EP0887785B1 - Graustufensteuerung für Plasma-Anzeigevorrichtungen - Google Patents
Graustufensteuerung für Plasma-Anzeigevorrichtungen Download PDFInfo
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- EP0887785B1 EP0887785B1 EP98203252A EP98203252A EP0887785B1 EP 0887785 B1 EP0887785 B1 EP 0887785B1 EP 98203252 A EP98203252 A EP 98203252A EP 98203252 A EP98203252 A EP 98203252A EP 0887785 B1 EP0887785 B1 EP 0887785B1
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- subframes
- brightness
- subframe
- sustain
- discharge
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/2007—Display of intermediate tones
- G09G3/2018—Display of intermediate tones by time modulation using two or more time intervals
- G09G3/2022—Display of intermediate tones by time modulation using two or more time intervals using sub-frames
- G09G3/2029—Display of intermediate tones by time modulation using two or more time intervals using sub-frames the sub-frames having non-binary weights
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- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
- G09G3/28—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels
- G09G3/288—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels
- G09G3/291—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels controlling the gas discharge to control a cell condition, e.g. by means of specific pulse shapes
- G09G3/293—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels controlling the gas discharge to control a cell condition, e.g. by means of specific pulse shapes for address discharge
- G09G3/2932—Addressed by writing selected cells that are in an OFF state
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- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
- G09G3/28—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels
- G09G3/288—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels
- G09G3/291—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels controlling the gas discharge to control a cell condition, e.g. by means of specific pulse shapes
- G09G3/293—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels controlling the gas discharge to control a cell condition, e.g. by means of specific pulse shapes for address discharge
- G09G3/2935—Addressed by erasing selected cells that are in an ON state
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- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
- G09G3/28—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels
- G09G3/288—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels
- G09G3/291—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels controlling the gas discharge to control a cell condition, e.g. by means of specific pulse shapes
- G09G3/294—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels controlling the gas discharge to control a cell condition, e.g. by means of specific pulse shapes for lighting or sustain discharge
- G09G3/2946—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels controlling the gas discharge to control a cell condition, e.g. by means of specific pulse shapes for lighting or sustain discharge by introducing variations of the frequency of sustain pulses within a frame or non-proportional variations of the number of sustain pulses in each subfield
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- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
- G09G3/28—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels
- G09G3/288—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels
- G09G3/298—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels using surface discharge panels
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- G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
- G09G2320/02—Improving the quality of display appearance
- G09G2320/0228—Increasing the driving margin in plasma displays
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- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
- G09G2320/02—Improving the quality of display appearance
- G09G2320/0271—Adjustment of the gradation levels within the range of the gradation scale, e.g. by redistribution or clipping
- G09G2320/0276—Adjustment of the gradation levels within the range of the gradation scale, e.g. by redistribution or clipping for the purpose of adaptation to the characteristics of a display device, i.e. gamma correction
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- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
- G09G2320/04—Maintaining the quality of display appearance
- G09G2320/043—Preventing or counteracting the effects of ageing
- G09G2320/046—Dealing with screen burn-in prevention or compensation of the effects thereof
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- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2330/00—Aspects of power supply; Aspects of display protection and defect management
- G09G2330/02—Details of power systems and of start or stop of display operation
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- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2330/00—Aspects of power supply; Aspects of display protection and defect management
- G09G2330/02—Details of power systems and of start or stop of display operation
- G09G2330/021—Power management, e.g. power saving
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- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2360/00—Aspects of the architecture of display systems
- G09G2360/14—Detecting light within display terminals, e.g. using a single or a plurality of photosensors
- G09G2360/145—Detecting light within display terminals, e.g. using a single or a plurality of photosensors the light originating from the display screen
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
- G09G3/28—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels
- G09G3/288—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels
- G09G3/291—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels controlling the gas discharge to control a cell condition, e.g. by means of specific pulse shapes
- G09G3/292—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels controlling the gas discharge to control a cell condition, e.g. by means of specific pulse shapes for reset discharge, priming discharge or erase discharge occurring in a phase other than addressing
- G09G3/2927—Details of initialising
Definitions
- the present invention relates to controlling the gray scale of plasma display devices, for example a method and an apparatus for controlling the gray scale of a three-electrode surface-discharge alternating current plasma display device.
- AC PDP alternating current plasma display panel
- luminescence and display is done by applying a voltage wave-form to two sustain electrodes alternately to maintain discharge.
- a discharge operation is carried out in one to several microseconds ( ⁇ s) just after the pulse application.
- ions (positive charges) produced by the discharge accumulate on the surface of the dielectric layer on the electrode to which a negative voltage is being applied and similarly electrons (negative charges) accumulate on the surface of the dielectric layer of the electrode to which a positive voltage is being applied.
