8 of the honeycomb core is then inspected and adjusted by hand to remove unopened or deformed cells .
• the cells are then checked by eye and further adjustments made, if necessary, to achieve a consistent cell size and orientation of cell walls 5.
• the outer skin for example a sheet of glass 10, to be bonded to the honeycomb core 2 is cleaned with acetone or similar grease remover in a dust-free environment.
• the glass may be float glass, toughened glass or laminated glass.
• the glass outer skin 10 is placed in an enclosure within a dust-free environment that will enable a pool of adhesive to be contained on the surface of the glass.
• the enclosure comprises a rubber bund 12 formed with vertical end walls 14 and a horizontal base 16.
• the bund 12 is placed on a flat surface 18 together with rubber supports 20 having the same thickness as the horizontal base of bund 12 to support the glass outer skin 10.
• a protective layer such as a piece of grease-proof paper 22, is placed on the inner surface of bund 12 to prevent adhesive bonding thereto.
• Glass outer skin 10 is then placed on the grease-proof paper 22 within bund 12 as shown in Fig. 3.
• the horizontal bottom 16 of bund 12, together with the supports 20 and the uniformly flat surface 18 ensure that glass outer skin 10 is held in a substantially horizontal position.
• an adhesive suitable for bonding the honeycomb core 2 to the outer skin 10 is poured evenly over the surface of the outer skin 10 to form a pool 24 of substantially uniform depth.
• Araldite 20/20 is used to bond the aluminium honeycomb core 2 to the glass outer skin 10.
• the Araldite 20/20 is mixed before pouring to ensure that it contains no bubbles or other visible impurities.
• the Araldite may be replaced with other epoxy resins or other types of resin that preferably set at ambient temperatures .
• the resin may be of clear transparent material which may be coloured with a dye or pigment.
• the pool of adhesive 24 is formed to a depth dependent upon the cell size "a" of the honeycomb core 2. It is preferred, but not essential, that the depth is sufficient to form a layer within each cell to cause a lens effect on light passing therethrough, at least in part, by the formation of a meniscus within each cell of the honeycomb core, as will be described later. This lens effect is particularly useful for creating different optical effects in many applications, for example where the resulting structure is used as a transparent panel. In practice, the following depths of adhesive pool 24 have found to be satisfactory in providing such a lens effect:
• the ratio of the depth of the adhesive pool 24 to the cell size "a" of the honeycomb core is greater than 1:10, and preferably greater than 1:7 and less than 1:2.
• honeycomb core 2 is placed in adhesive pool 24 so as to contact glass outer skin 10.
• the honeycomb core 2 is placed into the adhesive pool 24 vertically in order not to disturb the depth of adhesive, so that a substantially even depth can be achieved throughout all the cells 8 of the honeycomb core 2.
• honeycomb core 2 is sized to leave a gap between the edges thereof and vertical sides 14 of bund 12. In this way, no force is exerted by bund 12 on the honeycomb core which could deform the cells 8.
• a suitable weight that is, one which is not so heavy that it will crush the honeycomb core 2 or so light that the honeycomb core is not evenly maintained against glass outer skin 10, is then applied on top of the honeycomb core 2.
• MDF Medium Density Fibre
• the assembly is then left so that the adhesive can set in the dust-free environment.
• the structure is inspected to ensure that the layer of adhesive 24 is of a consistent depth between the cells 8 of the honeycomb core 2. Any inconsistencies can be addressed by adding further adhesive to individual cells.
• the further adhesive is added by pipetting it into the individual cells.
• FIG. 6 A continuous layer of hard adhesive 24 at a substantially uniform depth is formed within the cells 8 of honeycomb core 2, bonding the cell walls 5 to the glass outer skin 10.
• the adhesive 24 forms a meniscus, which may contribute to the adhesive 24 causing a lens effect on light passing therethrough.
• a second outer skin such as a further glass outer skin 10 may be added on the opposite side of honeycomb core 2.
• the second outer skin is placed in bund 12 as described previously with reference to Fig. 3, a pool of adhesive 24 is formed on the second outer skin as described with reference to Fig. 4, and the honeycomb core 2 with the first glass outer skin 10 attached thereto is placed in the adhesive pool and retained therein until the adhesive is set as described previously with reference to Fig. 5.
• the resulting structure is shown in Fig. 7.
• the structure may be cut to a desired size or shape.
• Edging material such as C-shaped clamps 26 or other connectors, are placed around some, or all, of the edges of the structure to form a panel.
• the clamps 26 may be arranged to allow the interconnection of panels .
• FIG. 8 shows an assembly formed of three outer skins 10 separated by two honeycomb cores 2.
• honeycomb core 2 having hexagonal shaped cells has been described, the method may be applied to a honeycomb core having cells with any number of sides.
• honeycomb core 2 need not be made of aluminium and the outer skin 10 need not be of glass.
• the method is applicable to honeycomb cores and outer skins of any material, the adhesive being selected as appropriate for the bonding.
