Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/38—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
  • A61K31/67—Phosphorus compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
  • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
  • A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/1629—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/1641—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyethylene glycol, poloxamers
  • A61K9/1647—Polyesters, e.g. poly(lactide-co-glycolide)
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
  • A61P19/10—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease for osteoporosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
  • A61K47/36—Polysaccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. gums, starch, alginate, dextrin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, inulin, agar or pectin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/2031—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, poloxamers

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical com ⁇ position having an enhanced osteogenetic promoting activity comprising a non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance and a biodegradable polymer, which is a useful agent for treating and/or preventing bone diseases.
• the bone diseases can occur in all classes of people due to various causes of sports and traffic accidents. And, since it usually takes a long time to heal them, the bone diseases bring significantly hamperings to the patient's normal daily life. In recent years, the number of osteoporosis patients has increased with the aging of population. So, an incidence of limb bone fractures associated with osteoporosis has markedly increased in proportion to it. Femoral neck bone fracture, in particular, necessitates long-term hospitalization and often brings about internal complications including dementia caused by long-term hospitalization, and pose major social and economic problems. It is an urgent task to allow bone fracture patients to be early discharged from the hospital.
• Bone fracture healing is a form of wound healing char ⁇ acterized by local occurrence and progression.
• various local factors function well at the site of fracture to promote the healing in ⁇ i ⁇ o .
• Such factors include peptide-type bioactive substances such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and transforming growth factors (TGFs), which have been reported to promote osteogenesis in animal models "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, vol. 87, pp. 2220-2224 (1990), and Endocrinology, vol. 124, pp. 2991-2993 (1989)".
• BMPs bone morphogenetic proteins
• TGFs transforming growth factors
• non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance for example, prostaglandin Ai derivatives, vitamin D 3 derivatives, benzylphosphonic acid derivatives, phenolsulfophthalenic acid derivatives have been reported.
• the above-mentioned peptide-type bioactive substances are peptides or proteins exceeding 5,000 in molecular weight, and are rapidly metabolized in vivo and lacking stability. With this in mind, some preparations have been produced in an attempt to obtain satisfactory stability, 0 but all failed to achieve sufficient osteogenetic promoting activity, and there are no preparations satisfactory as to quality etc. "Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol. 278, pp. 274-285". Also, the above-mentioned non- peptide osteogenetic promoting substance are not clinically 5 effective in terms of osteogenetic promoting activity for bone fracture healing.
• the present inventors made extensive investigation to resolve these problems, and found that an agent for 5 treating bone disease comprising a non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance and a biodegradable polymer unexpect ⁇ edly serves very well to promote bone fracture healing, with an enhanced osteogenetic promoting activity of the non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance, than when Q administered alone.
• the present inventors made further investigation based on this finding, and developed the present invention.
• the present invention relates to:
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a non-pep- 5 tide osteogenetic promoting substance and a biodegradable polymer.
• a pharmaceutical composition according to (1) which further comprises a phosphoric acid or its salt,
• a pharmaceutical composition according to (1) which is used for promotion of bone fracture healing
• a pharmaceutical composition according to (1) which is a sustained-release preparation
• ring A is an optionally substituted benzene ring ;
• R is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group;
• B is an optionally esterified or amidated carboxyl group;
• X is -CH(OH)- or -CO-;
• k is 0 or 1; and
• k' is 0, 1 or 2, or its salt,
• ring A is a benzene ring which may be substituted by 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen, C ⁇ - ⁇ o alkyl, Ci-io alkoxy, -O- (CH 2 ) n -0- wherein n is 1 to 3 and C ⁇ _ ⁇ o alkylthio,
• Ri is hydrogen atom or a Ci-irj alkyl group
• R 2 is (i) a phenyl or phenyl-C ⁇ - 3 alkyl group which may be substituted by a halogen, C ⁇ _ 6 alkoxy, mono- or di-C ⁇ - 6 alkoxyphosphoryl, mono- or di-C ⁇ - 6 alkoxyphosphoryl-C ⁇ _ 3
• alkyl -CH 2 - p wherein p is 2 to 4 or C 1 - 6 alkoxycarbonyl or (ii) a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group containing 1 or 2 nitrogen atom(s) or 1 nitrogen atom and 1 sulfur atom, which may be substituted by a phenyl,
• R 3 is a lower alkyl group
• R 4 and R 5 are independently a lower alkyl group or bind together to form a lower alkylene group
• (21) a pharmaceutical composition according to (17), wherein the biodegradable polymer is a lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer
• (22) a pharmaceutical composition according to (21), wherein the ratio of lactic aicd/glycolic acid is about 90/10 to 50/50 (w/w) and the weight-average molecular weight is about 8000 to 50000,
• an agent for treating or preventing bone diseases with enhanced osteogenetic promoting activity which comprises a non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance and a biodegradable polymer, and so on.
• Useful non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substances of the present invention include the sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds such as (2R,4S)-(-)-N-[4-
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may contain one or more non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substances described above for active ingredient.
• non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substances a compound represented by the following formula (I) or a salt thereof is preferably used for the present invention.
• ring A is an optionally substituted benzene ring;
• R is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group;
• B is an optionally esterified or amidated carboxyl group;
• X is -CH(OH)- or -CO-;
• k is 0 or 1; and
• k' is 0, 1 or 2, or its salt.
• the substituent of the substituted benzene represented by ring A is exempli ⁇ fied by halogen atoms, nitro groups, optionally substituted alkyl groups, optionally substituted hydroxyl groups, optionally substituted thiol groups, optionally substituted amino groups, acyl groups, mono- or di-alkoxyphosphoryl groups, phosphono groups, optionally substituted aryl groups, optionally substituted aralkyl groups and optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic groups.
• substituents 1 to 4, preferably 1 or 2, whether identical or not, may be present on the benzene ring.
• the halogen atoms include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
• the alkyl groups of the optionally substituted alkyl groups include alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl and decyl, and cycloalkyl groups having 3 to 7 carbon atoms such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl.
• alkyl groups may be substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine), hydroxyl groups, alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, hexyloxy), mono- or di- C ⁇ - 6 alkoxyphosphoryl groups (e.g. methoxyphosphoryl, ethoxyphosphoryl, dimethoxyphosphoryl, diethoxyphosphoryl) and phosphono groups.
• halogen atoms e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
• hydroxyl groups e.g., alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, hexyloxy)
• mono- or di- C ⁇ - 6 alkoxyphosphoryl groups e.g. methoxyphosphoryl, ethoxy
• the substituted alkyl groups include trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, trichloromethyl, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxy- ethyl, methoxyethyl, 1-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2,2- diethoxyethyl, 2-diethoxyphosphorylethyl, phosphonomethyl and so on.
• the substituted hydroxyl groups include alkoxy groups, alkenyloxy groups, aralkyloxy groups, acyloxy groups, aryloxy groups and so on.
• Preferable alkoxy groups are alkoxy groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, heptyloxy, nonyloxy) and cycloalkoxy groups having 4 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., cyclobutoxy, cyclopentoxy, cyclohexyloxy) .
• Preferable alkenyloxy groups are alkenyloxy groups having 2 to 10 carbon atoms such as allyloxy, crotyloxy, 2-pentenyloxy, 3-hexenyloxy, 2-cyclo- pentenylmethoxy and 2-cyclohexenylmethoxy.