- An AC PDP may make use of the memory effect.
- AC PDPs there has been considered a two-electrode type in which selective discharge (address discharge) and sustain discharge are carried out with two electrodes, and a three-electrode type in which the third electrode is used for address discharge.
- a phosphor formed in a discharge cell is excited by ultraviolet rays generated by the discharge.
- the phosphor is easily affected by bombardment of ions (positive charges) generated concurrently by discharge.
- the arrangement is such that ions strike directly against phosphors, which is likely to lead to a reduction in the life of the phosphors.
- a three-electrode arrangement may be used, making use of surface discharge in a color PDP.
- An embodiment of the present invention serves to control the grayscale of a plasma display device being driven by separating address periods, in which display data necessary for sustaining a discharge are written in the screen, from sustain discharge periods in which a sustain discharge for light emission is repeated, by a method comprising the steps of: forming a frame for an image by a plurality of subframes each having a specific weight value; and displaying an image on said plasma display device by optionally combining gray levels of said plurality of subframes; characterised in that:
- the plasma display device may be a three-electrode surface discharge AC plasma display device.
- the three-electrode surface discharge AC plasma display device may comprise first and second electrodes arranged in parallel with each other, and third electrodes orthogonal to the first and second electrodes, the first electrodes being commonly connected together, and the second electrodes being arranged for display lines, respectively, wherein the display device has a surface discharge structure employing wall charges as memory media.
- the three-electrode surface discharge AC plasma display device may further comprises a first substrate, and the first and second electrodes being arranged in parallel with each other on the first substrate and paired for respective display lines; a second substrate spaced apart from and facing the first substrate, and the third electrodes being arranged on the second substrate away from and orthogonal to the first and second electrodes; a wall charge accumulating dielectric layer covering the surfaces of the first and second electrodes; a phosphor formed over the second substrate; a discharge gas sealed in a cavity defined between the first and second substrates; and cells formed at intersections where the first and second electrodes cross the third electrodes.
- the number of sustain emissions of the each subframe may be so calculated, on the basis of actually measured data of the brightness with respect to the numbers of sustain emissions, that the brightness obtained by the first subframe having an arbitrary brightness may be twice the brightness obtained by the second subframe having a brightness next to that of the first subframe.
- the number of sustain emissions in the each subframe may be set in an anti-geometrical progression.
- the number of sustain emissions of the each subframe may be so calculated, on the basis of actually measured data of the brightness with respect to the numbers of sustain emissions, that the sum of the squares of errors with the ideal values in the each gray level may become minimum, in order to make the relation between the gray level and the corresponding brightness linear.
- the number of sustain emissions of the each subframe may be so calculated, on the basis of actually measured data of the brightness with respect to the numbers of sustain emissions, that the sum of the absolute values of errors with the ideal values in the each gray level may become minimum, in order to make the relation between the gray level and the corresponding brightness linear.
- the brightness of the second subframe having next larger gray level than that of the first subframe may not exceed the brightness of the first subframe, for the brightness of the first subframe having the arbitrary gray level.
- the sum of the numbers of sustain emissions of one or two subframes in the plurality of subframes, or the sum of the numbers of sustain emissions of two or three subframes may be specified.
- the brightness of the subframe having the maximum gray level may be specified in the plurality of subframes.
- an embodiment of the present invention may be put into effect by a three-electrode surface-discharge AC plasma display device comprising first and second electrodes arranged in parallel with each other; and third electrodes orthogonal to the first and second electrodes, the first electrodes being commonly connected together, and the second electrodes being arranged for display lines, respectively, wherein the display has a surface discharge structure employing wall charges as memory media, the plasma display device is driven by separate address periods in which display data are written in the whole screen by forming a wall charge, the wall charge is necessary for sustain discharge according to the display data from sustain discharge periods in which sustain discharge for light emission is repeated, one frame forming an image is constituted by a plurality of subframes each having a different brightness, and the image is displayed on the plasma display device by a gray scale display having a predetermined brightness; characterised in that a ratio of numbers of sustain emissions of each said subframe is calculated so as to substantially make a ratio of brightness of said plurality of subframes correspond with a ratio of the respective weight values of said pluralit
- the plasma display device may further comprise a first substrate, and the first and second electrodes being arranged in parallel with each other on the first substrate and paired for respective display lines; a second substrate spaced apart from and facing the first substrate, and the third electrodes being arranged on the second substrate away from and orthogonal to the first and second electrodes; a wall charge accumulating dielectric layer covering the surfaces of the first and second electrodes; a phosphor formed over the second substrate; a discharge gas sealed in a cavity defined between the first and second substrates; and cells formed at intersections where the first and second electrodes cross the third electrodes.