• the honeycomb core and/or outer skin may be made from different plastics, metals, woods, papers, stones, carbon fibres etc.
• Araldite 20/20 is used as the adhesive, which dries to a clear state.
• coloured adhesives may be used, or dyes/pigments may be added to the adhesive, to produce a coloured adhesive layer 24.
• Arrangements other than the bund 12 shown in Figs. 3 to 5 may be used to form an enclosure to allow the adhesive pool 24 to be formed.
• grease-proof sheet 22 may be placed directly on table 18 and an enclosure formed using a rigid structure 28, such as may be formed using wooden blocks.
• additional adhesive is added to individual cells to correct variations in adhesive thickness after the original pool of adhesive has set.
• the additional adhesive may be added before the original pool has set.
• the depth of the adhesive pool 24 may be made shallow with respect to the cell size "a" of the honeycomb core, so that a structure having substantially no lens effect is formed.
• honeycomb core and at least one outer skin
• the applications below do not require the honeycomb core to be bonded to the outer skin using the method described above. More particularly. unless an optically acceptable structure is required, the structure may be formed using one of the prior art techniques described previously, or indeed the honeycomb core may be trapped between the outer skins (for example using suitable end clamps) and retained therein without any adhesive bonding.
• the structures formed using the method above have optical consistency between the cells of the honeycomb core. Accordingly, they have particular application as transparent panels etc. More specifically, large panels with glass outer skins can be manufactured with a uniform optical appearance, the honeycomb core increasing the panels' strength and allowing panels to be made with a greater size than previously (standard glass panels suffering from the problem that they bow due to the self- weight of the glass). Accordingly, panels strengthened by the honeycomb core can be made using the technique described above without losing the uniform optical appearance, allowing use in many new applications.
• the resulting structure could be used for transparent floors, facade elements, beams, columns, windows etc, with the honeycomb core increasing the strength of the outer skins against breakage.
• the honeycomb core could be used for security and/or safety purposes to provide a structure with integrity against deliberate or accidental breakage of an outer skin.
• the cell size "a" and depth "d" of the honeycomb core would be selected to provide the required mechanical properties .
• each outer skin may be put on the top surface of, for example, a floor and metal or plastic put on the bottom surface, so that the glass acts in compression and the metal or plastic acts in tension.
• the cell walls of the honeycomb core (5 in the embodiment described above) and the end connectors (26 in the embodiment described above ) can be provided with holes therein to allow the passage of fluid, that is liquid or gas, through the panels.
• fluid that is liquid or gas
• Such panels could therefore be used to act as blinds or curtains etc.
• the strength of the structure could also be increased by passing fluid through the honeycomb core cells under pressure.
• partial or complete vacuums could be formed within the cells.
• panels could be used for internal or external building walls, allowing air supply or extraction through the honeycomb core.
• the propagation of heat or sound can be controlled by appropriate selection of the materials for the honeycomb core and outer skins.
• the use of a metallic honeycomb core could be used to increase heat transfer between the outer skins.
• a plastic or wooden honeycomb core could be used to reduce the transfer of heat or sound between outer skins .
• Increased insulation could be provided by forming a vacuum within the cells of the honeycomb core, or by filling the cells with an insulating fluid or material.
• a structure could be used as a solar panel.
• an aluminium or copper honeycomb core could be used to collect heat passing through a glass outer skin.
• An insulating, heat reflecting or heat absorbing outer skin may be provided on the opposite surface, such as an opaque wall to facilitate heat collection. Fluid having suitable thermal properties could then be passed through the cells of the honeycomb core to remove the heat for central storage.
• the structure shown in Fig. 8 could be used in both a heat collection and heat insulation capacity.
• the outer honeycomb core would be selected to have heat collection properties to act as a solar collector as described above, and the inner honeycomb core would be formed of a heat insulating material to prevent heat passing through the structure for example to the inside of the room.
• honeycomb core By using a honeycomb core to increase structural strength, structures may be provided for fluid retention.
• a structure with glass outer skins could be used as a fish tank, swimming pools, aquariums etc.
• the cells within the honeycomb core can be filled, for example with small heat retarding balls for fire protection, or with glass balls/tubes to change the light transmitting characteristics of an optical panel .
• a fire-protection film such as a film which expands on exposure to heat filling the core of the panel, could be placed on the honeycomb core.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Sustainable Development (AREA)
• Sustainable Energy (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Architecture (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Civil Engineering (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Laminated Bodies (AREA)
• Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Publications (1)

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• 1996
  • 1996-08-28 GB GB9921856A patent/GB2339168B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1996-08-28 GB GB9617931A patent/GB2316651B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 1997
  • 1997-08-28 IL IL12868897A patent/IL128688A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1997-08-28 WO PCT/GB1997/002315 patent/WO1998008640A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1997-08-28 CN CN97199093A patent/CN1081502C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1997-08-28 AU AU41234/97A patent/AU4123497A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1997-08-28 EP EP97938995A patent/EP0998364A2/de not_active Withdrawn

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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