• Preferable aralkyloxy groups are aralkyloxy groups having 6 to 19 car ⁇ bon atoms, with greater preference given to C 6 - 1 aryl-C ⁇ _ 4 alkyloxy groups (e.g., benzyloxy, phenethyloxy) .
• Prefer ⁇ able acyloxy groups are alkanoyloxy groups such as those having 2 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., acetyloxy, propionyloxy, n-butyryloxy, hexanoyloxy) .
• Preferable aryloxy groups are aryloxy groups having 6 to 14 carbon atoms (e.g., phenoxy, biphenyloxy) . Further, these groups may be substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the above-mentioned halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, mono- or i-C ⁇ - 6 alkoxyphosphoryl groups, etc.
• the substituted hydroxyl groups include trifluoromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, difluoromethoxy, 2-methoxyethoxy, 4-chlorobenzyloxy and 2-(3,4- dimethoxyphenyl)ethoxy, and so on.
• the substituted thiol groups include alkylthio groups, aralkylthio groups and acylthio groups.
• Preferable alkyl ⁇ thio groups are alkylthio groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, butylthio, pentylthio, hexylthio, heptylthio, nonylthio) and cycloalkylthio groups having 4 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., cyclobutylthio, cyclopentylthio, cyclohexylthio) .
• aralkylthio groups are aralkylthio groups having 7 to 19 carbon atoms, more preferably C ⁇ - 14 aryl-C ⁇ - 4 alkylthio groups such as benzylthio and phenethylthio.
• acylthio groups are alkanoylthio groups such as those having 2 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., acetylthio, propionylthio, n-butyrylthio, hexanoylthio) .
• these substituted thiol groups may be substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the above-mentioned halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, mono- or di-C ⁇ _ 6 alkoxyphosphoryl groups, etc.
• the substituted thiol groups include tri- fluoromethylthio, 2,2,2-trifluoroethylthio, 2-methoxyethyl- thio, 4-chlorobenzylthio, 3,4-dichlorobenzylthio, 4-fluoro- benzylthio, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylthio, and so on.
• substituents of the substituted amino groups there may be used 1 or 2 identical or different substituents se ⁇ lected from the above-mentioned alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl groups having 2 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., allyl, vinyl, 2-penten-l-yl, 3-penten-l-yl, 2-hexen- 1-yl, 3-hexen-l-yl, 2-cyclohexenyl, 2-cyclopentenyl, 2- methyl-2-propen-l-yl, 3-methyl-2-buten-l-yl) , aryl groups having 6 to 14 carbon atoms (e.g.
• phenyl, naphthyl and aralkyl groups having 7 to 19 carbon atoms (e.g. benzyl). These substituents may be substituted by the above- mentioned halogen atoms, alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, mono- or di-C ⁇ -6 alkoxyphosphoryl groups, phosphono groups, etc..
• the substituted amino groups include methylamino, dimethylamino, ethylamino, diethylamino, dibutylamino, diallylamino, cyclohexylamino, phenylamino, N-methyl-N-phenylamino, N-methyl-N-(4- chlorobenzyl)amino and N,N-di(2-methoxyethyl)amino, and so on.
• the acyl groups include organic carboxylic acid acyl groups and sulfonic acid acyl groups with a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, hexyl, phenyl).
• Useful organic carboxylic acyl groups are formyl, C ⁇ _ ⁇ o alkyl-carbonyl groups (e.g., acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, valeryl, pivaloyl, hexanoyl, octanoyl, cyclobutanecarbonyl, cyclohexanecarbonyl, cycloheptanecarbonyl) , C 2 - 10 alkenyl-carbonyl groups (e.g., crotonyl, 2-cyclohexenecarbonyl) , C 6 - 14 aryl-carbonyl groups (e.g., benzoyl), C 7 - 19 aralkyl-carbonyl groups (e.g., benzylcarbonyl, benzhydrylcarbonyl) , 5- or 6- membered aromatic heterocyclic carbonyl groups (e.g, nicotinoyl, 4-thiazolylcarbonyl) and 5- or
• Useful sulfonic acyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms are methanesulfonyl and ethanesulfonyl. These acyl groups may be substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the above-mentioned halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, amino groups, etc..
• the substituted acyl groups include trifluoroacetyl, trichloroacetyl, 4-methoxybutyryl, 3-cyclohexyloxypropionyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl and 3,4-di- methoxybenzoyl, and so on.
• the mono- or di-alkoxyphosphoryl groups include mono- Ci_6 alkoxyphosphoryl groups such as methoxyphosphoryl, ethoxyphosphoryl, propoxyphosphoryl, isopropoxyphosphoryl, butoxyphosphoryl, pentyloxyphosphoryl and hexyloxyphosphoryl, and di-C ⁇ _ 6 alkoxyphosphoryl groups such as dimethoxyphosphoryl, diethoxyphosphoryl, dipropoxy- phosphoryl, diisopropoxyphosphoryl, dibutoxyphosphoryl, dipentyloxyphosphoryl and dihexyloxyphosphoryl, with pref ⁇ erence given to di-C ⁇ -6 alkoxyphosphoryl groups such as dimethoxyphosphoryl, diethoxyphosphoryl, dipropoxyphosphoryl, diisopropoxyphosphoryl, ethylenedioxyphosphoryl, dibutoxyphosphoryl, etc.
• the aryl groups of the optionally substituted aryl groups include aryl groups having 6 to 14 carbon atoms such as phenyl, naphthyl and anthryl. These aryl groups may be substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the above- mentioned alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, etc..
• the substituted aryl groups include 4-chlorophenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 4-cyclohexyl- phenyl and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl.
• the aralkyl groups of the optionally substituted aralkyl groups include aralkyl groups having 7 to 19 carbon atoms such as benzyl, naphthylethyl and trityl. These aralkyl groups may be substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the above-mentioned alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, etc. on the aromatic ring.
• the substituted aralkyl groups include 4-chlorobenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 4-cyclohexylbenzyl and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthylethyl.
• the aromatic heterocyclic groups of the optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic groups include 5- to 6- membered aromatic heterocyclic groups having 1 to 4 atoms of nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulfur, such as furyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl and thiadiazolyl.
• aromatic heterocyclic groups may be substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the above-mentioned alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, etc..
• substituents selected from the above-mentioned alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, etc.
• two alkyl groups are present as mutually adjoining substituents on the benzene ring A, they may bind together to form an alkylene group represented by the formula: -(CH 2 ) - wherein m is an integer from 3 to 5 (e.g., trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene) .
• alkoxy groups are present as mutually adjoining substituents on the benzene ring A, they may bind together to form an alkylenedioxy group represented by the formula: -O-(CH2) n ⁇ 0 ⁇ wherein n is an integer from 1 to 3 (e.g., methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, trimethylenedioxy) .
• n is an integer from 1 to 3 (e.g., methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, trimethylenedioxy) .
• a 5- to 7-membered ring is formed in cooperation with carbon atoms of the benzene ring.
• R is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group.
• the hydrocarbon group of the optionally substituted hydrocarbon group represented by R is exemplified by the above-mentioned alkyl groups (preferably alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms), alkenyl groups (preferably alkenyl groups having 2 to 10 carbon atoms), aryl groups (preferably aryl groups having 6 to 14 carbon atoms) and aralkyl groups (preferably aralkyl groups having 7 to 19 carbon atoms).