- the plasma display device may further comprise a memory unit for setting and storing the number of sustain emissions in each subframe, and information on the number of sustain emissions in the each subframe may be read at any time from the memory unit.
- the memory unit may be constituted by a vacant area of a driving wave-form memory device in the plasma display device, and the information on the number of sustain emissions in the each subframe may be set in the vacant area of the driving wave-form memory device.
- the plasma display device may further comprise a brightness controller for adjusting the brightness, and the brightness controller may select one piece from the information on the number of sustain emissions in the each subframe set in the memory unit.
- the number of sustain emissions in the each subframe may be set as a plurality of combinations in the memory unit, and an arbitrary one of the plurality of combinations may be selected by unit of selection signals supplied from the outside of the plasma display device.
- the plasma display device may further comprise a consumed current controller unit for controlling and keeping the consumed current below a predetermined value, the number of sustain emissions in the each subframe may be set as a plurality of combinations in the memory unit, an arbitrary one of the plurality of combinations may be selected in response to the output from the consumed current controller unit, and thereby the power consumption may be kept constant regardless of the change of display rate.
- the information on the number of sustain emissions in the each subframe may be supplied from outside the plasma display device.
- Figure 1 shows an arrangement of a three-electrode surface-discharge AC-driven plasma display panel considered previously, and Fig. 2 shows an arrangement of a discharge cell in the plasma display panel of Fig. 1. Note that Fig. 1 shows the arrangement (electrode arrangement) constituted by an M x N dot panel.
- FIGs. 1 and 2 reference numeral 1 denotes a front glass substrate, 2 denotes a rear glass substrate, 3 denotes address electrodes, 4 denotes walls, 5 denotes a phosphor, 6 denotes a dielectric layer, 7 and 8 denote X and Y electrodes, respectively.
- discharge operation occurs mainly between the two sustain discharge electrodes (X electrode 7 and Y electrode 8) disposed on the rear glass substrate 2, and the selection of pixels (or discharge cell) according to the display data is done by selecting a cell on the line including the corresponding Y electrode 8 making use of discharge between the Y electrode 8 and the address electrode 3.
- the dielectric layer 6 is formed for insulation, on which a protective layer, or an MgO layer is formed. Further, on the front glass substrate 1 facing the rear glass substrate 2, the address electrodes 3 and phosphors 5 are formed. Note that, the phosphors 5 have red, green and blue light emitting characteristics, and they are formed on the address electrodes 3.
- a discharge space (cavity) is so separated by the walls (barrier ribs) 4 formed on one side or both sides of the glass substrate that discharge occurs in a space of each cell.
- Ultraviolet light produced by the discharge causes the phosphor to emit light.
- Arranging a plurality M x N of cells having such structure, for example, in a matrix state forms a display panel as shown in Fig. 1.
- references Al to AM denote address electrodes
- Y1 to YN denote Y electrodes.
- X electrodes 7 are commonly connected.
- Figure 3 is a block diagram showing an example of three-electrode surface-discharge AC-driven plasma display device using a plasma display panel shown in Fig. 1, and shows peripheral circuits for driving a typical three-electrode AC PDP.
- reference numeral 10 denotes a control circuit
- 11 denotes a display data controller
- 12 denotes a frame memory
- 13 denotes a panel drive controller
- 14 denotes a scan driver controller
- 15 denotes a common driver controller
- reference numeral 21 denotes an address driver
- 22 denotes an X driver
- 23 denotes a Y scan driver
- 24 denotes a Y driver
- 30 denotes a plasma display panel (PDP).
- PDP plasma display panel
- reference mark CLOCK denotes a dot clock indicating display data
- DATA denotes display data (in case of 256 gray scales, 8 bits for each color: 3 x 8)
- VSYNC denotes a vertical synchronizing signal, which indicates the beginning of a frame (one field)
- HSYNC denotes a horizontal synchronizing signal.
- the control circuit 10 comprises a display data controller 11 and a panel drive controller 13.
- the display data controller 11 stores display data in the frame memory 12 and transfers the data to the address driver 21 to drive the panel.
- A-DATA denotes display data
- A-CLOCK denotes a transfer clock.
- the panel drive controller 13 decides when to apply a high voltage wave (pulse) to the panel 30 and is provided with the scan driver controller 14 and the common driver controller 15.
- Y-DATA denotes scan data (data for turning ON the Y scan driver 23 every bit)
- Y-CLOCK denotes a transfer clock (a clock for turning ON the Y scan driver 23 every bit)
- Y-STB1 denotes a Y strobe-1 (a signal for regulating the timing of turning on the Y scan driver)
- Y-STB2 denotes a Y strobe-2.
