EP0930098B1 - Zirkonium Silikat Mahlhilfsmittel - Google Patents

Zirkonium Silikat Mahlhilfsmittel Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0930098B1
EP0930098B1 EP99103983A EP99103983A EP0930098B1 EP 0930098 B1 EP0930098 B1 EP 0930098B1 EP 99103983 A EP99103983 A EP 99103983A EP 99103983 A EP99103983 A EP 99103983A EP 0930098 B1 EP0930098 B1 EP 0930098B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
zirconium silicate
particle size
powder
grinding medium
slurry
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP99103983A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0930098A1 (de
Inventor
Thomas Ian Brownbridge
Phillip M. Story
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Tronox LLC
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Kerr McGee Chemical LLC
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Publication of EP0930098A1 publication Critical patent/EP0930098A1/de
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C17/00—Disintegrating by tumbling mills, i.e. mills having a container charged with the material to be disintegrated with or without special disintegrating members such as pebbles or balls
    • B02C17/18—Details
    • B02C17/20—Disintegrating members
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C23/00—Auxiliary methods or auxiliary devices or accessories specially adapted for crushing or disintegrating not provided for in preceding groups or not specially adapted to apparatus covered by a single preceding group
    • B02C23/18—Adding fluid, other than for crushing or disintegrating by fluid energy