• Useful substituents on the hydrocarbon group include the above-mentioned 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic groups, halogen atoms, di-C ⁇ - 6 alkoxyphosphoryl groups and phosphono groups.
• R are an unsubstituted alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl. propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, neopentyl and hexyl.
• B is an optionally esterified or amidated carboxyl group.
• the esterified carboxyl group represented by B is exemplified by alkoxycarbonyl group, preferably C ⁇ _ ⁇ o al- koxy-carbonyl groups (e.g., methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycar- bonyl, propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl) , aryloxy-carbonyl groups, preferably Ce-i 4 aryloxy-carbonyl groups (e.g., phenoxycarbonyl), and aralkyloxycarbonyl groups, preferably C7- 1 9 aralkyloxy-carbonyl groups (e.g., benzyloxycarbonyl) .
• amidated carboxyl group represented by B is exemplified by an optionally substituted carbamoyl group represented by the formula: -CO (Ri) (R 2 ) wherein Ri and R 2 independently are a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group or an optionally substituted 5- to 7-membered heterocyclic group.
• the hydrocarbon group of the optionally substituted hydrocarbon group represented by Ri or R 2 is exemplified by the above-mentioned alkyl groups, preferably alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl), alkenyl groups, preferably those having 2 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., allyl, vinyl, 2-penten-l-yl, 3-penten-l-yl, 2- hexen-1-yl, 3-hexen-l-yl, 2-cyclohexenyl, 2-cyclopentenyl, 2-methyl-2-propen-l-yl, 3-methyl-2-buten-l-yl
• hydrocarbon groups may be substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine), hydroxyl groups, alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy), amino groups which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., amino, methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, dipropylamino) , amino groups substituted by C ⁇ _ ⁇ o acyl groups (e.g., acetylamino, propionylamino, benzoylamino) , carbamoyl groups which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., carbamoyl, methylcarbamoyl,
• mono- or di-C ⁇ - 6 alkoxyphosphoryl groups such as dimethoxyphosphoryl, diethoxyphosphoryl, ethylenedioxyphosphoryl
• mono- or di-alkoxyphosphorylalkyl groups e.g. mono- or di-C ⁇ - 6 alkoxyphosphoryl-C ⁇ _ 3 alkyl groups such as methoxyphosphorylmethyl, ethoxyphosphorylmethyl, methoxyphosphorylethyl, ethoxyphosphorylethyl, dimethoxyphosphorylmethyl, diethoxyphosphorylmethyl, dimethoxyphosphoryethyl, diethoxyphosphoryethyl
• the 5- to 7-membered heterocyclic group of the optionally substituted 5- to 7-membered heterocyclic group represented by Ri or R 2 is exemplified by 5- to 7-membered heterocyclic groups containing a sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen atom, 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic groups containing 2 to 4 nitrogen atoms, and 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic groups containing 1 or 2 nitrogen atom(s) and a sulfur or oxygen atom.
• heterocyclic groups may be condensed with a 6- membered ring containing 2 or fewer nitrogen atoms, a benzene ring or a 5-membered ring containing a sulfur atom.
• substituents of the substituted 5- to 7-membered heterocyclic group represented by Ri and R 2 there may be used 1 to 4 of the same substituents as those for the substituted hydrocarbon group represented by Ri and R 2 above.
• Preferable examples of the 5- to 7-membered heterocy ⁇ project group represented by Ri and R 2 include 2-pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidyl, benzopyranyl, 1,8-naphthyridyl, quinolyl, thieno[2,3-b]pyridyl, tetra- zolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazinyl, triazolyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, furyl, pyrrolidinyl, benzo ⁇ thienyl, indolyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidyl, piperidino, piperazinyl, morpholinyl and morpholino.
• -NR ⁇ (R 2 ) may form a 5- to 7-membered ring by binding together with Ri and R 2 .
• Such rings include morpholine, piperidine, thiomorpholine, homopiperidine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, thiazolidine and azepine.
• the substituted alkyl groups as preferable examples of the optionally substituted hydrocarbon group represented by Ri and R 2 include trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, difluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-methoxy- ethyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, 2,2-dimethoxyethyl, 2,2-diethoxy- ethyl, 2-pyridylmethyl, 3-pyridylmethyl, 4-pyridylmethyl, 2-(2-thienyl)ethyl, 3-(3-furyl)propyl, 2-morpholinoethyl, 3-pyrrolylbutyl, 2-piperidinoethyl, 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)- ethyl, 2-(N-methyl-N-ethylamino)ethyl, 2-(N,N-diisopropyl- amino)ethyl, 5-(N,N-dimethylamin
• the preferable substituted aralkyl groups include 4- chlorobenzyl, 3-(2-fluorophenyl)propyl, 3-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl, 4-ethylbenzyl, 4-(3- trifluoromethylphenyl)butyl, 4-acetylaminobenzyl, 4- dimethylaminophenethyl, 4-diethoxyphosphorylbenzyl and 2- (4-dipropoxyphosphorylmethylphenyl)ethyl.
• the preferable substituted aryl groups include 4-chlorophenyl, 4- cyclohexylphenyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl, 3- trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl, 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl, 4-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)phenyl, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl, 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl, 4-propionylphenyl, 4-cyclohexanecarbonylphenyl, 4-dimethyl- aminophenyl, 4-benzoylaminophenyl, 4-diethoxycarbamoyl- phenyl, 4-tert-butoxycarbonylphenyl, 4-diethoxyphosphoryl- phenyl, 4-diethoxyphosphorylmethylphenyl, 4-(2-diethoxy- phosphorylethyl)phenyl, 2-
• the preferable substituted 5- to 7- membered heterocyclic groups include 5-chloro-2-pyridyl, 3- methoxy-2-pyridyl, 5-methyl-2-benzothiazolyl, 5-methyl-4- phenyl-2-thiazolyl, 3-phenyl-5-isoxazolyl, 4-(4- chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2-oxazolyl, 3-phenyl-l,2,4- thiadiazol-5-yl, 5-methyl-l,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl, 5- acetylamino-2-pyrimidyl, 3-methyl-2-thienyl, 4,5-dimethyl- 2-furanyl and 4-methyl-2-morpholinyl.
• ring A is preferably a benzene ring which may be substituted by 1 or more, more preferably 1 or 2 substituents selected from ⁇ halogen atoms, (D optionally substituted alkyl groups, optionally substituted hydroxyl groups, ® optionally substituted thiol groups and/or (5) optionally substituted amino groups.
• ring A is a benzene ring which may be substituted by 1 or 2 substituents selected from the above- mentioned halogen atoms, alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (furthermore preferably 1 to 5 carbon atoms), alkoxy groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (furthermore preferably 1 to 5 carbon atoms), alkylenedioxy groups represented by the formula: -0-(CH2) n -0- wherein n is an integer from 1 to 3, and/or alkylthio groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (furthermore preferably 1 to 5 carbon atoms).
• substituents selected from the above- mentioned halogen atoms, alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (furthermore preferably 1 to 5 carbon atoms), alkoxy groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (furthermore preferably 1 to 5 carbon atoms), alkylenedioxy groups represented by the formula: -0-(CH2) n -0- wherein
• ring A is a benzene ring which may be substituted by an alkylenedioxy group represented by the formula: -0-(CH2) n _ 0- wherein n is an integer from 1 to 3.
• B is preferably an alkoxy-carbonyl group or a group represented by the formula: -CON(R ⁇ )(R 2 ) wherein Ri and R 2 independently are a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group or an optionally substituted 5- to 7-membered heterocyclic group.