- reference mark X-UD denotes a signal (outputs Vs/Vw) for controlling the ON/OFF of the X common driver (22)
- X-DD denotes a signal (GND) for controlling the ON/OFF of the common driver
- Y-UD denotes a signal (outputs Vs/Vw) for controlling the ON/OFF of the Y common driver (24)
- Y-DD denotes a signal (GND) for controlling the ON/OFF of the Y common driver.
- each of the address electrodes 3 is connected to the address driver 21 and gets an address pulse of the address discharge time from the address driver.
- the Y electrodes 8 are individually connected to the Y scan driver, and the Y scan driver 23 is connected to the Y common driver (Y driver 24).
- the pulse of address discharge time is generated from the Y scan driver 23, and the sustain pulses and others come from the Y driver 24 and are applied to the Y electrodes 8 through the Y scan driver 23.
- the X electrodes 7 are commonly connected over the display lines of the panel 30, and the X common driver (X driver 22) generates write pulses, sustain pulses, and the like.
- These driver circuits (21, 22, 23, 24) are controlled by the control circuit 10, which is controlled by synchronous signals, display data signals and others supplied from outside of the device.
- Figure 4 is a chart showing an example of driving wave-forms in a plasma display device of Fig. 3, that is, Fig. 4 shows driving waveforms of one subframe (or one subfield) in the so-called "address/sustain discharge separated write addressing method".
- This address/sustain discharge separated write addressing method is, for example, disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. 3-338342.
- a driving method intended for low voltage and steady driving (or addressing) is disclosed, and the method is applied to the case when a higher level gray scale technologies for a full color display is required.
- one subframe is separated into an address period and a sustain discharge period.
- a whole-screen writing, a whole screen erasing and a sequential addressing by writing into display line (hereinafter, referred to as "line sequential writing (or addressing)") are carried out.
- sustain pulses are applied to all of the lines simultaneously, which results in sustain discharges in the cells which write addressing has been executed to and wall charges has been accumulated in. Note that, if a frame consists of two subframes for example by means of interlace (leap over) operation, one subframe corresponds to a subfield in each subframe.
- one aspect of the driving method shown in Fig. 4 is that the states of all the cells are equalized by whole-screen writing and whole-screen erasing which are carried out at the beginning of the address period and the whole-screen erasing is completed in the state where wall charges available in the subsequent line sequential writing discharge remain.
- the Y electrodes are brought to the GND level, and at the same time, write pulses of the voltage Vw are applied to the X electrodes causing the whole-screen writing. At this time, ions of positive charges are accumulated to the address electrode, in reality on the surface of dielectric material such as phosphor. Further, in the next step, by applying erasing pulses of the voltage Ve, the whole-screen erasing is carried out.
- the erasing discharge which makes the state in which there is no wall charge on the surface of the dielectric layer (MgO layer) of the X and Y electrodes, it is preferable to accumulate electrons, negative charges advantageous in the next addressing discharge on the MgO surface of Y electrode. Note that the voltage value of the residual wall charges should be at such a level as not to cause the sustain discharge even when sustain discharge pulses are applied to the X and Y electrodes.
- a line sequential writing discharge (or addressing discharge) is carried out.
- the discharge discharge operation
- the Y electrode of the line to be written is brought to the GND level and an address pulse of the voltage Va is applied to the address electrode of the cell to be written in the line.
- the address discharge is possible with a very low voltage because ions and electrons have accumulated on the address side (the surface of the phosphor) and on the Y electrode side (the MgO surface) respectively.
- FIGs 5A to 5D are diagrams illustrating how cells are driven in the plasma display device of Fig. 3.
- Figs. 5A to 5D show diagrams of the arrangement of charges within a discharge cell and the state of discharge.
- Fig. 5A shows the whole-screen (or overall) writing step (Positive charges (or ions) have accumulated on the address electrode.)
- Fig. 5B shows the whole-cell sustain discharge step
- Fig. 5C shows the whole-cell erasing step (The wall charge of the sustain discharge electrode is reduced to such a value as not to cause discharge even when sustain discharge voltage (Vs) is applied).
- Vs sustain discharge voltage
- Fig. 5D shows the selective writing step (address discharge: Writing discharge is done utilizing the wall charge of the address electrode).
- ions are accumulated on the address electrode 3, and ions and electrons are accumulated as wall charges on the X electrode 7 and the Y electrode, respectively.
- Fig. 5B in the whole-cell sustain discharge step, the ions of the address electrode 3 are left as they are and the sustain discharge between the X electrode 7 and the Y electrode 8 causes the inversion of charges. Further, as shown in Fig.
- the ions of the address electrode 3 are left as they are and the erasing discharge between the X electrode 7 and the Y electrode 8 reduces the wall charges to such a value as not to cause sustain discharge even when sustain discharge pulses of the voltage Vs is applied.