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method of deagglomerating and reducing the particle size of titanium dioxide pigment powder using a zirconium silicate grinding medium.
  • milling devices such as disc mills, cage mills, and/or attrition mills are used with a milling medium to produce such finely divided powders, ideally to reduce the powder to its ultimate state of division such as, for example, to the size of a single powder crystallite.
  • Milling of some powders involves a de-agglomeration process according to which chemical bonds, such as hydrogen-bonded surface moisture, Van der Waals and electrostatic forces, such as between particles, as well as any other bonds which are keeping the particles together, must be broken and/or overcome in order to obtain particles in their state of ultimate division.
  • One pigment powder which entails a de-agglomeration milling process to reduce it to a finely divided powder is titanium dioxide.
  • Optimal dispersal of titanium dioxide pigment powder results in optimized performance properties, particularly improved gloss, durability and hiding power.
  • De-agglomeration processes are best performed using a grinding medium characterized by a small particle size which is the smallest multiple of the actual size of the product particles being milled which can still be effectively separated from the product powder.
  • the grinding medium can be separated from the product particles using density separation techniques.
  • separation of the grinding medium from the product can be effected on the basis of differences between settling rate, particle size or both parameters existing between the grinding medium and product powder particles.
  • JP 60-211637 discloses production of a magnetic recording medium in a high speed stirring type mill using the mill to mix and disperse a magnetic paint using balls or beads of pebble-shaped pieces of natural or synthetic zirconium consisting essentially of ZrO 2 and SiO 2 having an average grain size of about 0.3 to 3.0 mm.
  • the particles are said to have a specific gravity of 3.6 to 4.2 and to disperse well into the magnetic paint.
  • GB 679552 relates to a grinding medium comprising zircon sand, preferably having a granule size of from 50 to 150 ⁇ m. Titanium dioxide may be milled in the form of a slurry or a dispersion in water, and specific examples refer to filling glass jars with a mixture of the dispersion and zircon sand, putting them on to a trundler and milling for 16 hours at 164 rpm.
  • a relatively inexpensive, dense and non-toxic, naturally occurring zirconium silicate sand grinding medium which has small particle size and a sufficiently high density is suitable for grinding a wide range of materials, while not contaminating the product powder with wear byproducts as well as a method for milling a powder using this grinding medium.
  • the invention provides a method of de-agglomerating and reducing the particle size of agglomerated titanium dioxide pigment powder having a particle size in the range of from 0.05 to 100 microns comprising:
  • the term "naturally occurring" indicates that the zirconium silicate sand is mined in the form of zirconium silicate sand of a particular particle size and is distinguished from zirconium silicate materials which are synthesized, manufactured or otherwise artificially produced by man.
  • the zirconium silicate sand grinding medium used in the method of the invention occurs in nature in the appropriate size and shape which can be sorted to obtain the appropriate fraction for use in a particular grinding operation.
  • the mined zirconium silicate sand is sorted to isolate the appropriate fraction of zirconium silicate sand, based on particle size considerations, to be used as a grinding medium.
  • grinding medium refers to a material which is placed in a milling device, such as a disc mill, cage mill or attrition mill, along with the powder to be ground more finely or de-agglomerated to transmit shearing action of the milling device to the powder being processed to break apart particles of the powder.
  • the method of the invention employs a grinding medium including naturally occurring zirconium silicate sand characterized by a density in the range of from 4.6 g/cm 3 to 4.9 g/cm 3 and preferably in the range of from about 4.75 g/cm 3 to about 4.85 g/cm 3 and a particle size of from 100 to 250 ⁇ m.
  • the naturally occurring zirconium silicate sand tends to be single phase, while synthetic zirconium silicate ceramic beads are typically multiphase materials.
  • Surface contaminants such as aluminum, iron, uranium, thorium and other heavy metals as well as TiO 2 can be present on the surfaces of the naturally occurring zirconium silicate sand particles. Once the surface contaminants are removed by any surface preconditioning process known to one skilled in the art, such as, for example, washing and classifying, chemical analyses indicate that any remaining contaminants are within the crystal structure of the zirconium silicate and do not adversely affect the powder being milled.
  • the zirconium silicate sand grinding medium can be characterized by a particle size which is the smallest multiple of the particle size of the finished product particle )size, the milled product powder particle size, which can be effectively separated from the milled product powder.
  • the naturally occurring zirconium silicate sand particle size is greater than 100 ⁇ m and can be in the range of from about 100 ⁇ m to about 1500 ⁇ m, more preferably in the range of from about 100 ⁇ m to about 500 ⁇ m and most preferably in the range of from about 150 ⁇ m to about 250 ⁇ m.
  • the mined, naturally occurring zirconium silicate sand can be screened using techniques well known to one skilled in the art to isolate a coarse fraction of sand having particles of an appropriate size to function as an effective grinding medium.
  • the grinding medium can be any liquid medium compatible with the product being milled and the milling process and can include water, oil, any other organic compound or a mixture thereof, and can be combined with the naturally occurring zirconium silicate sand to form a slurry.
  • the liquid medium is selected depending upon the product being milled.
  • the milled product powder may or may not be separated from the liquid medium after the milling process is complete; however, the grinding medium is usually separated from the liquid medium after the milling process is complete.
  • the liquid medium can be an oil such as a naturally derived oil like tung oil, linseed oil, soybean oil or tall oil or mixtures thereof. These naturally occurring oils can be mixed with solvents such as mineral spirits, naphtha or toluol or mixtures thereof which can further include substances such as gums, resins, dispersants and/or drying agents.
  • the liquid medium can also include other materials used in the manufacture of oil based paints and inks such as alkyd resins, epoxy resins, nitrocellulose, melamines, urethanes and silicones.
  • the liquid medium can be water, optionally including antifoaming agents and/or dispersants.
  • the powder is a ceramic or magnetic powder, the medium can be water and can also include dispersants.
  • the naturally occurring zirconium silicate sand and the liquid medium are combined to form a grinding slurry which is further characterized by a grinding slurry viscosity which can be in the range of from about 1 mPas to 10 kPas (1.0cps to about 10,000cps), more preferably in the range of from about 1 to 500 mPas (1.0cps to about 500cps) and most preferably in the range of from about 1 to 100 mPas (1.0cps to about 100cps).
  • the grinding slurry viscosity is determined by the concentration of solids in the grinding slurry and, thus, the higher the concentration of solids in the grinding slurry, the higher will be the grinding slurry viscosity and density.
  • concentration of solids in the grinding slurry there is no absolute upper limit to grinding slurry viscosity; however, at some viscosity, a point is reached where no grinding medium is needed, as is the case for plastics compounded in extruders, roll mills, etc. without a grinding medium.
  • the starting powder used in the method of the invention is an agglomerated titanium dioxide pigment powders, the agglomerated powder has a particle size of in the range of from 0.05 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m which can be milled to approach the particle size of an individual titanium dioxide crystallite.