• Ri is preferably a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl), and R 2 is preferably a phenyl or phenyl-C ⁇ - 3 alkyl group which may be substituted by a halogen atom (e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine), a Ci-e alkoxy (e.g.
• a mono- or di- alkoxyphosphoryl preferablly a mono- or di-C ⁇ - 6 alkoxyphosphoryl such as diethoxyphosphoryl
• a mono- or di-alkoxyphosphorylalkyl preferablly a mono- or di-C ⁇ - 6 alkoxyphosphoryl-C ⁇ - 3 alkyl such as diethoxyphosphoryl- methyl
• a C ⁇ -6 alkoxycarbonyl e.g. methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl
• a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group e.g. pyridyl which may be substituted by a phenyl and that contains 1 or 2 nitrogen atom(s) or a nitrogen atom and a sulfur atom.
• Ri and R 2 is "Ri is a hydrogen atom, and R 2 is a phenyl group substituted by a mono- or di-C ⁇ - 6 alkoxyphosphoryl-C ⁇ - 3 alkyl (e.g. 4- diethoxyphosphorylmethylphenyl)".
• X is -CH(OH)- or - CO-, preferablly -CO-.
• R is preferably a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g. methyl, ethyl) or a phenyl group.
• the compound (I) is preferably an optically active compound represented by the formula (II):
• R 3 is a lower alkyl group
• R 4 and R 5 independently are a lower alkyl group or bind together to form a lower alkylene group.
• the lower alkyl group represented by R 3 , R 4 or R 5 in the formula (II) is exemplified by alkyl groups having 1 to 6 (preferably 1 to 4) carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl and hexyl.
• R 4 and R 5 may bind together to form a lower alkylene group. In this case,
• p may represent a moiety:
• p is an integer from 2 to 4.
• Preferable groups for R 3 , R 4 and R 5 include alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as methyl and ethyl.
• the compound (II) is an optically active compound of the (2R,4S) configuration, and contains substantially no compound of the (2S,4R) configuration.
• the compound (II) of which optical purity is nearly 100% is preferable.
• the compound (II) is, for example, (2R,4S)-(-)-N-[4-(diethoxyphosphorylmethyl)phenyl]-1,2,4,5- tetrahydro-4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5-oxo-3-benzo- thiepine-2-carboxamide (hereinafter also referred to as compound A) .
• the salt of a non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance of the present invention is preferably a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include salts with inorganic bases, salts with organic bases and salts with basic or acidic amino acids.
• Inorganic bases capable for forming such salts include alkali metals (e.g., sodium, potassium) and alkaline earth metals (e.g., calcium, magnesium), such organic bases include trimethylamine, triethylamine, pyridine, picoline, N,N-dibenzylethylenediamine and diethanolamine
• such inorganic acids include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid
• such organic acids include formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p- tol
• the non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance for the present invention can be produced by, for example, the commonly known method (e.g. US5071841, US5158943 described above and the method described below or a modification thereof.
• the compound (I) or a salt thereof can be produced by subjecting a compound represented by the formula (III) :
• B' is an esterified carboxyl group
• Y is a hydroxy group or a halogen atom
• the other symbols are of the same definitions as described above, or a salt thereof to a cyclizing reaction, if necessary, then carrying out an oxidizing reaction and/or a hydrolyzing reaction, or a hydrolyzing reaction and a subsequent amidating reaction, or a hydrolyzing reaction and a subsequent amidating reaction, and then subjecting the reaction product to an oxidizing reaction, followed by a reducing reaction as necessary.
• the compound (II) is produced by reacting an optically active compound represented by the formula (IV):
• R 3 is of the same definition as described above, or a reactive derivative at the carboxyl group thereof or a salt thereof, with a compound represented by the formula (V):
• R4 and R5 are of the same definitions as described above, a reactive derivative at the amino group thereof or a salt thereof.
• Preferable reactive derivatives of the amino group on the compound (V) include Schiff's base type imino or enamine form tautomeric isomers resulting from reaction of the compound (V) and a carbonyl compound such as an aldehyde (e.g., acetaldehyde) or a ketone (e.g., acetone); silyl derivatives resulting from reaction of the compound (V) and a silyl compound such as bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide, mono(trimethylsilyl)acetamide or bis(trimethylsilyl)urea; and derivatives resulting from reaction of the compound (V) and phosphorus trichloride or phosgene.
• a carbonyl compound such as an aldehyde (e.g., acetaldehyde) or a ketone (e.g., acetone)
• silyl derivatives resulting from reaction of the compound (V) and a silyl compound such as bis(
• Preferable reactive derivatives of the carboxyl group on the compound (IV) include acid halides, acid anhydrides, activated amides and activated esters which are obtained by conventional method.
• the preferable reactive derivatives include acid chlorides; acid azides; mixed acid anhydrides with a substituted phosphoric acid such as dialkylphosphoric acid, phenylphosphoric acid, diphenylphosphoric acid, dibenzylphosphoric acid or halo- genated phosphoric acid, a dialkylphosphorous acid, a sulfurous acid, a thiosulfuric acid, a sulfuric acid, a sulfonic acid such as methanesulfonic acid, an aliphatic carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, pivalic acid, pentanoic acid, isopentanoic acid or trichloroacetic acid, or an aromatic carboxylic acid such as benzoic acid; symmetric acid anhydr
• Preferable salts of reactive derivatives of the compound (IV) or (V) include base salts exemplified by alkali metal salts such as sodium salt and potassium salt, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium salt and magnesium salt, ammonium salt, and organic base salts such as trimethylamine salt, triethylamine salt, pyridine salt, picoline salt, dicyclohexylamine salt and N,N-dibenzyl- ethylenediamine salt.
• This reaction is normally carried out in an ordinary solvent such as water, alcohol (e.g. methanol, ethanol), acetone, dioxane, acetonitrile, chloroform, methylene chloride, ethylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl ace ⁇ tate, N,N-dimethyIformamide or pyridine, but can be carried out in any other organic solvent, as long as it does not interfere with the reaction.
• an ordinary solvent such as water, alcohol (e.g. methanol, ethanol), acetone, dioxane, acetonitrile, chloroform, methylene chloride, ethylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl ace ⁇ tate, N,N-dimethyIformamide or pyridine, but can be carried out in any other organic solvent, as long as it does not interfere with the reaction.
• These ordinary solvents may be used in mixture with water.
• this reaction when the compound (IV) or (V) is used in the form of free acid or salt thereof, this reaction is preferably carried out in the presence of an ordinary condensing agent such as N,N'- dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; N-cyclohexyl-N'- morpholinoethylcarbodiimide; N-cyclohexyl-N'-(4- diethylaminocyclohexyl)carbodiimide; N,N'- diethylcarbodiimide; N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide; N-ethyl- N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide; N, '-carbonylbis(2- methylimidazole) ; pentamethyleneketene-N-cyclohexylimine; diphenylketene-N-cyclohexylimine; ethoxyacetylene; 1-alk-
• reaction temperature is not subject to limitation, this reaction is normally carried out under cooling to heating conditions (-10 to 120°C) . Reaction time is normally about 0.5 to 100 hours, preferably about 1 to 50 hours.
• the compound (II) thus obtained may be isolated and purified by known means of separation and purification such as concentration, concentration under reduced pressure, solvent extraction, crystallization, recrystallization, redissolution and chromatography.