- a line sequential selective writing discharge (or addressing discharge) is carried out.
- the voltage applied at this time from the electrode is not more than the voltage Va of address pulses applied to the address electrode 3, the selective writing discharge (or addressing discharge) can be executed surely and steadily with a low address voltage Va because the voltage owing to the wall charges which have been produced until the whole-cell erasing step. Namely, the voltage on the ions of the address electrode 3 and the electrons of the Y electrode 8 functions accumulatively with the address voltage Va.
- the address/sustain discharge separated addressing method is used in cases when there are many scan lines (or display lines) or when higher level gray scale is used for full color display.
- the driving method in case of the 16 gray scales is shown as an example of a high gray level display in Fig. 6.
- Figure 6 shows timing chart for driving the plasma display device of Fig. 3, and shows the driving method in case of the 16 gray scales.
- one frame is divided into four subframes (or subfields) SF1, SF2, SF3, and SF4.
- the address periods Ta1, Ta2, Ta3, and Ta4 including the whole-screen writing periods Tw1, Tw2, Tw3, and Tw4 are of the identical length (time).
- the lengths (periods of time) of the sustain discharge periods Ts1, Ts2, Ts3, and Ts4 are of the rate 1:2:4:8. Therefore, it is possible to display in 16 scales of brightness from 0 to 15 by selecting subframes to be lightened.
- a frame which forms an image consists of some sheets of subframes different in brightness from each other.
- the luminous brightness of each subframe is decided by the number of sustain discharge per unit time. Ideally, the brightness has a linear relationship with the number of sustain discharges. Therefore, the method in which the number of sustain discharge pulses of any subframe is half of that of the subframe next brighter than the former is the best.
- the Japanese Patent Application No. 4-281459 "The Driving Method Relating to The Adjustment of Brightness of A Plasma Display Panel" has been filed at the Japanese Patent Office. That application suggests, for example, that in the case of the 16 gray scales, 4 subframes are required.
- the number of sustain discharge pulses within each Vsync is, if 80 pulses in the SF (SF4) of the maximum brightness, 40 pulses in subframe SF3, 20 pulses in subframe SF2, and 10 pulses in subframe SF1.
- Figure 7 is a diagram illustrative of the problems in a previously considered gray scale controlling method of a plasma display device, and shows the relationship between the number of sustain pulses and the brightness.
- the brightness should be in linear relationship with the number of sustain discharges. If so, the relationship of the brightness with respect to the gray level (or the value of gray scale) is also linear.
- Figure 8 shows an embodiment of a gray scale controlling method for a plasma display device according to the present invention.
- the axis of ordinates indicates the brightness B [cd/mxm]
- the axis of abscissas indicates the gray level.
- the gray level 0 corresponds to the case when no sustain emission is done in any subframe (or subfield) SF1 through SF3
- the gray level 1, 2, and 4 correspond to the case when sustain emissions of only one subframe SF1, SF2, or SF3 are done
- the gray level 3, 5 and 6 correspond to the case when sustain emissions of two subframes SF1 and SF2, SF1 and SF3, or SF2 and SF3 are done
- the gray level 7 corresponds to the case when sustain emissions of all the subframes SF1 through SF3 are done.
- the number of sustain emissions in each subframe is so set that the number of pulses in an arbitrary subframe is two times the number of pulses in the subframe next brighter than the former.
- the number of sustain emissions in each subframe is so set that the brightness of an arbitrary subframe is two times the brightness of the subframe next brighter than the former.
- the dashed line indicates the relation before the optimization and the solid line indicates the relation after the optimization.
- the embodiment shown in Fig. 8 has advantage that it does not need complex calculations, but lacks linearity in higher gray levels when the linearity of the brightness B of the panel with respect to the number P of sustain discharge pulses is low.
- the numbers of sustain emissions of each subframe are like a geometric series (1, 2, 4, 8, ...) in the conventional gray scale controlling method, whereas the numbers of sustain emissions of each subframe is set on the basis of the brightness of the each subframe in the embodiment's gray scale controlling method for the plasma display device. Therefore, the numbers of sustain emissions of each,subframe are not like a geometric series in the inventive gray scale controlling method for a plasma display device. Namely, the number of sustain emissions in each subframe is set in an anti-geometrical progression, or the number of sustain emissions in each subframe is not determined in accordance with any mathematical relationship.
- Figure 9 shows another embodiment of a gray scale controlling method for a plasma display device in accordance with the invention
- Fig. 10 is a diagram for explaining still another embodiment of a gray scale controlling method for a plasma display device in accordance with the invention.
- the axis of ordinates indicates the brightness B [cd/mxm]
- the axis of abscissas indicates the gray level.