  • the starting powder can also be characterized by a starting powder density in the range of from about 0.8g/cm 3 absolute to about 5.0 g/cm 3 absolute.
  • the titanium dioxide starting powder can be an agglomerated titanium dioxide pigment which has a density in the range of from about 3.7 g/cm 3 to about 4.2g/cm 3 .
  • the liquid medium used in the method of the invention can be oil or water selected according to the criteria already described.
  • Milling is carried out in a disk mill, cage mill or attrition mill, designed to support a vertical flow or horizontal flow.
  • the milling process can be a batch or continuous process.
  • the step of separating the product slurry from the milling slurry can be accomplished by distinguishing the product slurry, which contains the product powder along with liquid medium from the milling slurry on the basis of a difference between starting powder and grinding medium physical properties and product powder particle physical properties such as particle size, particle density and particle settling rate.
  • the product powder may or may not be separated from the liquid medium after the milling process is complete; however, the grinding medium is usually separated from the liquid medium after the milling process is complete.
  • the product powder can be separated from the product slurry and subjected to further processing such as dispersing the powder in a dispersing medium to form a dispersion.
  • the dispersing medium can be selected according to the same criteria as already described for the selection of the liquid medium. If the product powder is to be used in the product slurry, no further dispersing steps are needed.
  • Sand mills having nominal grinding chamber capacities of 1041 litres (275 gallons) and overall capacities of 1893 litres (500 gallons) were loaded separately with 1361 kg (3000 pounds) of synthetic zirconium silicate ceramic beads of nominal 300 ⁇ m and 210 ⁇ m size and with 544 kg (1200 pounds) of standard 10-40 mesh (U.S.) silica sand, the highest mill loading feasible with silica sand.
  • the mills loaded with 1361 kg (3000 pounds) of synthetic zirconium silicate ceramic beads as well as the mill loaded with 544 kg (1200 pounds) of 10-40 mesh (U.S.) silica sand were operated at 61, 87 and 14 litres per minute (16, 23 and 30 gallon per minute) flow rates.
  • the feed slurries fed through all mills had a density of 1.35g/cm 3 and contained titanium dioxide, approximately 40% of which was less than 0.5 ⁇ m in size in water.
  • the size of the titanium dioxide particles in the product slurry was measured using a Leeds and Northrupp 9200 series MicrotracTM particle size analyzer in water with 0.2% sodium hexametaphosphate surfactant at ambient temperature. The results are summarized in Table 1 and indicate that the grinding efficiency of the synthetic zirconium silicate ceramic beads as indicated by the percentage of product powder less than or equal to 0.5 ⁇ m in size compares favorably with the grinding efficiency of 10-40 mesh (U.S.) silica sand.
  • the naturally occurring zirconium silicate sand grinding medium because of its higher density and single phase microstructure, can produce a pigment powder having superior properties to those obtained using the synthetic zirconium silicate ceramic beads as described above.
  • Example 2 is provided to compare the performance of synthetic zirconium silicate ceramic beads with the performance of the naturally occurring zirconium silicate sand grinding medium of the invention. It is noted that the naturally occurring zirconium silicate sand has a higher density than the 3.8g/cm 3 density of synthetic zirconium silicate products which allows use of smaller naturally occurring zirconium silicate sand particles by comparison with the synthetic zirconium silicate product particle sizes, thereby providing greater grinding efficiency.
  • Example 2 was conducted by changing flowrates in mill B, operating with conventional silica sand, and of mill C, operating with naturally occurring zirconium silicate sand.
  • Sand loadings in mill B and mill C were similar to those used in Example 1, i.e., 544 kg (1200 pounds) of silica sand in mill B and 1361 kg (3000 pounds) of naturally occurring zirconium silicate sand in mill C. Samples were obtained concurrently from both sand mills. Mill feed was also sampled to measure any particle size variability in feed particle size.
  • Particle size data shows that at either a low flowrate (approximately 49 litres/minute (13 gallons/minute)) or at a high flowrate (approximately 132 litres/minute (35 gallons/minute)) the naturally occurring zirconium silicate sand is much more efficient in reducing particle size, compared with the performance of the conventional silica sand.
  • Contamination of the pigment product from the naturally occurring zirconium silicate sand grinding medium was minimal as measured by x-ray fluorescence examination of the pigment solids found in the mill overflow. Metal contaminant levels also measured by x-ray fluorescence were similar to those observed in pigments milled using a conventional silica sand grinding medium.
  • the optical quality of the pigment milled with the naturally occurring zirconium silicate sand as measured by the B381 dry color and brightness test which is defined as the total light reflected from a powder compact surface and the spectrum of reflected light i.e. color, was comparable to that obtained for samples milled using conventional silica sand. Results of these tests are summarized in Table 3.
  • Pigment Particle Size Data Parameter Mill B Mill C Flowrate l/min (gal/min) 50 (13.2) 50 (13.2) Median Particle Diameter 0.37 0.24 Fraction of Particles ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ m 86.94 99.55 Flowrate l/min (gal/min) 133 (35.2) 133 (35.2) Median Particle Diameter 0.38 0.37 Fraction of Particles ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ m 75.64 87.55 Pigment Chemical Composition and Optical Properties Property Mill B Mill C %Al 2 O 3 0.71 0.72 %ZrO 2 0.01 0.01 % Calgon 0.06 0.06 Fe ppm 35 34 Ni ppm 10 8 B381 Brightness 97.87 97.94 B381 Color 1.14 1.09
  • mill C was inspected for signs of wear on the rubber lining using a fiber optic probe inserted through a flange in the underside of the mill. Essentially no signs of wear on the rubber lining were observed as indicated by the condition of the weavelike pattern on the rubber mill lining which is normally present on the surface of freshly lined mills.
  • the mill lining showed considerable wear, especially to the leading edges of the mill rotor bars where the weavelike pattern had been almost completely worn away.
  • the following example is provided to show the differences in particle size, impurity content and grinding performance among naturally occurring zirconium silicate sands obtained from different natural sources.
  • Sample 1 Three naturally occurring zirconium silicate sand samples, hereinafter referred to as Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 were evaluated for particle size using a screen analysis conducted for thirty minutes on a RotapTM. Based on the data presented in Table 4, Sample 2 and Sample 3 are similar with respect to particle size, while Sample 1 is smaller, which can make it difficult to retain Sample 1 sand in a cage mill during a continuous process.
  • Particle Sizes of Zirconium Silicate Sand Samples Sample Origin Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 %180 ⁇ m 0.61 75.1 67.2 %150 ⁇ m 5.73 16 32.1 % less than 150 ⁇ m 93.66 8.9 0.7
  • a laboratory scale grinding study was also performed with the three naturally occurring zirconium silicate sands. The study was conducted in a cage mill under a standard laboratory sand load of 1.8:1 zirconium sand to pigment load. Table 6 shows the percent of particles passing 0.5 ⁇ m, i.e., particles having sizes smaller than 0.5 ⁇ m, after 2, 4 and 8 minutes of grinding, as well as the median particle diameter at these times.
  • the pigment was an untreated interior enamel grade titanium dioxide pigment. Particle sizes were determined using a MicrotracTM particle size analyzer as has been described before.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Silicates, Zeolites, And Molecular Sieves (AREA)
  • Crushing And Grinding (AREA)
  • Pigments, Carbon Blacks, Or Wood Stains (AREA)
  • Disintegrating Or Milling (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
  • Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
  • Silicon Compounds (AREA)
  • Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
  • Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)