• the starting compound (IV) can, for example, be produced by optically resolving the racemate of the compound (IV) disclosed in US5158943.
• the optically active compound is produced by preparing a salt of the racemate of the compound (IV) and an optically active base (e.g., optically active ⁇ r-methylbenzylamine, brucine, quinine, cinchonine), repeating fractional crystallization based on the solubility difference between the resulting diastereomers to obtain a sparingly soluble salt in pure form, then performing acid treatment.
• an optically active base e.g., optically active ⁇ r-methylbenzylamine, brucine, quinine, cinchonine
• the other optically active compound can be produced by esterifying the racemate of the compound (IV) with an optically active alcohol (e.g., optically active methyl lactate, methyl mandelate), preparing the other ester in pure form on the basis of the physical property difference between the resulting diastereomers, then performing hy ⁇ drolysis.
• an optically active alcohol e.g., optically active methyl lactate, methyl mandelate
• the biodegradable polymer of the present invention is a polymer that is soluble or insoluble in water and degradable in vivo.
• examples of such polymers include fatty acid polyesters such as polymers, copolymers and their mixture of one or more kinds of ⁇ -hydroxycarboxylic acids (e.g., lactic acid, glycolic acid, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, 2-hydroxyvaleric acid, 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid, 2- hydroxycaproic acid, 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid, 2- hydroxycaprylic acid), hydroxydicarboxylic acids (e.g., malic acid) and hydroxytricarboxylic acids (e.g., malic acid), lactic acid caprolactones, valerolactones, etc., and derivatives thereof (e.g., block polymers of polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid and polyethylene glycol), poly- ⁇ - cyanoacrylates, poly-/?-hydroxybutyric acid, polyalkylene oxalates (
• biodegradable polymers may be in the form of homopolymers or copolymers of two or more kinds, or these mixtures. Polymerization may be of the random, block or graft type.
• Preferable biodegradable polymers include aliphatic polyesters. From the viewpoint of biodegradability and biocompati- bility, polymers and copolymers synthesized from one or more kinds of ⁇ -hydroxycarboxylic acids are preferred. Specifically, copolymers synthesized from one or more kinds of lactic acid, glycolic acid, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, 2- hydroxyvaleric acid etc., or mixtures thereof are used.
• the biodegradable copolymer for the present invention can be produced by commonly known methods such as that described in EP172636, or a modification thereof.
• ⁇ -hydroxycarboxylic acids may be of the D-, L- or D,L-configuration, the D,L- configuration is preferred.
• Homopolymers of the above-mentioned ⁇ -hydroxycarboxyl ⁇ ic acids include homopolymers of lactic acid, glycolic acid and 2-hydroxybutyric acid.
• the preferable a- hydroxycarboxylic acid is lactic acid.
• Copolymers of the above-mentioned ⁇ -hydroxycarboxylic acids include copolymers of glycolic acid and the other ⁇ - hydroxycarboxylic acids.
• Preferable ⁇ -hydroxycarboxylic acids are lactic acid and 2-hydroxybutyric acid.
• useful copolymers include lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers and 2-hydroxy ⁇ butyric acid-glycolic acid copolymers, with preference giv ⁇ en to lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers, etc..
• the average molecular weight of these biodegradable polymers for the present invention is preferably chosen from the range of about 2,000 to 800,000, more preferably about 5,000 to 200,000.
• the weight-average molecular weight of a lactic acid homopolymer (hereinafter also referred to as polylactic ac- id) is preferably about 5,000 to 100,000, more preferably about 6,000 to 50,000.
• a polylactic acid can, for example. be synthesized by commonly known production methods such as that described in EP172636.
• the content ratio of lactic acid and glycolic acid in a lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer is preferably about 100/0 to 50/50 (w/w), and more preferably about 90/10 to 50/50 (w/w).
• the weight-average molecular weight of the lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer is preferably about 5,000 to 100,000, more preferably about 8,000 to 50,000.
• the lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer can be synthesized by a commonly known production method such as that described in EP172636.
• the copolymer is preferably synthesized by catalyst-free dehydration polymerization condensation.
• the content ratio is preferably such that glycolic acid accounts for about 40 to 70 mol%, and 2- hydroxybutyric acid accounts for the remaining portion.
• the weight-average molecular weight of the 2-hydroxybutyric acid-glycolic acid copolymer is preferably about 5,000 to 100,000, more preferably about 8,000 to 50,000.
• the 2- hydroxybutyric acid-glycolic acid copolymer can be synthe ⁇ sized by a commonly known production method such as that described in EP172636.
• the copolymer is preferably synthesized by catalyst-free dehydration polymerization condensation.
• the above-described 2-hydroxybutyric acid-glycolic ac ⁇ id copolymer may be used in mixture with polylactic acid.
• the mixing ratio of 2-hydroxybutyric acid/glycolic acid is about 10/90 to 90/10 (% by weight), preferably about 25/75 to 75/25 (% by weight) .
• weight-average molecular weight is defined as that based on polystyrene measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) . Measurements were taken using a GPC column KF804Lx2 (produced by Showa Denko) and an RI monitor L-3300 (produced by Hitachi Ltd.) with chloroform as a mobile phase.
• the amount of biodegradable polymer is variable according to the strength of the pharmacological activity of the non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance, the speed and duration of drug release from the biodegradable polymer and so on, as long as the desired purpose is accomplished.
• the biodegradable polymer is used in amounts about 0.2 to 10,000 times (ratio by weight), preferably about 1 to 1,000 times, more preferably about 1 to 100 times, for the amount of the bioactive substance.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present inven ⁇ tion can be produced by ordinary methods of producing a pharmaceutical composition, for example, it can be produced by dispersing a non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance in a biodegradable polymer, or by filling a non- peptide osteogenetic promoting substance in a previously shaped hollow biodegradable polymer.
• useful methods include the in-water drying method, the phase sepa ⁇ ration method, the spray drying method, and modifications thereof.
• the shape of pharmaceutical composition of the present invention as obtained by a production method mentioned above may be in the form of, for example, fine particles, spheres, rods, needles, pellets, films or creams, but the shape is not limited thereto as long as the desired purpose is accomplished.
• a pharmaceutical compo- sition of fine particles is also referred to as a microcapsule or a microsphere.
• Example methods of producing microcapsules are de ⁇ scribed below.
• In-water drying method o/w method
• an organic solvent solution comprising a biodegradable polymer is first prepared.
• the organic solvent used to produce the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention preferably has a boiling point of not higher than 120°C.
• Such organic solvents include halogen- ated hydrocarbons (e.g., dichloromethane, chloroform, chloroethane, dichloroethane, trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride), aliphatic esters (e.g., ethyl ester, butyl ester), ethers (e.g., ethyl ether, isopropyl ether) and ar ⁇ omatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, xylene). These solvents may be used in combination of two or more kinds in appropriate ratios.
• halogen- ated hydrocarbons e.g., dichloromethane, chloroform, chloroethane, dichloroethane, trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride
• aliphatic esters e.g., ethyl ester, butyl ester
• ethers e.
• the organic solvent is pref ⁇ erably dichloromethane or acetonitrile, more preferably di ⁇ chloromethane.
• concentration of biodegradable polymer in the organic solvent solution is normally chosen over the range of about 0.01 to 80% (w/w), preferably about 0.1 to 70% (w/w), and more preferably about 1 to 60% (w/w), although varying depending on molecular weight of biodegradable polymer and organic solvent type, etc..