- the difference between a calculated brightness and a target brightness in a certain gray level X in a certain sustain pulse number ratio to be bx it is possible to find the numbers (P1, P2, P3) of sustain pulses of each subframe, for example, in the 8 gray scales in the following procedure.
- the optimum numbers of sustain pulses are such, P1, P2, and P3, as to minimize bS1 in the equation (12) which satisfies the conditions of the equations (4) to (11) when the equation (1) is obtained in first by actual measurement and the equation (2) is set.
- the numbers of sustain emissions of each subframe in case when the sum of the squares of errors in each gray level with respect to the ideal values becomes minimum is calculated on the basis of data of the brightness actually measured for the numbers of sustain emissions.
- the calculations are complex as compared with the embodiment shown in Fig. 8, but a result very close to optimum can be found.
- the numbers of sustain emissions of each subframe in case when the sum of the squares of errors in each gray level with respect to the ideal values becomes minimum is calculated in the equation (12)
- the equation (13) instead of the equation (12)
- the numbers of sustain emissions of each subframe in case when the sum of the absolute values of errors in each gray level with respect to the ideal values becomes minimum is calculated on the basis of data of the brightness actually measured for the numbers of sustain emissions.
- equation (12) or (13) When the equation (12) or (13) is used, there is the possibility of bring about the situation in which for the brightness of an arbitrary gray level, the brightness of the gray level next larger than the former exceeds that of the former.
- equation (14) indicates that the number of pulses of an arbitrary subframe exceeds the sum of the numbers of the pulses of the subframes which has less pulses than the former subframe. That is, it is possible to make such arrangement that for the brightness of the first subframe with an arbitrary gray level, the brightness of the second subframe which has a next larger gray level than the first subframe never exceeds that of the first subframe.
- the number of sustain pulses of each subframe may be increased.
- the number of sustain pulses which can be included in a limited time within a vertical synchronous period has a limitation.
- the number of pulses of SF3 is set for 60 in the embodiment in Fig. 9. That is, an arrangement may be so made that the sum of the numbers of sustain emissions of one or two subframes in a plurality of subframes, or the sum of the numbers of sustain emissions of two or three subframes is specified. Note that, when the number of the subframes is increased, the number of the subframes to be specified the sum becomes increased.
- the maximum brightness f1(P1+P2+P3) is first set, and then P1, P2 and P3 in case when bS1 of the equation (12) or bS2 of the equation (13) which satisfies the conditions of the equations (3) to (10) becomes minimum are found, the resultant values being the optimum number of sustain pulses.
- the brightness of the gray level 7 is set for 140 cd/mxm. Namely, an arrangement may be so made that the brightness of the subframe with the maximum gray level is specified.
- FIGS. 11A and 11B are block diagrams showing an embodiment of a plasma display device to which the presently-proposed gray scale controlling method for a plasma display device is applied.
- reference numeral 10 denotes a control circuit
- 11 denotes a display data controller
- 12 denotes a frame memory
- 13 denotes a panel drive controller
- 14 denotes a scan driver controller
- 15 denotes a common driver controller.
- reference numeral 21 denotes an address driver
- 22 denotes a X driver
- 23 denotes a Y scan driver
- 30 denotes a plasma display panel (PDP).
- reference numeral 41 denotes a high-tension input for driving
- 42 denotes a consumed current detecting circuit
- 43 denotes an AID converter
- 44 denotes an automatic power controller (APC).
- reference numeral 51 denotes a brightness controller
- 52 denotes an A/D converter
- 53 denotes a number-of-sustain-pulse pattern selection signal external input section
- 54 denotes a number-of-sustain-pulse pattern selecting adder
- 55 denotes a ROM (read only memory)
- 56 denotes a number-of-sustain-pulse-by-SF external input section.
- reference marks SW1 and SW2 denote selection switches.
- the data of the numbers of sustain discharge pulses which are calculated through the above described gray scale controlling method for a plasma display device are stored in ROM 55.
- the data of the numbers of sustain discharge pulses which are output from ROM 55 are supplied to the common driver controller 15 in the control circuit 10, which output control signals for sustain discharge pulses of each subframe by a specified number from ROM 55 in a prescribed timing to the X driver 22 and Y driver 24.
- the X driver 22 and Y driver 24 output high-tension panel driving pulses on the basis of the control signals supplied from the control circuit 10. That is, the numbers of sustain emissions in each subframe are set in ROM 55 and are read therefrom as occasion demands.
- a memory for setting and storing the numbers of sustain emissions in each subframe can be constituted by the vacant area of the driving waveform memory device 55 in the plasma display device.