Claims (7)

  1. Verfahren zur Desagglomeration und Verringerung der Teilchengröße von agglomeriertem Titandioxid-Pigmentpulver mit einer Teilchengröße im Bereich von 0,05 bis 100 µm, umfassend:
    (1) das Vermischen des Titandioxids-Pigmentpulvers mit einem Mahlmedium und einem flüssigen Medium unter Bildung einer Mahlaufschlämmung, wobei das Mahlmedium natürlich vorkommenden Zirkoniumsilicat-Sand mit einer absoluten Dichte von 4,6 bis 4,9 g/cm3 und einer Teilchengröße von 100 bis 500 µm umfasst;
    (2) das Mahlen der Mahlaufschlämmung in einer Mühle, die unter Scheibenmühlen, Käfigmühlen und Reibmühlen ausgewählt ist, für eine ausreichende Zeitspanne, um eine Produktaufschlämmung zu bilden, die ein Titandioxid-Produktpulver mit einer angestrebten Teilchengröße enthält, wobei das Pulver einer Desagglomeration und Teilchengrößenverringerung unterworfen worden ist und im wesentlichen die gleiche Zusammensetzung wie das Ausgangspulver aufweist, und
    (3) das Abtrennen der Produktaufschlämmung, die das Titandioxid-Pigmentpulver enthält, von der Mahlaufschlämmung, so dass das Mahlmedium in der Aufschlämmung verbleibt.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei das flüssige Medium unter Wasser, Öl, organischen Verbindungen und Gemischen davon ausgewählt ist.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, wobei die Mahlaufschlämmung eine Viskosität von 1 mPas bis 10 kPas (1,0 bis 10 000 cps) aufweist.
  4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 3, wobei die Mahlaufschlämmung eine Viskosität von 1 bis 500 mPas (1,0 bis 500 cps) aufweist.
  5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4, wobei die Mahlaufschlämmung eine Viskosität von 1 bis 100 mPas (1,0 bis 100 cps) aufweist.
  6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei der natürlich auftretende Zirkoniumsilicat-Sand, der das Mahlmedium bildet, eine Dichte von 4,75 bis 4,85 g/cm3 aufweist.
  7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei der natürlich auftretende Zirkoniumsilicat-Sand, der das Mahlmedium bildet, eine Teilchengröße von 150 bis 250 µm aufweist.
EP99103983A 1994-01-25 1995-01-24 Zirkonium Silikat Mahlhilfsmittel Expired - Lifetime EP0930098B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US18608594A 1994-01-25 1994-01-25
US186085 1994-01-25
EP95908662A EP0690749B1 (de) 1994-01-25 1995-01-24 Mahlverfahren unter verwendung von zirkonium silikat