• the non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance is added and dissolved into the organic solvent solution comprising the biodegradable polymer thus obtained, if necessary after lyophilized or vacuum dried.
• the amount of non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance is about 0.001 to 90% (w/w), preferably about 0.01 to 80% (w/w), and more preferably about 0.1 to 50% (w/w), based on the concentration of biodegradable polymer in the organic solvent solution, although varying depending on drug type, mechanism of action on osteogenesis, effect duration, etc..
• the organic solvent solution thus prepared is then added to an aqueous phase to form an o/w emulsion using a turbine type mechanical stirrer or the like.
• the volume of the aqueous phase is normally chosen from the range of about 1 to 10,000 times, preferably about 2 to 5,000 times, and more preferably about 5 to 2,000 times, for the volume of the oil phase.
• An emulsifier may be added to the aqueous phase.
• the emulsifier may be any one as long as it is capable of forming a stable o/w emulsion.
• emulsifiers examples include anionic surfactants, nonionic surfac ⁇ tants, polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives, polyvinyl ⁇ pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, lecithin, gelatin and hyaluronic acid. These may be used in combination as appropriate.
• concentration of emulsifier in the aqueous phase is preferably about 0.001 to 20% (w/w), more preferably about 0.01 to 10% (w/w), and further more preferably about 0.05 to 5% (w/w).
• Solvent evaporation from the oil phase can be achieved by commonly used methods, including the method in which the solvent is evaporated under normal or gradually reduced pressure during stirring using a propeller stirrer or mag ⁇ netic stirrer, etc., and the method in which the solvent is evaporated while the degree of vacuum is adjusted using a rotary evaporator, etc..
• the obtained microcapsules are separated by centrifugal method or filtration, after which they are washed with, for example, water or heptane, several times to remove free non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substances, emulsifier, etc. adhering to the microcapsule surface.
• the microcapsules are then again dispersed in distilled water, etc. and lyophilized.
• microcapsules may be produced by the s/o/w method, in which a non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance is dispersed in an organic solvent solution comprising a biodegradable polymer.
• a non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance or a salt thereof is first dissolved or dispersed in water to obtain a concentration specified above to yield an internal aqueous phase, if necessary with dissolving or suspending by adding a drug-retaining substance such as a protein (e.g., gelatin), seaweed (e.g., agar), polysaccharide (e.g., alginic acid), synthetic high- molecular substance (e.g., polyvinyl alcohol), basic amino acid (e.g., arginine, lysine) or the like.
• a drug-retaining substance such as a protein (e.g., gelatin), seaweed (e.g., agar), polysaccharide (e.g., alginic acid), synthetic high- molecular substance (e.g., polyvinyl alcohol), basic amino acid (e.g., arginine, lysine) or the like.
• the internal aqueous phase may be supplemented with an organic acid such as acetic acid, oxalic acid or citric acid, an inorganic acid such as carbonic acid or phosphoric acid, an alkali metal hydroxide such as sodium hydroxide, a basic amino acid such as arginine or lysine or a salt thereof (e.g., salts with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid or salts with inorganic acids such as carbonic acid, phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid) as a pH regulator for keeping the stability and solubility of the non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance or salt thereof.
• an organic acid such as acetic acid, oxalic acid or citric acid
• an inorganic acid such as carbonic acid or phosphoric acid
• an alkali metal hydroxide such as sodium hydroxide
• a basic amino acid such as arginine or lysine or a salt thereof
• salts with organic acids such
• a protein e.g., albumin, gelatin
• starch derivative e.g. dextrin, pullulan etc.
• organic acid e.g., citric acid
• ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid alkali metal salt e.g., sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate
• sulfurous acid hydrogen alkali metal salt e.g., sodium hydrogen sulfite
• synthetic high-molecular substance e.g., polyethylene glycol
• preservatives may also be added p-oxybenzoates (e.g., methyl paraben, propyl paraben), benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol and thimerosal.
• the additional amount of non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance is about 0.001 to 90% (w/w), preferably about 0.01 to 80% (w/w), and more preferably about 0.1 to 50% (w/w), although varying depending on drug type, mechanism of action on osteogenesis or effect duration, etc.
• the obtained internal aqueous phase is added to a solution (oil phase) containing the biodegradable polymer, followed by emulsifying treatment, to yield a w/o emulsion.
• This emulsification is achieved by a known dispersing methods which include the intermittent shaking method, the method using a mixer such as a propeller shaker or a turbine shaker, the colloidal mill method, the homogenizer method and the ultrasonication method.
• the above-described solution (oil phase) containing the biodegradable polymer is a solution prepared by dissolving the biodegradable polymer in an organic solvent. This solvent may be any solvent as long as its boiling point is not higher than about 120°C and it is immiscible with water.
• Such solvents include halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g., dichloromethane, chloroform, chloroethane, dichloroethane, trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride), aliphatic esters (e.g., ethyl acetate, butyl acetate), ethers (e.g., ethyl ether, isopropyl ether) and aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, xylene). These solvents may be used in combination of two or more kinds in appropriate ratios.
• halogenated hydrocarbons e.g., dichloromethane, chloroform, chloroethane, dichloroethane, trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride
• aliphatic esters e.g., ethyl acetate, butyl acetate
• ethers e.g., eth
• the produced w/o emulsion is then added to an aqueous phase to yield a w/o/w emulsion, from which the oil phase solvent is evaporated off, to yield microcapsules.
• the specific procedure for this production is the same as that described in (1) above.
• a coacervating agent is gradually add ⁇ ed to the above-described w/o emulsion under the stirring to precipitate and solidify the biodegradable polymer.
• the coacervating agent can be used silicon oil, vegetable oils and fats (e.g., sesame oil, soybean oil, corn oil, cotton seed oil, coconut oil, linseed oil), mineral oils, hydrocarbons (e.g., n-hexane, n-heptane) as long as it is a polymeric, mineral oil or vegetable oil compound which can be mixed with the solvent of the biodegradable polymer and which does not dissolve the polymer for encapsulation. These may be used in combination of two or more kinds.
• microcapsules are, after filtration and separation of them, repeatedly washed with heptane, etc. to remove the coacervating agent.
• the free drug and solvent are then removed by using the same manner as in-water drying method.
• antiflocculants water-soluble sugars such as mannitol, lactol, glucose and starches (e.g., corn starch), amino acids such as glycine and alanine, and proteins such as gelatin, fibrin and collagen may be added.
• water-soluble sugars such as mannitol, lactol, glucose and starches (e.g., corn starch)
• amino acids such as glycine and alanine
• proteins such as gelatin, fibrin and collagen
• the above- described w/o emulsion is sprayed via a nozzle into the drying chamber of a spray drier to volatilize the organic solvent and water in the fine droplets in a very short time, and microcapsules are obtained.
• the nozzle is exemplified by the double-fluid nozzle, pressure nozzle and rotary disc nozzle.
• an aqueous solution of the above-described antiflocculant may be sprayed via another nozzle, while the w/o emulsion is sprayed.
• the microcapsules thus obtained may be warmed under reduced pressure to facilitate the removal of the water and solvent contained them.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be produced by dissolving a biodegradable polymer dispersed a non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance and forming the solution into spheres, rods, needles, pellets, films or the like, by an appropriate method.