- Brightness information set by the brightness controller 51 is converted by the A/D converter 52 into a digital signal, which serves as ROM address signal and selects number-of-sustain-emission data. That is, an arrangement can be so made that one piece is selected by the brightness controller 51 out of information about the numbers of sustain emissions of each subframe which is set in ROM. This enables the user to adjust the brightness to the operating circumstance of the device.
- information from an external device instead of information by the brightness controller 51 can be let in via a number-of-sustain-pulse pattern selection signal external input section 53.
- information on the number of sustain emissions of a frame may be set as a plurality of combinations in ROM 55, and any one among the plurality of combinations may be selected by means of selection signals supplied from outside of the plasma display device. This enables the remote control of brightness adjustment and so forth.
- the power supplying route is provided with a consumed current detecting circuit 42 using well known technology, so that the consumed current is controlled and limited to below the set value by limiting the brightness when the consumed current exceeds a prescribed value because of the increase of a display rate and the like.
- automatic power controller (consumed current controller means) 44 for controlling the consumed current in the number-of-sustain-pulse pattern selecting adder and write the result in ROM 55, it becomes possible to achieve smooth gray scale control limiting the consumed current to below a certain value. Namely, it is possible to make the consumed power constant regardless of the change of a display rate.
- the above described plasma display device is so arranged that each control is achieved on the basis of information in ROM (55) provided within the main body of the plasma display device.
- the life span of a plasma display device is generally defined as halving of brightness.
- shifting the points of contact of the selection switch SW2 from side (1) to side (2) enables the external input of the number of sustain pulses by subframe (or subfield), and eventually enables real-time alteration of the number of sustain discharge pulses.
- a surface-discharge AC plasma display device with three-electrode structure has been described in detail as an example to which the presently-proposed gray scale controlling method for a plasma display device is applied.
- an embodiment of the present invention can be applied to, for example, two-electrode facing-discharge plasma display devices and other plasma display devices.
- the number of sustain emissions in each subframe is set individually by the each subframe. This establishes a linear relation between the gray level and the corresponding brightness and enables the enhancement of display quality of the plasma display device.
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Claims (10)
- Verfahren zur Steuerung der Grauskala einer Plasmaanzeigevorrichtung, welche durch separierende Adreßperioden getrieben wird, bei welcher Anzeigedaten, die zur Aufrechterhaltung einer Entladung notwendig sind, in den Schirm geschrieben werden von Aufrechterhaltung-Entladungsperioden, in denen eine Aufrechterhaltung-Entladung für Lichtemission wiederholt werden, mit den folgenden Schritte:Formen eines Rahmens für ein Bild durch eine Vielzahl von Subrahmen, die jeweils einen spezifischen Gewichtungswert haben; undAnzeigen eines Bildes auf der Plasmaanzeigevorrichtung durch optionales Kombinieren von Graupegeln der genannten Vielzahl von Subrahmen; dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß:ein Verhältnis der Zahl von Aufrechterhaltung-Emissionen von jedem Subrahmen so kalkuliert wird, daß es im wesentlichen das Verhältnis von Helligkeit der genannten Vielzahl von Subrahmen korrespondierend macht mit einem Verhältnis der spezifischen Gewichtungswerte der genannten Vielzahl von Subrahmen, wobei ein Verhältnis von Zahlen von Aufrechterhaltung-Emissionen der genannten Vielzahl von Subrahmen nicht koinzident ist mit dem Verhältnis der spezifischen Gewichtungswerte der Vielzahl von Subrahmen.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, bei dem die Zahl der Aufrechterhaltung-Emissionen von jedem Subrahmen so berechnet ist, daß die Summe der Fehlerquadrate mit den idealen Werten in jedem Graupegel zu einem Minimum wird, um die Relation zwischen dem Graupegel und der entsprechenden Helligkeit linear zu machen.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, bei dem die Helligkeit von jedem Subrahmen der genannten Vielzahl von Subrahmen, welcher einen nächst höheren Graupegel als denjenigen von einem anderen Subrahmen der genannten Vielzahl von Subrahmen hat, nicht die Helligkeit des genannten anderen Subrahmens überschreitet, für die Helligkeit von dem genannten anderen Subrahmen mit dem genannten beliebigen Graupegel hat.