Related Parent Applications (1)

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EP95908662A Division EP0690749B1 (de) 1994-01-25 1995-01-24 Mahlverfahren unter verwendung von zirkonium silikat

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EP0930098A1 EP0930098A1 (de) 1999-07-21
EP0930098B1 true EP0930098B1 (de) 2003-03-26

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EP99103983A Expired - Lifetime EP0930098B1 (de) 1994-01-25 1995-01-24 Zirkonium Silikat Mahlhilfsmittel
EP95908662A Expired - Lifetime EP0690749B1 (de) 1994-01-25 1995-01-24 Mahlverfahren unter verwendung von zirkonium silikat

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EP (2) EP0930098B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2693039B2 (de)
KR (1) KR0164652B1 (de)
CN (1) CN1042104C (de)
AT (2) ATE191160T1 (de)
AU (1) AU671248B2 (de)
BR (1) BR9506238A (de)
CA (1) CA2158969C (de)
CZ (1) CZ284563B6 (de)
DE (2) DE69530132T2 (de)
ES (2) ES2143616T3 (de)
FI (1) FI954466A (de)
MX (1) MX9504066A (de)
PL (1) PL176837B1 (de)
SK (1) SK117895A3 (de)
TW (1) TW276208B (de)
WO (1) WO1995019846A1 (de)
ZA (1) ZA95590B (de)