• the biodegradable polymer dispersed non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance is produced in accordance with, for example, the method described in US3773919.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can also be produced by pulverizing to appropriate particle size a biodegradable polymer dispersed the non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance by a method such as that described in JP62234656, which employs a turbo counter jet mill pulverizer or an ultrasonic jet pulverizer.
• the non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance is added to an organic solvent con ⁇ taining the biodegradable polymer, and dissolved therein.
• the solid solution obtained by vacuum drying is then coarsely pulverized and sieved, followed by solvent removal, after which the coarse particles are pulverized to controlled particle size using an ultrasonic jet pulverizer to yield the pharmaceutical of the present invention.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present inven ⁇ tion may be used in the form of microcapsules as such, or formulated into various dosage forms with microcapsules, spheres, rods, needles, pellets, films or creams as starting material.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may contain a phosphoric acid or its salt (e.g. sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate) at the rate of 0 to 30%.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can also be administered as a non-oral agent for local administration (e.g., injectable preparations of intramuscular, subcutaneous, organs or joints, etc., of solid preparations such as, indwellable preparations, granules and powders, liquid preparations such as suspensions, and ointments).
• the injectable preparation can be prepared as aqueous suspension by suspending microcapsules in water, along with a dispersing agent (e.g., surfactants such as Tween 80 and HCO-60, polysaccharides such as carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate and hyarulonic acid, and polysorbate) , a preservative (e.g., methyl paraben, propyl paraben), an isotonizing agent (e.g., sodium chloride, mannitol, sorbi ⁇ tol, glucose), buffer (e.g. calcium carbonate), pH adjusting agent (e.g.
• a dispersing agent e.g., surfactants such as Tween 80 and HCO-60, polysaccharides such as carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate and hyarulonic acid, and polysorbate
• a preservative e.g., methyl paraben, propyl paraben
• an isotonizing agent e.g
• sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate), etc. may be also prepared as an oily suspension by dispersing microcapsules in a vegetable oil such as sesame oil or corn oil with or without a phospholipid such as lecithin, or a moderate-length fatty acid triglyceride (e.g., MIGLYOL 812).
• a vegetable oil such as sesame oil or corn oil with or without a phospholipid such as lecithin, or a moderate-length fatty acid triglyceride (e.g., MIGLYOL 812).
• the phosphate can enhance the osteogenetic promoting activity of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
• the concentration of sodium phosphate or potassium phosphate in the injectable preparation is about 0.1 mM to 500 mM, preferably about 1 mM to 100 mM.
• the preferable formation of the present invention is as follows.
• B (2R,4S)-(-)-N-[4-(diethoxyphosphorylmethyl)phenyl]- 1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5-oxo-3- benzothiepine-2-carboxamide, and
• (c) sodium phosphate sodium phosphate.
• the content ratio of (B) based on (A) is about 5 to 30% (w/w).
• the content ratio of (C) based on (A) and (B) is about 0.1 to 20% (w/w) .
• microcapsules When microcapsules are used as an injectable suspen ⁇ sion, for instance, their particle size is chosen over the range from about 0.1 to 300 ⁇ m of average particle diame ⁇ ter, as long as the requirements concerning the degree of dispersion and needle passage are met. Preferably, the particle size is about 1 to 150 ⁇ m, more preferably about 2 to 100 ⁇ m.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present inven ⁇ tion is preferably a suspension as described above.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present inven ⁇ tion is preferably in the form of fine particles. This is because said pharmaceutical composition is less likely to cause excess pain to the patient when administered through an injection needle for ordinary subcutaneous or intramus ⁇ cular injection.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present inven ⁇ tion is preferably an injectable preparation.
• Methods of preparing microcapsules as a sterile prep ⁇ aration include, but are not limited to, the method in which the entire production process is sterile, the method in which gamma rays are used as sterilant, and the method in which an antiseptic is added.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present inven ⁇ tion can be used to prevent and treat bone diseases (e.g...
• bone fractures refracture, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Behcet's syndrome of bone, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and joint tissue destruction caused by deformation gonarthritis and the related diseases
• to repair bone tissue after surgery for multiple myeloma, lung cancer, breast cancer, etc. and to regenerate periodontal tissue in periodontopathy, because it shows a sustained release property with the enhanced activity of the non- peptide osteogenetic promoting substance, and has a sustained-release time for 1 week to 3 months, depending on biodegradable polymer type and content, etc.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is particularly effective in bone fracture patients, because the patients are usually fixed the affected portion and covered with plaster bandage and desire to promote the healing by a single administration rather than by multiple administrations.
• the sustained-release preparation consisting of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be used in combination of the other active agents.
• the active agent to be combined with mention is made of a formulation of calcium compound (e.g. sodium carbonate), calcitonin, vitamin D (e.g. alfacalcidol) , sex hormone (e.g.
• fluoride compound e.g. sodium fluoride
• vitamin K 2 BMP (bone morphogenetic protein), FGF (fibroblast growth factor), PDGF (platelet derived growth factor), TGF-/? (transforming growth factor- ⁇ ) 1 IGF-1 (insulin like growth factor-1), IGF-2 (insulin like growth factor-2), PTH (parathyroid hormone), and so on.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be safely used in mammals (e.g., humans, bovines, horses, pigs, dogs, cats, mice, rats, rab ⁇ bits) .
• mammals e.g., humans, bovines, horses, pigs, dogs, cats, mice, rats, rab ⁇ bits
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present inven ⁇ tion is expected to serve as a safe preparation of high ef ⁇ ficacy proving a constant drug effect with low toxicity and meeting the requirements of the prevention and treatment of bone diseases, repair of damaged bone tissue, and regeneration of periodontal tissue in periodontitis etc., because it releases the drug constantly over an extend period of time.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention when used to treat bone fractures (e.g., femoral neck fracture), it can be allowed to efficiently exhibit its osteogenetic promoting action in local and to significantly shorten the healing time, which is conventionally 2 to 6 months following onset of bone fracture. Accordingly, patients shortly return to normal social life, and can be also prevented various complication caused by senile bone fractures.
• bone fractures e.g., femoral neck fracture
• the dose of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be an effective amount of the non- peptide osteogenetic promoting substance, although depending on type and content of the non-peptide osteogenetic promoting substance, release time of the drug, and subject animals, etc..
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention when used in the form of microcapsules to treat a bone fracture portion, it may be administered at about 0.01 to 500 mg, preferably about 5 to 50 mg, based on the active ingredient content (e.g., compound (I)), per adult (weighing 50 kg) per dosing, once every week to every 3 months.
• Fig. 1 is a graphic representation of fibular bone mineral content (mg) at 2 weeks after administration of microcapsule containing compound A and placebo microcapsule
• FIG. 2 is a graphic representation of temporal change in compound A retention rate at administration site in rats receiving subcutaneous implantation at their backs of a tablet containing microcapsule containing compound A.
• the abscissa indicates time (weeks) after administration.
• the ordinance indicates subcutaneous remaining rate (%) of compound A.
• Fig. 3 is a graphic representation of temporal change concentration compound A in blood of rats receiving subcutaneous implantation at their backs of a microcapsule containing compound A.
• the abscissa indicates time (weeks) after administration.
• the ordinance indicates concentration ( ⁇ q/ml ) of compound A in blood.
• room temperature is defined as a tem ⁇ perature between about 0 and 30°C.