- 'Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, bei dem die Summe der Zahl von Aufrechterhaltung-Emissionen von mehreren Subrahmen in der genannten Mehrzahl von Subrahmen spezifiziert ist.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, bei dem die Helligkeit eines optionalen Subrahmens in der genannten Vielzahl von Subrahmen spezifiziert ist.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, bei dem die Zahl von Aufrechterhaltung-Emissionen von jedem Subrahmen so berechnet ist, daß die Summe der absoluten werte der Fehler mit den idealen Werten in jedem genannten Graupegel minimal wird, um die Relation zwischen dem Graupegel und der entsprechenden Helligkeit linear zu machen.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, bei dem die Helligkeit des genannten Subrahmens, der einen nächst höheren Graupegel als denjenigen eines anderen Subrahmens hat, nicht die Helligkeit des anderen Subrahmens überschreitet, für die Helligkeit des anderen Subrahmens der den genannten beliebigen Graupegel hat.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, bei dem die Summe der Zahl von Aufrechterhaltung-Emissionen von mehreren Subrahmen in der genannten Vielzahl von Subrahmen spezifiziert ist.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, bei dem die Helligkeit eines optionalen Subrahmens in der genannten Mehrzahl von Subrahmen spezifiziert ist.
- Plasmaanzeigevorrichtung mit wenigstens einem Paar von Elektroden zur Durchführung einer Entladeoperation, welche Plasmaanzeigevorrichtung getrieben wird durch separierende Adreßperioden, bei denen Anzeigedaten, die für die Aufrechterhaltung der Entladung notwendig sind, in den Schirm geschrieben werden, von Aufrechterhaltung-Entladungsperioden, in denen eine Aufrechterhaltung-Entladung für Lichtemission wiederholt wird, wobei ein Rahmen ein Bild formt, das aus einer Mehrzahl von Subrahmen gebildet wird, die jeweils einen Gewichtungswert haben, und ein Bild der Plasmaanzeigevorrichtung durch optionales Kombinieren von Graupegeln der genannten Mehrzahl von Subrahmen angezeigt wird;
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Verhältnis der Zahl von Aufrechterhaltung-Emissionen von jedem Subrahmen so berechnet wird, daß im wesentlichen ein Verhältnis der Helligkeit der genannten Mehrzahl von Subrahmen einem Verhältnis der jeweiligen Gewichtungswerte der Mehrzahl von Subrahmen entspricht und ein Verhältnis der Zahl von Aufrechterhaltung-Emissionen der genannten Mehrzahl von Subrahmen nicht koinzident ist mit dem Verhältnis der jeweiligen Gewichtungswerte der genannten Mehrzahl von Subrahmen.
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JP5288345A JP2856241B2 (ja) | 1993-11-17 | 1993-11-17 | プラズマディスプレイ装置の階調制御方法 |
JP28834593 | 1993-11-17 | ||
JP288345/93 | 1993-11-17 | ||
EP94300695A EP0653740B1 (de) | 1993-11-17 | 1994-01-31 | Graustufensteuerung für Plasma-Anzeigevorrichtungen |
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KR100667540B1 (ko) * | 2005-04-07 | 2007-01-12 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 플라즈마 디스플레이 장치 및 그의 구동 방법 |
JP4653146B2 (ja) * | 2007-07-25 | 2011-03-16 | 日立プラズマディスプレイ株式会社 | プラズマディスプレイ装置及びその制御方法 |
KR20090125497A (ko) * | 2008-06-02 | 2009-12-07 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 플라즈마 디스플레이 장치 및 그의 구동 방법 |
JP4653233B2 (ja) * | 2009-11-19 | 2011-03-16 | 日立プラズマディスプレイ株式会社 | プラズマディスプレイ装置及びその表示方法 |
JP4564095B2 (ja) * | 2009-11-19 | 2010-10-20 | 日立プラズマディスプレイ株式会社 | プラズマディスプレイ装置 |
JP4653246B2 (ja) * | 2010-04-16 | 2011-03-16 | 日立プラズマディスプレイ株式会社 | プラズマディスプレイ装置及びその表示方法 |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3259253B2 (ja) * | 1990-11-28 | 2002-02-25 | 富士通株式会社 | フラット型表示装置の階調駆動方法及び階調駆動装置 |
-
1993
- 1993-11-17 JP JP5288345A patent/JP2856241B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1994
- 1994-01-31 DE DE69431681T patent/DE69431681T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-01-31 EP EP98203252A patent/EP0887785B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-01-31 EP EP94300695A patent/EP0653740B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-01-31 DE DE69424122T patent/DE69424122T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-01-31 KR KR1019940001769A patent/KR970000911B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69431681T2 (de) | 2003-03-13 |
EP0887785A2 (de) | 1998-12-30 |
EP0653740B1 (de) | 2000-04-26 |
EP0653740A2 (de) | 1995-05-17 |
JP2856241B2 (ja) | 1999-02-10 |
DE69431681D1 (de) | 2002-12-12 |
EP0887785A3 (de) | 2000-03-29 |
DE69424122D1 (de) | 2000-05-31 |
EP0653740A3 (de) | 1996-06-26 |
KR970000911B1 (ko) | 1997-01-21 |
JPH07140928A (ja) | 1995-06-02 |
DE69424122T2 (de) | 2001-02-01 |
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