Families Citing this family (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2315505B (en) * 1996-07-24 1998-07-22 Sofitech Nv An additive for increasing the density of a fluid and fluid comprising such additve
DE102004040368B3 (de) * 2004-08-20 2006-02-23 Juhnke, Michael, Dipl.-Ing. Mahlkörper zur Herstellung feinstkörniger Produkte
US20080022900A1 (en) * 2006-07-25 2008-01-31 Venkata Rama Rao Goparaju Process for manufacturing titanium dioxide pigment
CN101722085B (zh) * 2008-10-15 2012-06-13 许兴康 高纯亚纳米级超细硅酸锆粉的研磨工艺
CN102795848B (zh) * 2012-08-02 2013-10-23 江苏锡阳研磨科技有限公司 低温烧结硅酸锆研磨球及制备方法
CN111180719A (zh) * 2020-01-07 2020-05-19 马鞍山科达普锐能源科技有限公司 一种三级研磨制备纳米硅的方法
CN115043620B (zh) * 2022-03-09 2023-03-10 湖北工业大学 一种以砂为研磨介质制备早强型预制构件混凝土的方法

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GB679552A (en) * 1949-08-29 1952-09-17 British Titan Products Improvements relating to methods and apparatus for grinding, crushing and disintegrating
US3337140A (en) * 1964-06-03 1967-08-22 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Dispersion process
DE2832761B1 (de) * 1978-07-26 1979-10-31 Basf Ag Verfahren zur UEberfuehrung von rohen und/oder grobkristallisierten Perylen-tetracarbonsaeurediimiden in eine Pigmentform
JPS5815079A (ja) * 1981-07-14 1983-01-28 日本化学陶業株式会社 ジルコニア質焼結体からなる粉砕機用部材
US4547534A (en) * 1983-03-18 1985-10-15 Memorex Corporation Method to disperse fine solids without size reduction
JPS60211637A (ja) * 1984-04-05 1985-10-24 Hitachi Maxell Ltd 磁気記録媒体の製造方法
JPH04166246A (ja) * 1990-10-31 1992-06-12 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 媒体撹拌ミル及び粉砕方法

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Publication number Publication date
EP0690749A4 (de) 1996-10-30
DE69515935D1 (de) 2000-05-04
CN1042104C (zh) 1999-02-17
AU1690095A (en) 1995-08-08
CN1122112A (zh) 1996-05-08
ES2190624T3 (es) 2003-08-01
DE69515935T2 (de) 2000-08-17
SK117895A3 (en) 1996-01-10
PL310446A1 (en) 1995-12-11
ES2143616T3 (es) 2000-05-16
JP2693039B2 (ja) 1997-12-17
PL176837B1 (pl) 1999-08-31
EP0690749A1 (de) 1996-01-10
EP0690749B1 (de) 2000-03-29
TW276208B (de) 1996-05-21
CA2158969C (en) 2000-06-27
WO1995019846A1 (en) 1995-07-27
ATE191160T1 (de) 2000-04-15
EP0930098A1 (de) 1999-07-21
AU671248B2 (en) 1996-08-15
CZ284563B6 (cs) 1999-01-13
MX9504066A (es) 1997-05-31
KR0164652B1 (ko) 1998-12-15
ZA95590B (en) 1996-07-25
BR9506238A (pt) 1997-09-30
FI954466A0 (fi) 1995-09-21
DE69530132T2 (de) 2004-01-08
JPH08506527A (ja) 1996-07-16
CZ235795A3 (en) 1996-02-14
CA2158969A1 (en) 1995-07-27
KR960700819A (ko) 1996-02-24
DE69530132D1 (de) 2003-04-30
FI954466A (fi) 1995-09-21
ATE235318T1 (de) 2003-04-15

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