• a dichloromethane solution of a lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer "hereinafter also referred to as PLGA; lac- tic acid-glycolic acid content ratio (mol%) and weight- average molecular weight based on GPC measurement are shown in Table 1; produced by Wako Pure Chemical Industry” and a lactic acid homopolymer (hereinafter also referred to as PLA) was prepared (hereinafter also referred to as solution A), using a formula shown in Table 1.
• a di- chloromethane solution of compound A was also prepared us ⁇ ing a formula shown in Table 1 (hereinafter also referred to as solution B) . Solutions A and B were uniformly mixed together.
• the mixture was injected to 0.1% aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol (EG-40, produced by The Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry) (hereinafter also referred to as PVA solution) set at 15°C in advance in a volume specified in Table 1, and emulsified using a turbine-type homomixer at 7,000 rpm to yield an o/w emulsion, which was then stirred at room temperature for 3 hours to volatilize the dichloromethane. After solidification, the oil phase was centrifuged at 2,000 rpm using a centrifuge (05PR-22, Hitachi Ltd.). The collected microcapsule fraction was again dispersed in distilled water, then centrifuged, followed by washing of released drug, etc.. The collected microcapsules were again dispersed in a small amount of distilled water, then lyophilized. Microcapsules of the particle sizes shown in Table 1 were obtained. The ratio of microcapsules incorporated in compound A was 100%.
• PLV lactic acid-valerolactone copolymer
• PGC 2500MG glycolic acid-caprolactone co- polymer
• Example 1 500 mg of microcapsule No. 1 as obtained in Example 1 was uniformly dispersed in two test tubes of fibrinogen so- lution for Tisseel (produced by Nippon Zoki Pharmaceuti ⁇ cal). Two test tubes of thrombin solution for Tisseel were gradually added. Subsequently, each mixture was immedi ⁇ ately aspirated into a plastic syringe. The syringe was kept standing at 37°C for 30 minutes to solidify the con- tent. After solidification, the content was extruded from the syringe tip and cut using a razor into pellets about 200 ⁇ l in volume.
• Example 4 Four milligrams of compound A was filled in the bone defect filler hollow hydroxyapatite (Boneceram P, produced by Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals, 3 mm diameter, 14 mm length, 1 mm pore size). Both ends of the hollow were sealed with clay.
• Bone defect filler hollow hydroxyapatite (Boneceram P, produced by Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals, 3 mm diameter, 14 mm length, 1 mm pore size). Both ends of the hollow were sealed with clay.
• Example 6 To microcapsule No. 3 as obtained in Example 1 which contains compound A (content ratio 4%), 20% pulverized gelatin (produced by Nitta Gelatin) was added, to yield a microcapsule-containing tablet preparation 5.5 mm in diam ⁇ eter and 125 mg in weight.
• Example 6 To microcapsule No. 3 as obtained in Example 1 which contains compound A (content ratio 4%), 20% pulverized gelatin (produced by Nitta Gelatin) was added, to yield a microcapsule-containing tablet preparation 5.5 mm in diam ⁇ eter and 125 mg in weight.
• Example 6 To microcapsule No. 3 as obtained in Example 1 which contains compound A (content ratio 4%), 20% pulverized gelatin (produced by Nitta Gelatin) was added, to yield a microcapsule-containing tablet preparation 5.5 mm in diam ⁇ eter and 125 mg in weight.
• Microcapsule No. 7 containing compound A (content ra ⁇ tio 10%) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that PLGA having a lactic acid-glycolic acid content ratio of 85/15 (mol%) and weight-average molecular weight of 14,900 (produced by Wako Pure Chemical Industry). Mean particle size was 31 ⁇ m.
• Example 7 A dichloromethane solution containing 2.4 g of PLGA
• Microcapsule No. 8 containing the compound A and estradiol was prepared.
• the mean particle size was 27 ⁇ m.
• Example 2 500 mg of microcapsule No. 1 as obtained in Example 1 was weighed accurately and transferred to a glass centrifugal tube and kept standing at 37°C in a powder state. After a given time, the microcapsules were dissolved in a small amount of acetonitrile and quantitatively analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (hereinafter also referred to as HPLC). The stability tests are shown in Table 2. The drug content was over 95% even after 4 weeks. Table 2
• Microcapsule Nos. 3 to 6 as obtained in Example 1, each 25 mg, were dispersed in 0.3 ml of a dispersant (solution of 1.5 mg of carboxymethyl cellulose, 0.3 mg of polysorbate 20 and 15 mg of mannitol in distilled water) and subcutaneously injected to the heads of male SD rats (n 5) at 5 weeks of age under ether anesthesia using a 22G injection needle. Rats were killed at given time intervals after administration. Microcapsules remaining at the administration site were taken out and assayed by HPLC to determine the amount of compound A in the microcapsules. The results are shown in Table 4.
• microcapsule No. 3 was found to have a sustained-release duration of 1 month, microcapsule Nos. 4 and 5 are over 1 month, and microcapsule No. 6 is 3 weeks.
• a bone mineral analyzer DSC-600, Aloca Co., Ltd., Tokyo
• Example 6 25 mg of microcapsule No. 1 containing compound A (content ratio 4%) as obtained in Example 1 was locally administered to fibular fracture model rats by the method described in Test Example 6. After 2 and 3 weeks, bone mineral content was determined. For control, bone mineral content was determined in a group receiving a placebo microcapsule (drug-free microcapsule) and a spontaneous healing group. The results are shown in Table 6. Table 6
• the drug-containing microcapsule group was found to have a significantly higher bone mineral content, in com ⁇ parison with the control groups, demonstrating the excel ⁇ lent osteogenetic promoting activity of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
• a rat fibular fracture model was prepared by the meth ⁇ od described in Test Example 6, to which microcapsule No. 7 containing compound A (content ratio 10%) as obtained in o Example 6 was locally administered in the form of a lyophi ⁇ lized powder (1 mg/rat) or a suspension in the dispersant described in Test Example 5 (5 mg/0.25 ml/rat). Two weeks later, bone mineral content was determined by the method described in Test Example 6, and compared with the control 5 placebo microcapsule group. The results are shown in Table 7.
• the drug-containing microcapsule group was found to have a significantly higher bone mineral content, in comparison with the control groups, demonstrating the ex ⁇ cellent osteogenetic promoting activity of the pharmaceuti ⁇ cal composition of the present invention.
• a rat fibular fracture model was prepared by the method described in Test Example 6. And microcapsule No. 7 was suspended into a dispersion medium containing various concentration of sodium phosphate which is prepared by adjusting a solution of D-sorbitol (2.5 g), sodium chloride (0.9 g), polysorbate (0.1 g) and carboxymethyl cellulose (0.5 g) in distilled water.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be safely used as a prophylactic/therapeutic agent for various bone diseases in mammals, e.g., bone fractures, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Behcet's syndrome of bone, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, gonarthritis deformans, and joint tissue destruction caused by the related diseases, as a bone tissue repairing agent after surgery for multiple myeloma, lung cancer, breast cancer, etc., and as a periodontal tissue regeneration promoter in periodontopathy, etc..
• bone diseases in mammals e.g., bone fractures, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Behcet's syndrome of bone, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, gonarthritis deformans, and joint tissue destruction caused by the related diseases, as a bone tissue repairing agent after surgery for multiple myeloma, lung cancer, breast cancer, etc., and as a periodontal
• the pharmaceutical composition comprising a non- peptide osteogenetic substance and a biodegradable polymer is a useful agent for treating and/or preventing bone diseases.

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